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<p class="pretitle"><a href="/about-nih/what-we-do/impact-nih-research/improving-health">Improving Health</a></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>Technology and Patient Care</h1><div><div class="flipcard-container masonry-container">
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<h3>Supercomputing</h3>
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<p>NIH-funded supercomputing instruments enabled researchers to determine the efficacy of four COVID 19 vaccines. Advanced computations conducted using these instruments helped inform timely decisions on the initial authorizations of COVID-19 vaccines, which later received FDA approval and were critical to saving lives during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>
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<li>NIH supports cost-effective investments in cutting-edge instruments like supercomputers that are shared among multiple researchers to maximize their benefit nationwide.</li>
<li>Supercomputing, a type of high-performance computing that uses multiple central processing units, allows researchers to perform numerous complex calculations simultaneously.</li>
<li>Researchers use supercomputers to analyze and visualize many different biomedical data sets, from the intricate structures of proteins to complex genetic characteristics across global populations.</li>
<li>This technology paves the way for supercomputing to be used in future public health emergency responses.</li>
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<h3>Collaborative Care</h3>
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<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/technology-patient-care--collaborative-care.jpg?itok=aUht0GHN&amp;timestamp=1674851857" alt="A female healthcare worker is speaking with two individuals while sitting at a table together." title="Collaborative Care" />
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<p>NIH-supported research has informed clinical care guidelines by demonstrating the effectiveness of collaborative care—a service delivery model for treating mental/behavioral health conditions in primary care settings—for treating depression, and it has paved the way for collaborative care services in routine practice, as seen today.</p>
<p class="credit">Image credit: Daniel Soñé/NCI</p>
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<li>NIH-supported clinical trials demonstrated improvements in quality of care and depression outcomes with collaborative care techniques. </li>
<li>This research also led to the development of billing codes to reimburse providers for services furnished through the collaborative care model in Medicare and a growing number of commercial and public payers.         </li>
<li>Collaborative care has also been shown to be effective for treating PTSD, anxiety, alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder, and co-occurring medical conditions.</li>
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<h3>Mobile Health</h3>
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<p>NIH has supported the development of many behavioral interventions that are now available via popular health-focused smartphone applications. These apps, used by millions of users across the U.S., serve as digital health interventions ranging from reminding people to take medications to engaging in mindfulness practices.</p>
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<li>Smartphone apps are becoming increasingly popular as digital interventions in almost all sectors of healthcare. </li>
<li>NIH funds the development, testing, and implementation of mobile health interventions like smartphone apps.</li>
<li>For example, Calm, Inc., is scientifically advised by NIH awardees and contains guided meditations and sleep-promoting sounds.</li>
<li>NIH also supported development of the FODMAP Diet app, which empowers people to shop for groceries, cook meals, and manage their food consumption to alleviate irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) based on ingredients that may trigger their symptoms.</li>
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<h3>Liver Transplants</h3>
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<p>The first successful human liver transplantation was performed by an NIH grantee in 1967. Liver transplants are now routinely used to save the lives of people whose livers fail due to disease or injury, with over 7,000 performed in the U.S. per year.</p>
<p class="credit">Image credit: Donna Beer Stolz, University of Pittsburgh</p>
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<li>The survival rate within the first year after a liver transplant is now up to 86%.</li>
<li>Common reasons for needing a liver transplant are alcoholic liver disease, cancers that start in the liver, fatty liver disease, and cirrhosis caused by chronic hepatitis C.</li>
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<h3>Knee Surgery</h3>
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<p>NIH supported research on a new approach to surgically repair tears of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) by using a patients own tissue. This has<strong> </strong>led to changes in clinical practice, with surgeons no longer using donor tissue in young athletes.</p>
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<li>ACL tears remain one of the most severe knee injuries, and a fully torn ACL cannot heal on its own.</li>
<li>ACL reconstruction surgeries using the patients own tissue, called autografts, experience better outcomes and are less likely to rupture and require additional surgery than surgeries using cadaver donor tissue. This difference is most significant for competitive athletes under the age of 25.</li>
<li>NIH research also supported the development of the FDA-approved bridge-enhanced ACL restoration (BEAR) implant, which is the first-ever implant to stimulate ACL healing, restore the ligament, and keep surrounding muscles intact.</li>
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<h3>Automatic Blood Counter</h3>
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/technology-patient-care--automatic-blood-counter.jpg?itok=mTNAWAJH&amp;timestamp=1674851857 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
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<p>Anyone who has had diagnostic blood testing done has likely benefitted from use of an automatic blood counter, which was developed by NIH-supported researchers in the 1950s and is widely used to this day in hospitals and labs around the world.</p>
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<li>In 1957, the Coulter Model S, an automatic blood counter, was developed at the NIH Clinical Center.</li>
<li>The automatic blood counter allows hospital laboratories to characterize and count human blood cells, leading to countless diagnoses and treatments.</li>
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<h3>Functional Brain Imaging</h3>
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/technology-patient-care--functional-brain-imaging.jpg?itok=V8wIIxYp&amp;timestamp=1674851857 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
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<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/technology-patient-care--functional-brain-imaging.jpg?itok=xbZS0wI-&amp;timestamp=1674851857" alt="Brain image from a functional MRI scan when a person was listening to improvised jazz music." title="Functional Brain Imaging" />
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<p>NIH-funded researchers pioneered imaging techniques of the living human brain, including positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). These are widely used in healthcare settings today to detect and diagnose a range of brain disorders, from epilepsy to Alzheimers disease and related dementias.</p>
<p class="credit">Image credit: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH</p>
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<li>Beginning with the work of NIH-funded researchers in the 1960s and 1970s, innovations in brain imaging enabled a paradigm shift in understanding brain disorders—such as addiction, epilepsy, and Alzheimers disease—as treatable with medication.</li>
<li>MRI and PET brain imaging is now essential in detecting and managing major disorders and diseases of the brain, including schizophrenia, epilepsy, drug addiction, and dementia.</li>
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<h3>Global Health</h3>
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<p>An NIH-funded cellphone application for clinicians caring for HIV patients in Uganda has been harnessed for different diseases and on multiple continents to improve public health. For example, in the U.S., the app has helped increase adherence to tuberculosis treatment from 50% to 90%, saving lives.</p>
<p class="credit">Image credit: NIH</p>
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<li>Within six years of its development, the NIH-supported platform—called emocha, which stands for electronic mobile comprehensive health application—was deployed in 20 countries, including India, South Africa, Bolivia, and Australia, and expanded its portfolio of applications.</li>
<li>The app allows health workers to use cellphones to control dengue; screen for HIV, cancer, or diabetes; track the insects that transmit Chagas disease; and more.</li>
<li>In the U.S., this app has supported tackling the opioid epidemic and treating diseases such as tuberculosis.</li>
<li>In 2022, emocha was rebranded as Scene.</li>
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<h3>Ommaya Reservoir</h3>
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/technology-patient-care--ommaya-reservoir.jpg?itok=dIUVqR23&amp;timestamp=1674852061 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
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<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/technology-patient-care--ommaya-reservoir.jpg?itok=qj24MlOq&amp;timestamp=1674852061" alt="Aerial photo of the NIH Clinical Center building, where the Ommaya Reservoir was developed." title="Ommaya Reservoir" />
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<p>In 1963, researchers at the NIH Clinical Center invented the Ommaya reservoir, a device placed under the scalp that provides direct access to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This device is used to this day in hospitals across the world to diagnose and treat a range of cancers and infections.</p>
<p class="credit">Image credit: NIH</p>
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<li>Named for its inventor, the Ommaya reservoir comprises two parts: a reservoir to hold liquid that sits on top of the skull under the scalp, and a catheter that is connected to the reservoir and placed in an open space within the brain, called a ventricle.</li>
<li>This device is used by doctors to get sterile access to CSF samples for diagnostic tests or to deliver medications to the CSF. </li>
<li>It is used to diagnose and treat a range of conditions such as cancers and infections, including brain tumors, leukemia, lymphoma, and meningeal disease.</li>
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<h3>Osteoporosis</h3>
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<p>The osteoporosis treatment romosozumab was developed thanks to foundational work supported by NIH to understand the mechanisms of bone formation. Approved by FDA in 2019, this medicine is prescribed to prevent bone fractures, which are common in people with osteoporosis.</p>
<p class="credit">Image credit: RCSB Protein Data Bank www.rcsb.org/3d-view/jsmol/2kd3, created by Alisa Machalek (NIAMS)</p>
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<li>Osteoporosis is a bone disease that develops when bone mineral density and bone mass decreases, or when the quality or structure of bone changes. This can lead to a decrease in bone strength that can increase the risk of fractures.</li>
<li>NIH-funded work helped to establish proteins as therapeutic targets for osteoporosis and other skeletal diseases. </li>
<li>Romosozumab is an antibody treatment that increases bone formation through inhibiting sclerostin, a protein that regulates bone metabolism.</li>
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<h3>At-Home Pregnancy Test</h3>
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/technology-patient-care--home-pregnancy-test.jpg?itok=eeBMhA8Q&amp;timestamp=1735590713 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
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<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/technology-patient-care--home-pregnancy-test.jpg?itok=x0TP8ias&amp;timestamp=1735590713" alt="Pregnant woman speaking to a male doctor" title="Pregnant woman speaking to a male doctor" />
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<p>NIH researchers developed the first at-home pregnancy test, which is now the most used type of self-diagnostic test. These tests allow people to detect their pregnancies earlier, resulting in earlier prenatal care.</p>
<p class="credit">Image credit: National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), CDC</p>
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<li>In the 1960s, NIH researchers discovered that the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced shortly after a fertilized egg attaches to the lining of the uterus—making hCG the earliest marker of pregnancy.</li>
<li>In 1977, FDA approved the first at-home pregnancy test, which tested for the presence of hCG, and was developed based on NIH research. The first test became available in 1978 and cost $10.</li>
<li>Today, some at-home pregnancy tests allow individuals to detect a pregnancy six days before a missed menstrual period.</li>
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<h3>Food Poisoning</h3>
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/technology-patient-care--food-poisoning.jpg?itok=sSWN_Pmj&amp;timestamp=1735590789 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
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<p>Each year, 1 in 6 Americans get foodborne illnesses, or food poisoning, leading to approximately 128,000 hospitalizations and 3,000 deaths. NIH and FDA work together to track the germs causing these illnesses, resulting in more than $500 million in public health savings each year.</p>
<p class="credit">Image credit: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH</p>
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<li>The NIH Pathogen Detection Program enables public health researchers to use DNA to rapidly identify what bacteria is causing illness from foods and environmental sources in patients.</li>
<li>As of 2024, the program provided data on more than 1.8 million isolated microbes.</li>
<li>In 2021, public health officials used the program to rapidly identify a food product contaminated with <em>Salmonella</em> that was making individuals sick in multiple U.S. states within a month, preventing many additional illnesses.</li>
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<h3>Acupuncture for Lower Back Pain</h3>
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/technology-patient-care--acupuncture-lower-back-pain.jpg?itok=cZQxd5JT&amp;timestamp=1735590873 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
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<p>In 2020, CMS began covering acupuncture for the treatment of chronic low back pain in Medicare patients, based on NIH-supported research that acupuncture is an effective form of management for this type of pain in adults 65 years or older. Today, many private insurance plans also cover acupuncture for this condition.</p>
<p class="credit">Image credit: World Health Organization</p>
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<li>One-third of U.S. adults 65 years of age or older experience lower back pain, but many treatments suitable for young adults are inappropriate for older adults due to them having other existing conditions.</li>
<li>Acupuncture is safe and effective for older adults with chronic lower back pain, with patients reporting pain-relieving results more effective than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen.</li>
<li>CMS made this coverage decision, in part due to research supported by the NIH Pragmatic Trials Collaboratory, which supports research to test how treatments work in real-world healthcare settings.</li>
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<h2>References</h2>
<h3>Supercomputing</h3>
<ol>
<li>Gilbert PB, et al. <em>Science.</em> 2022;375(6576):4350. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34812653/">34812653.</a></li>
<li>Gilbert PB, et al. <em>N Engl J Med. </em>2022;387(24):22032206. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36507702/">36507702</a>.</li>
<li>Supercomputing Technologies Funded by ORIP Helped Spur Approval of COVID19 Vaccines and Save Lives: <a href="https://orip.nih.gov/about-orip/research-highlights/supercomputing-technologies-funded-orip-helped-spur-approval-covid-19">https://orip.nih.gov/about-orip/research-highlights/supercomputing-technologies-funded-orip-helped-spur-approval-covid-19</a></li>
<li>Article: FDA Takes Additional Action in Fight Against Covid-19 By Issuing Emergency Authorization for Second Covid-19 Vaccine: <a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-additional-action-fight-against-covid-19-issuing-emergency-use-authorization-second-covid">https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-additional-action-fight-against-covid-19-issuing-emergency-use-authorization-second-covid</a></li>
<li>FDA Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee Meeting Brief: <a href="https://www.fda.gov/media/152953/download">https://www.fda.gov/media/152953/download</a></li>
</ol>
<h3>Collaborative Care</h3>
<ol>
<li>Katon WJ, et al. <em>Gen Hosp Psychiatry</em>. 2006;28(3):185-8. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16675360/">16675360</a>.</li>
<li>Katon W, et al. <em>Gen Hosp Psychiatry</em>. 2010;32(5):456-64. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20851265/">20851265</a>.</li>
<li>Kroenke K, et al. <em>J Gen Intern Med</em>. 2017;32(4):404-410. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28243873/">28243873</a>.</li>
<li>Lee-Tauler SY, et al. <em>Psychiatr Serv</em>. 2018;69(6):628-647. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29716446/">29716446</a>.</li>
<li>Angstman KB, et al. <em>Med Care</em>. 2015;53(1):32-7. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25464162/">25464162</a>.</li>
<li>VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of Major Depressive Disorder. 2022. <a href="https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/MH/mdd/">https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/MH/mdd/</a></li>
<li>VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Reaction. 2017. <a href="https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/mh/ptsd/">https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/mh/ptsd/</a></li>
<li>Article: Wider Implementation of Collaborative Care Is Inevitable: <a href="https://psychnews.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.pn.2019.6b7">https://psychnews.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.pn.2019.6b7</a></li>
<li>California Healthcare Foundation. Cracking the Codes: State Medicaid Approaches to Reimbursing Psychiatric Collaborative Care. 2020. <a href="https://www.chcf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/CrackingCodesMedicaidReimbursingPsychiatricCollaborativeCare.pdf">https://www.chcf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/CrackingCodesMedicaidReimbursingPsychiatricCollaborativeCare.pdf</a></li>
<li>Article: Reps. Lizzie Fletcher And Jaime Herrera Beutler Introduce Bipartisan Legislation To Invest In and Improve Mental Health Care: <a href="https://fletcher.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=3444">https://fletcher.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=3444</a></li>
<li>Druss BG, et al. <em>Med Care</em>. 2011;49(6):599-604. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21577183/">21577183</a>.</li>
<li>US Burden of Disease Collaborators, et al. <em>JAMA</em>. 2018;319(14):1444-1472. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29634829/">29634829</a>.</li>
<li>Greenberg PE, et al. <em>J Clin Psychiatry</em>. 2015;76(2):155-62. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25742202/">25742202</a>.</li>
<li>Belsher BE, et al. <em>Psychiatry</em>. 2018;81(4):349-360. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30332346/">30332346</a>.</li>
<li>Schoenbaum M, et al. <em>JAMA</em>. 2001;286(11):1325-30. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11560537/">11560537</a>.</li>
<li>Engel CC, et al. <em>JAMA Intern Med</em>. 2016;176(7):948-56. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27294447/">27294447</a>.</li>
</ol>
<h3>Mobile Health</h3>
<ol>
<li>Calm.com: <a href="https://www.calm.com/">https://www.calm.com</a></li>
<li>Monash University FODMAP Diet App: <a href="https://www.monashfodmap.com/ibs-central/i-have-ibs/get-the-app/">https://www.monashfodmap.com/ibs-central/i-have-ibs/get-the-app/</a></li>
<li>Hansen WB, et al. <em>JMIR Mhealth Uhealth</em>. 2019;7(7):e14655. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31359866/">31359866</a>.</li>
<li>Article: Discover the top 5 mHealth apps landing NIH research grants: <a href="https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/digital/discover-top-5-mhealth-apps-landing-nih-research-grants">https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/digital/discover-top-5-mhealth-apps-landing-nih-research-grants</a></li>
<li>Han M, et al. <em>Healthc Inform Res</em>. 2018;24(3):207-226. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30109154/">30109154</a>.</li>
<li>Kernebeck S, et al. <em>World J Gastroenterol</em>. 2020;26(29):4182-4197. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32848328/">32848328</a>.</li>
</ol>
<h3>Liver Transplants</h3>
<ol>
<li>Starzl TE, et al. <em>Ann Surg</em>. 1968;168(3):392-415. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4877589/">4877589</a>.</li>
<li>Definition &amp; Facts of Liver Transplant: <a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/liver-transplant/definition-facts">https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/liver-transplant/definition-facts</a></li>
</ol>
<h3>Knee Surgery</h3>
<ol>
<li>Lynch TS, et al. <em>J Am Acad Orthop Surg</em>. 2015;23(3):154-63. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25667401/">25667401</a>.</li>
<li>MOON Knee Group: <a href="https://acltear.info/" target="_blank">https://acltear.info/</a></li>
<li>MARS Group. <em>Am J Sports Med</em>. 2014;42(10):2301-10. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25274353/">25274353</a>.</li>
<li>MARS Group<em>. J Orthop Res</em>. 2020;38(6):1191-1203. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31840832/">31840832</a>.</li>
<li>Article: FDA Authorizes Marketing of New Implant to Repair a Torn ACL: <a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-authorizes-marketing-new-implant-repair-torn-acl">https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-authorizes-marketing-new-implant-repair-torn-acl</a></li>
</ol>
<h3>Automatic Blood Counter</h3>
<ol>
<li>Breacher G, et al. <em>American J Clin Path</em>. 1956;26: 1439-49. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13394550/">13394550</a>.</li>
</ol>
<h3>Functional Brain Imaging</h3>
<ol>
<li>Farreras, IG, et al. (eds). <em>Mind, brain, body, and behavior: foundations of neuroscience and behavioral research at the National Institutes of Health </em>(Vol 62)<em>.</em>IOS Press. 2004. </li>
<li>Profiles in Science: Louis Sokoloff: <a href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/nl">https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/nl</a></li>
<li>Dr. Louis Sokoloff Oral History 2005: <a href="https://history.nih.gov/display/history/Sokoloff%2C+Louis+2005">https://history.nih.gov/display/history/Sokoloff%2C+Louis+2005</a></li>
</ol>
<h3>Global Health</h3>
<ol>
<li>Article: Tech designed for Africa helps US fight disease, save money. <a href="https://www.fic.nih.gov/News/GlobalHealthMatters/september-october-2017/Pages/emocha-mobile-app.aspx">https://www.fic.nih.gov/News/GlobalHealthMatters/september-october-2017/Pages/emocha-mobile-app.aspx</a></li>
<li>Scene Health: <a href="https://www.scene.health/">https://www.scene.health/</a></li>
</ol>
<h3>Ommaya Reservoir</h3>
<ol>
<li>Ommaya AK.<em> Lancet</em>. 1963;282: 983-84. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14059058/">14059058</a>.</li>
</ol>
<h3>Osteoporosis</h3>
<ol>
<li>Osteoporosis: <a href="https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/osteoporosis">https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/osteoporosis</a></li>
<li>Article: FDA approves new treatment for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women at high risk of fracture: <a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-treatment-osteoporosis-postmenopausal-women-high-risk-fracture">https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-treatment-osteoporosis-postmenopausal-women-high-risk-fracture</a></li>
</ol>
<h3>At-Home Pregnancy Test</h3>
<ol>
<li>Ralph LJ, et al. <em>Contraception</em>. 2022; 107:10-16. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34748750/">34748750</a></li>
<li>Lis K. <em>Antibodies</em>. 2023;12(3):56. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37753970/">37753970</a></li>
<li>The Thin Blue Line: The History of the Pregnancy Test: <a href="https://history.nih.gov/display/history/Pregnancy+Test+-+A+Thin+Blue+Line+The+History+of+the+Pregnancy+Test">https://history.nih.gov/display/history/Pregnancy+Test+-+A+Thin+Blue+Line+The+History+of+the+Pregnancy+Test</a></li>
</ol>
<h3>Food Poisoning</h3>
<ol>
<li>Pathogen Detection Success Stories: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/success_stories/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/success_stories/</a></li>
<li>GenomeTrakr Network: <a href="https://www.fda.gov/food/whole-genome-sequencing-wgs-program/genometrakr-network">https://www.fda.gov/food/whole-genome-sequencing-wgs-program/genometrakr-network</a></li>
<li>Lewis K, et al. <em>Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. </em>2023; 72(21): 589590. <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10231938/">PMC10231938</a></li>
<li>Brown B, et al. <em>PLoS One</em>. 2021; 16(10):e0258262. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34614029/">34614029</a>.</li>
</ol>
<h3>Acupuncture for Lower Back Pain</h3>
<ol>
<li>Decision Memo: Acupuncture for Chronic Lower Back Pain: <a href="https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/view/ncacal-decision-memo.aspx?proposed=N&amp;NCAId=295">https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/view/ncacal-decision-memo.aspx?proposed=N&amp;NCAId=295</a></li>
<li>Article: Pragmatic Trails Deepen Real-World Understanding of Health Interventions:  <a href="https://www.nccih.nih.gov/about/offices/od/director/past-messages/pragmatic-trials-deepen-real-world-understanding-of-health-interventions">https://www.nccih.nih.gov/about/offices/od/director/past-messages/pragmatic-trials-deepen-real-world-understanding-of-health-interventions</a></li>
<li>DeBar LL, et al. <em>Contemporary Clinical Trials</em>. 2023; 128:107166. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36990274/">36990274</a>.</li>
<li>Nielsen A, et al. <em>Global Adv in Health and Med. </em>2021; 10:21649561211007091 PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34104574/">34104574</a>.</li>
<li>Candon M,et al.. <em>JAMA Netw Open</em>. 2022; 5(1):e2142509. PMID: <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8756308/">35019986</a>.</li>
<li>Lee JH,et al. <em>Clin J Pain</em>. 2013; 29(2):172-85. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23269281/#:~:text=Compared%20with%20nonsteroidal%20anti%2Dinflammatory,is%20more%20effective%20than%20medication.">23269281</a>.</li>
</ol>
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