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<p class="pretitle"><a href="/about-nih/what-we-do/impact-nih-research/improving-health">Improving Health</a></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>Cancer</h1><div><div class="flipcard-container masonry-container">
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
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<div class="flipcard-front">
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<div class="flipcard-content">
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<h3>Lung Cancer</h3>
|
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<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-72916" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
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<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/cancer-lung-cancer-cropped.jpg">cancer--lung-cancer-cropped.jpg</a></h2>
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<picture title="Lung Cancer" class="media-element">
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<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--lung-cancer-cropped.jpg?itok=_W8kYYKg&timestamp=1674843408 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--lung-cancer-cropped.jpg?itok=-qZAES_m&timestamp=1674843408 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--lung-cancer-cropped.jpg?itok=KPUJmzBj&timestamp=1674843408 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--lung-cancer-cropped.jpg?itok=36ZdzGvK&timestamp=1674843408 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
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<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
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<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--lung-cancer-cropped.jpg?itok=_W8kYYKg&timestamp=1674843408" alt="X-ray image of a chest. Both sides of the lungs are visible with a growth on the left side of the lung, which could possibly be lung cancer." title="Lung Cancer" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
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<p>NIH-funded research on the prevention and treatment of lung cancer, including development of screening interventions and clinical guidelines, has contributed to a decline in U.S. lung cancer deaths by 54% since 1990 in men and by 30% since 2002 in women.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: National Cancer Institute, NIH</p>
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<ul class="spaced">
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<li>NIH-supported advances in CT scans enable earlier lung cancer detection, and this influenced the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force’s recommendation that middle-aged and older adults with a history of heavy smoking be screened with spiral CT. </li>
|
||
<li>NIH supported the development of new treatments for lung cancer, including targeted therapies and immunotherapies.</li>
|
||
<li>Reductions in smoking reached an all-time low of 13.7% of U.S. adults in 2018, also contributing to declines in lung cancer deaths.</li>
|
||
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||
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<div class="flipcard-content">
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<h3>BRCA Mutations</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-72861" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
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<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/cancer-brca-gene-cancer.jpg">cancer--brca-gene-cancer.jpg</a></h2>
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<div class="content">
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<picture title="BRCA Gene and Cancer" class="media-element">
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<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--brca-gene-cancer.jpg?itok=8wl9g4YP&timestamp=1674842433 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--brca-gene-cancer.jpg?itok=CUGPNDtP&timestamp=1674842433 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--brca-gene-cancer.jpg?itok=aIku6JF6&timestamp=1674842433 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--brca-gene-cancer.jpg?itok=kaSi-nMN&timestamp=1674842433 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--brca-gene-cancer.jpg?itok=8wl9g4YP&timestamp=1674842433" alt="Graphical representation of a uterus and ovaries with BRCA1/BRCA2 labeled on the bottom." title="BRCA Gene and Cancer" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>NIH research led to the identification and characterization of <em>BRCA</em> gene mutations in breast, ovarian, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. Families with a history of these cancers can now use genetic test results to make informed decisions about screening, prevention activities, and treatments.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: Ernesto del Aguila III, NHGRI</p>
|
||
</div>
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||
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<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Flip</a></div>
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</div>
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<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>A patient’s lifetime risk of developing breast and/or ovarian cancer is greatly increased if they inherit a harmful mutation in genes <em>BRCA1</em> or <em>BRCA2</em>. </li>
|
||
<li>Understanding this link has saved patient lives through changes to cancer screening, prevention, and treatment:
|
||
<ul style="list-style-type:circle">
|
||
<li>Guidelines for screening for patients with <em>BRCA</em> mutations are different than for average-risk patients.</li>
|
||
<li>Risk lowering drugs and prophylactic mastectomy are prevention options.</li>
|
||
<li>A class of drugs known as PARP inhibitors are recommended treatments for patients with <em>BRCA</em> mutations.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
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</li>
|
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||
<div class="box flipcard">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-front">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<h3>Breast Cancer</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-72866" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
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||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/cancer-breast-cancer.jpg">cancer--breast-cancer.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
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<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="Breast Cancer" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--breast-cancer.jpg?itok=qjFbY4tJ&timestamp=1674842433 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--breast-cancer.jpg?itok=sLpuqOjT&timestamp=1674842433 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--breast-cancer.jpg?itok=FdKQfXBd&timestamp=1674842433 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--breast-cancer.jpg?itok=dA3gFSZj&timestamp=1674842433 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--breast-cancer.jpg?itok=qjFbY4tJ&timestamp=1674842433" alt="A breast cancer cell, photographed by a scanning electron microscope showing overall shape of the cell's surface at a very high magnification." title="Breast Cancer" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>NIH-supported research has helped identify major breast cancer subtypes based on tumors’ molecular features, which enables treatments to be tailored to the cancers’ specific molecular profiles. This has contributed to the 41% drop in breast cancer death rates for patients between 1990 and 2019.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: Bruce Wetzel and Harry Schaefer, National Cancer Institute, NIH</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
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||
</div>
|
||
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||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>Nearly 300,000 people are diagnosed with breast cancer each year, and about 44,000 people die from the disease annually. </li>
|
||
<li>In the U.S., one in eight women will develop breast cancer in her lifetime. </li>
|
||
<li>Targeted treatments exist for HER-2-positive breast cancer, breast cancers with <em>BRCA</em> gene mutations, and some triple-negative breast cancers.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
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<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
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</div>
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||
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-front">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<h3>Cervical Cancer</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-72881" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/cancer-cervical-cancer.jpg">cancer--cervical-cancer.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="Cervical Cancer" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--cervical-cancer.jpg?itok=o6sSRKVF&timestamp=1674843147 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--cervical-cancer.jpg?itok=oRiKoOsn&timestamp=1674843147 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--cervical-cancer.jpg?itok=DKDK6xyp&timestamp=1674843147 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--cervical-cancer.jpg?itok=3O2Ex4ZC&timestamp=1674843147 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--cervical-cancer.jpg?itok=o6sSRKVF&timestamp=1674843147" alt="Scientist’s hand as they study gynecological cancers." title="Cervical Cancer" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>Between 1975 and 2018, the incidence rate of cervical cancer in the U.S. dropped 55%, and the death rate dropped 60%. This is in part due to NIH-supported research that led to screening and prevention approaches, including the development of HPV testing and vaccines.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: National Cancer Institute, NIH</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Flip</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>Routine Pap tests allow doctors to find and treat precancerous lesions caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, preventing cervical cancer from developing.</li>
|
||
<li>HPV vaccines have been shown to reduce infections from the types of HPV that cause cancer and prevent cervical precancers and cancers.</li>
|
||
<li>Because of the availability of HPV vaccines, screening, and treatments, in 2020 WHO announced that 194 countries have committed to ending cervical cancer—the first global commitment to eliminate a cancer.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-front">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<h3>Colorectal Cancer</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-72901" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/cancer-colorectal-cancer.jpg">cancer--colorectal-cancer.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="Colorectal Cancer" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--colorectal-cancer.jpg?itok=qJwyssCe&timestamp=1674843268 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--colorectal-cancer.jpg?itok=OT_sborc&timestamp=1674843268 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--colorectal-cancer.jpg?itok=ffKvxTA3&timestamp=1674843268 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--colorectal-cancer.jpg?itok=Kf4J518K&timestamp=1674843268 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--colorectal-cancer.jpg?itok=qJwyssCe&timestamp=1674843268" alt="Human colon cancer cells with the cell nuclei stained red and the protein E-cadherin stained green." title="Colorectal Cancer" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>NIH-funded research on colorectal cancer has improved the prevention, early detection, and treatment of this cancer, contributing to a 55% drop in death rates from 1970 to 2018.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: NCI Center for Cancer Research</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Flip</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>NIH-supported research on the biology of colorectal cancer and ways to detect its precursors has led to a number of screening tests, contributing to its early detection and prevention. </li>
|
||
<li>NIH-funded research has contributed to surgical and systemic therapies for patients with colorectal cancer. </li>
|
||
<li>The colorectal cancer death rate has dropped by 55%, from 29.2 per 100,000 in 1970 to 13.1 per 100,000 in 2018, due to prevention and earlier detection through screening and improvements in treatment.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-front">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<h3>Melanoma</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-72921" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/cancer-melanoma.jpg">cancer--melanoma.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="Melanoma" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--melanoma.jpg?itok=qvl36PSp&timestamp=1674843408 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--melanoma.jpg?itok=aqbxO2BI&timestamp=1674843408 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--melanoma.jpg?itok=4WV5AFlx&timestamp=1674843408 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--melanoma.jpg?itok=O5nykiii&timestamp=1674843408 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--melanoma.jpg?itok=qvl36PSp&timestamp=1674843408" alt="3D structure of a melanoma cell derived by ion abrasion scanning electron microscopy." title="Melanoma" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>The death rate due to melanoma—the most serious type of skin cancer—has dropped almost 18% from 2013 to 2016, due in part to NIH-supported research that has led to the development of new therapies.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: Sriram Subramaniam, NCI</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Flip</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>Melanoma is a rare form of skin cancer, though rates have been increasing over the last 30 years. It is more likely to invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body than other types of skin cancer, and it causes the most skin cancer deaths.</li>
|
||
<li>Until 2011, there were no effective treatments for advanced (metastatic) melanoma. Building on NIH-supported research on disease mechanisms, targeted therapies for common molecular changes in melanoma and immunotherapies have dramatically changed these outcomes.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-front">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<h3>Chemotherapy</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-72886" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/cancer-chemotherapy.jpg">cancer--chemotherapy.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="Chemotherapy" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--chemotherapy.jpg?itok=focjRhPV&timestamp=1674843147 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--chemotherapy.jpg?itok=I68dKpWS&timestamp=1674843147 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--chemotherapy.jpg?itok=EAAWOAwF&timestamp=1674843147 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--chemotherapy.jpg?itok=qcH9lDUo&timestamp=1674843147 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--chemotherapy.jpg?itok=focjRhPV&timestamp=1674843147" alt="Dr. Jonathan Hartwell (right) and his assistant Sylvy R. Levy Kornberg conduct some of the earliest chemotherapy tests at the National Cancer Institute, about 1950." title="Chemotherapy" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>Since the 1950s, researchers at NIH have played a large role in developing chemotherapy for cancer and testing various combinations of chemotherapy drugs. This led to effective treatments for many forms of cancer and a dramatic increase in childhood cancer survival rates from 5% before 1950 to 85% today.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: National Cancer Institute, NIH</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Flip</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>Of note, in 1958, chemotherapy drugs were used at the NIH Clinical Center to treat solid tumor cancers, such as lung, breast, or prostate cancers (rather than leukemia or lymphoma). At the time this was a unique way to treat cancer, and the study showed that chemotherapy could be effective. </li>
|
||
<li>Chemotherapy is now a standard treatment for solid tumor cancers, and each year about 650,000 cancer patients receive chemotherapy in outpatient oncology clinics in the U.S.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-front">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<h3>Cisplatin Chemotherapy</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-72896" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/cancer-cisplatin-chemotherapy.jpg">cancer--cisplatin-chemotherapy.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="Cisplatin Chemotherapy" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--cisplatin-chemotherapy.jpg?itok=ve9ECzK8&timestamp=1674843268 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--cisplatin-chemotherapy.jpg?itok=daefyo_M&timestamp=1674843268 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--cisplatin-chemotherapy.jpg?itok=MlEKRBNH&timestamp=1674843268 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--cisplatin-chemotherapy.jpg?itok=GfqWaQ-b&timestamp=1674843268 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--cisplatin-chemotherapy.jpg?itok=ve9ECzK8&timestamp=1674843268" alt="Model of a cisplatin molecule." title="Cisplatin Chemotherapy" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>NIH-supported research led to the development of Cisplatin, a type of chemotherapy commonly used to treat testicular, ovarian, cervical, lung, and bladder cancers. Millions of people have benefited from cisplatin treatment and, when used with other chemotherapy drugs, its cure rate for testicular cancer is more than 90%.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: Karl Harrison 3DChem.com</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Flip</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>While studying the effects of electrical fields on bacteria, an NIH-funded researcher discovered that platinum chemicals inhibited bacterial growth. Of these platinum-containing compounds, cisplatin was found to stop or slow the growth of certain cancer cells. </li>
|
||
<li>Cisplatin was first approved in the U.S. for clinical use to treat cancer in 1978. Today, research is actively ongoing to discover better ways to use cisplatin in the fight against cancer.</li>
|
||
<li>Cisplatin and similar platinum-based drugs are prescribed for an estimated 10-20% of all cancer patients.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-front">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<h3>Precision Therapy</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-72931" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/cancer-precision-therapy-cropped.jpg">cancer--precision-therapy-cropped.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="Precision Therapy" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--precision-therapy-cropped.jpg?itok=BVU9zH0q&timestamp=1674843408 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--precision-therapy-cropped.jpg?itok=wyPct_5l&timestamp=1674843408 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--precision-therapy-cropped.jpg?itok=aKzb-vWc&timestamp=1674843408 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--precision-therapy-cropped.jpg?itok=Pow_COpe&timestamp=1674843408 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--precision-therapy-cropped.jpg?itok=BVU9zH0q&timestamp=1674843408" alt="A nurse administers chemotherapy to a patient through a catheter." title="Precision Therapy" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>Thanks to NIH-supported development of the precision cancer treatment, imatinib (Gleevec®), patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) now have a nearly normal life expectancy.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: Rhoda Baer/NCI</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Flip</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>One of the first precision cancer treatments to receive FDA approval in 2001, Gleevec® specifically blocks an abnormal protein that causes CML and is not found in healthy cells. It is now the standard therapy for CML patients.</li>
|
||
<li>Due in part to targeted treatments like Gleevec®, the 5-year survival rate for CML has more than tripled from 22% in the mid-1970s to 67% for those diagnosed between 2008 and 2014.</li>
|
||
<li>CML patients are now expected to live 30 years post-diagnosis, essentially a normal lifespan.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-front">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<h3>Immunotherapy</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-72871" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/cancer-cancer-immunotherapy.jpg">cancer--cancer-immunotherapy.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="Cancer Immunotherapy" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--cancer-immunotherapy.jpg?itok=71_PCk4P&timestamp=1674842433 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--cancer-immunotherapy.jpg?itok=kXhE3Xg9&timestamp=1674842433 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--cancer-immunotherapy.jpg?itok=53hECKmh&timestamp=1674842433 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--cancer-immunotherapy.jpg?itok=I9stEkxz&timestamp=1674842433 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--cancer-immunotherapy.jpg?itok=71_PCk4P&timestamp=1674842433" alt="Scanning electron micrograph of an oral squamous cancer cell (white) being attacked by two cytotoxic T cells (red), part of a natural immune response." title="Cancer Immunotherapy" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>Decades of NIH-funded research on the immune system and cancer has led to the development of immunotherapies for over 15 different cancer types and counting. Research shows that 52% of patients with metastatic melanoma who received immunotherapy are still alive after five years, up from just 5% before immunotherapy was developed.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: Rita Elena Serda, Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center at Baylor College of Medicine, National Cancer Institute, NIH</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
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||
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|
||
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|
||
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||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>Immunotherapy is a treatment that uses the patient’s own immune system to fight cancer by enhancing or restoring the immune system’s ability to fight the disease.</li>
|
||
<li>Immune checkpoint inhibitors, a specific type of immunotherapy, facilitate the immune system’s ability to kill cancer cells more effectively by removing naturally occurring barriers, or “immune checkpoints.” </li>
|
||
<li>In another kind of immunotherapy, called CAR T cells, a patient’s own immune cells are engineered to target and destroy cancerous cells. These have been most effective for blood cancers so far.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
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||
|
||
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||
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||
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<h3>Neuroblastoma</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-72926" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
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||
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<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/cancer-neuroblastoma.jpg">cancer--neuroblastoma.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
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<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="Neuroblastoma" class="media-element">
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||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
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||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--neuroblastoma.jpg?itok=dJBf6mFa&timestamp=1674843408 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--neuroblastoma.jpg?itok=KBSoDY3P&timestamp=1674843408 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--neuroblastoma.jpg?itok=Gfce8DHh&timestamp=1674843408 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--neuroblastoma.jpg?itok=wfugMZ4J&timestamp=1674843408 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--neuroblastoma.jpg?itok=dJBf6mFa&timestamp=1674843408" alt="A microscopic view of a typical neuroblastoma with rosette formation. Magnified 40 times." title="Neuroblastoma" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>More than 30 years of research by NIH-supported scientists led to the development of Unituxin™ (dinutuximab or monoclonal antibody ch14.18), a treatment that is now a first-line therapy for aggressive neuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma is a rare cancer that most often occurs in young children, and this treatment has increased the 5-year survival rate by 20%.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: Dr. Maria Tsokos, National Cancer Institute</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Flip</a></div>
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||
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||
<div class="flipcard-back">
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||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>Approved by FDA in 2015, Unituxin™ resulted from 30 years of NIH-funded research on antibody-based immunotherapy—from discovery through phase 3 clinical trials.</li>
|
||
<li>Before Unituxin™, fewer than 40% of children with aggressive neuroblastoma lived 5 years after diagnosis. Used in combination with a treatment that helps turn on the patient’s immune system, this is the first effective immunotherapy for neuroblastoma shown to reduce the risk of recurrence and improve survival.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
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||
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||
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|
||
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
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||
<div class="flipcard-front">
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<div class="flipcard-content">
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<h3>Childhood Leukemia</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-72891" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/cancer-childhood-leukemia.jpg">cancer--childhood-leukemia.jpg</a></h2>
|
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||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="Childhood Leukemia" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--childhood-leukemia.jpg?itok=dJ6xo2T8&timestamp=1674843147 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--childhood-leukemia.jpg?itok=Trp9Y63N&timestamp=1674843147 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--childhood-leukemia.jpg?itok=E0e6_63n&timestamp=1674843147 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--childhood-leukemia.jpg?itok=t17P4Cjv&timestamp=1674843147 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--childhood-leukemia.jpg?itok=dJ6xo2T8&timestamp=1674843147" alt="Two young girls with acute lymphocytic leukemia receiving chemotherapy. The girl on the left has an IV tube in the neck, the other girl's IV is in her arm." title="Childhood Leukemia" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>Prior to the 1950s, childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) was a fatal disease, and little was known about its biology. Long-term NIH investments in cancer research have transformed outcomes for children with ALL—as a result of treatments available today, more than 90% of children with ALL are cured.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: Bill Branson/NCI</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Flip</a></div>
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||
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||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>ALL treatment regimens, which involve combination chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplant, and immunotherapy, have improved thanks to NIH-funded research. </li>
|
||
<li>NIH's clinical trials networks have contributed to a culture in which around 60% of children with cancer participate in clinical trials, compared to around 5% of adult patients with cancer. These networks and this level of participation has enabled many of these advances for children with cancer.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
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||
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||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
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||
<div class="flipcard-front">
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||
<div class="flipcard-content">
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||
<h3><a id="declining-death-rates" name="declining-death-rates"></a>Declining Death Rates</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-72906" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/cancer-declining-cancer-death-rates-cropped.jpg">cancer--declining-cancer-death-rates-cropped.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="Declining Cancer Death Rates" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--declining-cancer-death-rates-cropped.jpg?itok=zNlQ3r7Q&timestamp=1674843268 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--declining-cancer-death-rates-cropped.jpg?itok=5MS7T7fH&timestamp=1674843268 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--declining-cancer-death-rates-cropped.jpg?itok=hTWblH5t&timestamp=1674843268 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--declining-cancer-death-rates-cropped.jpg?itok=a0pHG8NT&timestamp=1674843268 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/cancer--declining-cancer-death-rates-cropped.jpg?itok=zNlQ3r7Q&timestamp=1674843268" alt="A female patient and nurse, both seated on the floor. The nurse is teaching the girl about procedures and techniques associated with chemotherapy." title="Declining Cancer Death Rates" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>Long-term NIH investments in cancer research have contributed to a decline in death rates for all cancers in the U.S. The overall cancer death rate dropped 33% from 1991 to 2021.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: Bill Branson/NCI</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Flip</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>This decline in deaths due to cancer is a result of advances in prevention (particularly reductions in smoking), early detection, and improved treatments for cancer.</li>
|
||
<li>It is estimated that the drop in cancer death rates translates into almost 4.1 million fewer deaths from 1991 to 2021.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<h2>References</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Lung Cancer</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Cancer Stat Facts: Lung and Bronchus Cancer: <a href="https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lungb.html">https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lungb.html</a></li>
|
||
<li>National Lung Screening Trial: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/research/nlst">https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/research/nlst</a></li>
|
||
<li>Howlader N, et al. <em>N Engl J Med</em>. 2020;383(7):640-649. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32786189/">32786189</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Article: Cigarette Smoking Among U.S. Adults Hits All-Time Low: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/p1114-smoking-low.html#:~:text=Cigarette%20smoking%20among%20U.S.%20adults%20has%20reached%20an%20all%2Dtime,the%20health%20consequences%20of%20smoking">https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/p1114-smoking-low.html#:~:text=Cigarette%20smoking%20among%20U.S.%20adults%20has%20reached%20an%20all%2Dtime,the%20health%20consequences%20of%20smoking</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Moyer VA, et al. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(5):330-8. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24378917/">24378917</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Klabunde CN, et al. <em>Am J Prev Med</em>. 2022;62(2):e77-e86. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34657771/">34657771</a>.</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>BRCA Mutations</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>BRCA Gene Mutations: Cancer Risk and Genetic Testing: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet">https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet</a></li>
|
||
<li>Enhancing Breast and Ovarian Cancer Care: The Discovery of BRCA1 and BRCA2: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/progress/discovery/brca">https://www.cancer.gov/research/progress/discovery/brca</a></li>
|
||
<li>BRCA-Related Cancer: Risk Assessment, Genetic Counseling, and Genetic Testing: <a href="https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/brca-related-cancer-risk-assessment-genetic-counseling-and-genetic-testing">https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/brca-related-cancer-risk-assessment-genetic-counseling-and-genetic-testing</a>;</li>
|
||
<li>Hadar T, et al. <em>JAMA Oncol</em>. 2020;6(9):1460-1463. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32644100/">32644100</a>.</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Breast Cancer</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Report: Breast Cancer Death Rates Down 40% Since 1989: <a href="https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/report-breast-cancer-death-rates-down-40-percent-since-1989.html">https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/report-breast-cancer-death-rates-down-40-percent-since-1989.html</a></li>
|
||
<li>Breast Cancer Facts: <a href="https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts?gclid=Cj0KCQjwg7KJBhDyARIsAHrAXaFs7_vbKd1BHP_CVds81wVE7TYryvCosb7huenkNn4tV7agpP8zdlkaApNSEALw_wcB">https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts?gclid=Cj0KCQjwg7KJBhDyARIsAHrAXaFs7_vbKd1BHP_CVds81wVE7TYryvCosb7huenkNn4tV7agpP8zdlkaApNSEALw_wcB</a></li>
|
||
<li>Breast Cancer Treatment: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/breast-treatment-pdq">https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/breast-treatment-pdq</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Cervical Cancer</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Cancer Stat Facts: Cervical Cancer: <a href="https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/cervix.html">https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/cervix.html</a></li>
|
||
<li>Cervical Cancer Screening: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/screening">https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/screening</a></li>
|
||
<li>Cervical Cancer Prevention: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/hp/cervical-prevention-pdq">https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/hp/cervical-prevention-pdq</a></li>
|
||
<li>Article: An Estimated 92% of Cancers Caused by HPV Could be Prevented by Vaccine: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/p0822-cancer-prevented-vaccine.html">https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/p0822-cancer-prevented-vaccine.html</a></li>
|
||
<li>What Is Cervical Cancer?: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical">https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical</a></li>
|
||
<li>Article: NCI’s Douglas R. Lowy and John T. Schiller to receive 2017 Lasker Award: <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/ncis-douglas-r-lowy-john-t-schiller-receive-2017-lasker-award">https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/ncis-douglas-r-lowy-john-t-schiller-receive-2017-lasker-award</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Colorectal Cancer</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Cancer Facts & Figures 2021: <a href="https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/cancer-facts-figures-2021.html">https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/cancer-facts-figures-2021.html</a></li>
|
||
<li>Article: Advances in Colorectal Cancer: <a href="https://www.webmd.com/colorectal-cancer/features/advances-in-colorectal-cancer">https://www.webmd.com/colorectal-cancer/features/advances-in-colorectal-cancer</a></li>
|
||
<li>Screening Tests to Detect Colorectal Cancer and Polyps: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/screening-fact-sheet">https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/screening-fact-sheet</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Melanoma</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Skin Cancer (Including Melanoma): <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin">https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin</a></li>
|
||
<li>Melanoma Treatment: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/patient/melanoma-treatment-pdq">https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/patient/melanoma-treatment-pdq</a></li>
|
||
<li>Melanoma of the Skin: Recent Trends in U.S. Age-Adjusted Mortality Rates, 2000-2020: <a href="https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/application.html?site=53&data_type=2&graph_type=2&compareBy=sex&chk_sex_1=1&chk_sex_3=3&chk_sex_2=2&race=1&age_range=1&advopt_precision=1&advopt_show_ci=on&advopt_display=2">https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/application.html?site=53&data_type=2&graph_type=2&compareBy=sex&chk_sex_1=1&chk_sex_3=3&chk_sex_2=2&race=1&age_range=1&advopt_precision=1&advopt_show_ci=on&advopt_display=2</a></li>
|
||
<li>Deaths from Metastatic Melanoma Drop Substantially in the United States: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2020/metastatic-melanoma-deaths-drop">https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2020/metastatic-melanoma-deaths-drop</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Chemotherapy</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Zubrod CG, et al. <em>Cancer Chemother</em>. Rep 1966; 50: 349–540. </li>
|
||
<li>DeVita VT Jr, et al. <em>Cancer Res</em>. 2008;68(21):8643-53. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18974103/">18974103</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Information for Health Care Providers: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/preventinfections/providers.htm%23:~:">https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/preventinfections/providers.htm#:~:</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Cisplatin Chemotherapy</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Curiosity Creates Cures: The Value and Impact of Basic Research: <a href="https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/fact-sheets/Pages/curiosity-creates-cures.aspx">https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/fact-sheets/Pages/curiosity-creates-cures.aspx</a></li>
|
||
<li>The "Accidental" Cure—Platinum-based Treatment for Cancer: The Discovery of Cisplatin: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/progress/discovery/cisplatin%20">https://www.cancer.gov/research/progress/discovery/cisplatin</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Precision Therapy</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Gambacorti-Passerini C, et al. <em>Am J Hematol</em>. 2015;90(2):156-61. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25370814/">25370814</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Druker BJ, et al. <em>N Engl J Med</em>. 2006;355(23):2408-17. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17151364/">17151364</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Druker B. <em>Keio J Med</em>. 2010;59(1):1-3. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20375651/">20375651</a>.</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Immunotherapy</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Larkin J, et al. <em>N Engl J Med</em>. 2019;381(16):1535-1546. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31562797/">31562797</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/immunotherapy/checkpoint-inhibitors">https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/immunotherapy/checkpoint-inhibitors</a></li>
|
||
<li>Melanoma Treatment: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/patient/melanoma-treatment-pdq">https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/patient/melanoma-treatment-pdq</a></li>
|
||
<li>CAR T Cells: Engineering Patients’ Immune Cells to Treat Their Cancers: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/research/car-t-cells">https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/research/car-t-cells</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Neuroblastoma</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Harnessing the Power of Our Immune Systems to Treat Neuroblastoma: Discovery of Ch14.18 Immunotherapy: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/progress/discovery/neuroblastoma">https://www.cancer.gov/research/progress/discovery/neuroblastoma</a></li>
|
||
<li>Investments in Basic Research for Pediatric Cancers: <a href="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=11963">https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=11963</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Childhood Leukemia</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Childhood Cancer Research Highlights: <a href="https://www.cancer.org/research/acs-research-highlights/childhood-cancer-research-highlights.html">https://www.cancer.org/research/acs-research-highlights/childhood-cancer-research-highlights.html</a></li>
|
||
<li>Children’s Oncology Group: What is a Clinical trial?: <a href="https://www.childrensoncologygroup.org/clinicaltrials-136">https://www.childrensoncologygroup.org/clinicaltrials-136</a></li>
|
||
<li>Smith MA, et al. <em>Cancer</em>. 2014;120(16):2497-506. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24853691/">24853691</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>National Academy of Sciences. Curing Childhood Leukemia. 1997. <a href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/beyond-discovery/curing-childhood-leukemia.pdf">http://www.nasonline.org/publications/beyond-discovery/curing-childhood-leukemia.pdf</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Declining Death Rates</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Siegel RL. et al. <em>CA Cancer J Clin</em>. 2024 Jan;74(1):12-49. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38230766/">38230766</a>.</li>
|
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</ol>
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</div></div>
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