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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2022-12-06T00:00:00-05:00" class="date-display-single">December 6, 2022</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>Racial residential segregation and airborne toxic metals</h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>At a Glance</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>Air pollution in racially segregated communities contained more toxic metals than in well-integrated communities.</li>
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<li>Targeted emissions reductions could reduce these pollution disparities, which likely contribute to health disparities.</li>
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</ul></div><div class="media-float-right"><div class="ds-1col file file-image file-image-jpeg view-mode-floated_media clearfix">
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-large/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20221206-pollution-drupal.jpg?itok=cGVnhsoK&timestamp=1670622647 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 960px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20221206-pollution-drupal.jpg?itok=0HkHDBQK&timestamp=1670622647 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20221206-pollution-drupal.jpg?itok=dC-huOzg&timestamp=1670622647 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20221206-pollution-drupal.jpg?itok=H2mOZF75&timestamp=1670622647 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-tiny/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20221206-pollution-drupal.jpg?itok=fQSlEGUk&timestamp=1670622647 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)" />
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<img src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20221206-pollution-drupal.jpg?itok=0HkHDBQK&timestamp=1670622647" alt="Woman with baby sitting on a bench in a polluted city" title="Woman with baby sitting on a bench in a polluted city" />
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</picture><span class="caption">The study gave insights into the connection between air pollution and racial residential segregation.</span><span class="credit">AlyoshinE / Shutterstock</span></div>
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</div><p>Communities of color are often disproportionately exposed to fine particles in the air called PM<sub>2.5</sub>. But PM<sub>2.5</sub> is a broad class—defined as particles 2.5 micrometers in diameter or less. PM<sub>2.5</sub> contains a mix of components, some of which are more toxic than others. Among the most toxic are carcinogenic and neurotoxic metals such as lead and vanadium. Racial disparities in exposure to these specific metals in PM<sub>2.5</sub> haven’t been well understood. </p>
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<p>A team of NIH-funded researchers examined PM<sub>2.5</sub> recorded by EPA monitoring networks at locations across the United States. Led by Drs. John Kodros and John Volckens at Colorado State University, they looked at levels of toxic metals, such as lead, that come mostly from human activities. They also looked at metals, such as iron, that come mostly from natural sources. They compared these measurements with residential segregation in the same locations. Results appeared in <em>Nature Communications </em>on November 1, 2022.</p>
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<p>In counties where Black people were highly segregated from White people, total PM<sub>2.5</sub> levels were twice as high as in well-integrated counties. But levels of human-emitted metals in PM<sub>2.5</sub> were 4-20 times as high. The mass proportions of metals (the metals’ share of total PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass) followed a similar trend. Mass proportions of the human-generated metals were 3-12 times higher in highly segregated counties than in well-integrated counties. For most metals, these disparities remained stable over the past decade.</p>
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<p>These findings suggest that the air pollution in segregated areas is more toxic than in well-integrated areas. “Populations living in racially segregated communities not only breathe more fine particle air pollution,” Volckens explains, “they breathe a form of pollution that is much more concentrated in toxic, cancer-causing compounds.”</p>
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<p>The team also found evidence that targeted regulations can improve these disparities. In 2010, regulations were enacted to limit the sulfur content of fuel used in marine shipping. One effect of these regulations was that the vanadium content of fuel also decreased. Over the next decade, vanadium concentrations<strong> </strong>in air pollution across the U.S. decreased. The largest decrease, the research team found, occurred in highly segregated counties. As a result, the racial disparity in vanadium exposure went down by a factor of 1.5.</p>
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<p>“The good news is that sweeping environmental cleanups, like the establishment of national clean-fuel standards, not only reduce air pollution nationwide, but also serve to reduce the pollution exposure disparities we see in many segregated communities,” Kodros says.</p>
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<p>—by Brian Doctrow, Ph.D.</p></div><h2 class="label-above">Related Links</h2><ul class="spaced print-urls"><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/racial-segregation-makes-consequences-lead-exposure-worse" target="_top">Racial Segregation Makes Consequences of Lead Exposure Worse</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/poor-air-quality-across-northeastern-public-transit-systems" target="_top">Poor Air Quality Across Northeastern Public Transit Systems</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/air-pollution-associated-worsening-emphysema" target="_top">Air Pollution Associated with Worsening Emphysema</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/air-pollution-associated-increase-nicu-admissions" target="_top">Air Pollution Associated with Increase in NICU Admissions</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/air-pollution-linked-risk-premature-death" target="_top">Air Pollution Linked to Risk of Premature Death</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/cleaner-air-tied-healthier-lungs-kids" target="_top">Cleaner Air Tied to Healthier Lungs in Kids</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/low-levels-lead-linked-problems-children" target="_top">Low Levels of Lead Linked to Problems in Children</a></li><li><a href="https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2018/09/breathe-easier" target="_top">Breathe Easier: Dealing with Bad Air Quality</a></li><li><a href="https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/air-pollution/" target="_top">Air Pollution and Your Health</a></li><li><a href="https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution" target="_top">Particulate Matter Pollution (EPA)</a></li></ul><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">References: </strong><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36319637/">Unequal airborne exposure to toxic metals associated with race, ethnicity, and segregation in the USA.</a> Kodros JK, Bell ML, Dominici F, L'Orange C, Godri Pollitt KJ, Weichenthal S, Wu X, Volckens J. <em>Nat Commun.</em> 2022 Nov 1;13(1):6329. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-33372-z. PMID: 36319637.</p><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">Funding: </strong>NIH’s National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); Health Effects Institute; Environmental Protection Agency; Harvard University Climate Change Solutions Fund and Star-Friedman Award.</p>
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NIH Research Matters<br />
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Bldg. 31, Rm. 5B52, MSC 2094<br />
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/research-context-can-we-slow-aging">Research in Context: Can we slow aging?</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/brain-changes-observed-during-pregnancy">Brain changes observed during pregnancy</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/research-context-detecting-cancer">Research in Context: Detecting cancer</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/risk-future-burden-dementia-united-states">Risk and future burden of dementia in the United States </a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/complete-wiring-map-adult-fruit-fly-brain">Complete wiring map of an adult fruit fly brain</a></p>
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<p><strong>Editor:</strong> Harrison Wein, Ph.D.</p>
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<p><strong>Assistant Editors:</strong> Vicki Contie and Brian Doctrow, Ph.D.</p>
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<p><strong><em>NIH Research Matters </em></strong>is a weekly update of NIH research highlights reviewed by NIH’s experts. It's published by the <a href="/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison">Office of Communications and Public Liaison</a> in the <a href="/institutes-nih/nih-office-director">NIH Office of the Director</a>.</p>
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