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<h2 class="element-invisible">You are here</h2><div class="breadcrumb"><a href="/">Home</a> » <a href="/news-events">News & Events</a> » <a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters">NIH Research Matters</a></div> <div class="l-region l-region--section-header">
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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2022-11-22T00:00:00-05:00" class="date-display-single">November 22, 2022</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>Immune cells control waste clearance in the brain</h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>At a Glance</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>Scientists identified a type of immune cell that helps clear waste products in the brain.</li>
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<li>Boosting these immune cells in aged mice improved the clearance of proteins associated with Alzheimer’s disease.</li>
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<li>The findings suggest new prevention and treatment strategies for Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders.</li>
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</ul></div><div class="media-float-right"><div class="ds-1col file file-image file-image-jpeg view-mode-floated_media clearfix">
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<picture title="Colorized scanning electron micrograph of a macrophage. ">
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<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-large/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20221122-brain.jpg?itok=zyrBNDSs&timestamp=1669078311 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 960px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20221122-brain.jpg?itok=rPrpZNlh&timestamp=1669078311 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20221122-brain.jpg?itok=-48xRf8O&timestamp=1669078311 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20221122-brain.jpg?itok=CTrYhm4b&timestamp=1669078311 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-tiny/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20221122-brain.jpg?itok=pVRppO30&timestamp=1669078311 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)" />
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<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
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<img src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20221122-brain.jpg?itok=rPrpZNlh&timestamp=1669078311" alt="Colorized scanning electron micrograph of a macrophage. " title="Colorized scanning electron micrograph of a macrophage. " />
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||
</picture><span class="caption">The discovery of macrophages that help clear waste products in the brain suggests new prevention and treatment strategies for Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders. </span><span class="credit">NIAID</span></div>
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||
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||
</div><p>In the past decade, researchers have discovered a network of cells and vessels in and around the mammalian brain that help remove cellular waste and debris. Studies in mice found that, as the function of this system declines with age, toxic compounds can build up in the brain.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The brain also has its own population of immune cells. As in the rest of the body, these cells patrol for invading pathogens. They also help with tissue maintenance and repair.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>An NIH-funded research team led by Drs. Antoine Drieu and Jonathan Kipnis from Washington University in St. Louis has been studying a key type of immune cell, called parenchymal border macrophages (PBMs), that interacts with the cerebrospinal fluid that flows in and out of the brain. Their new study was published on November 9, 2022, in <em>Nature</em>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>To see if PBMs may have a role in regulating the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, the researchers used fluorescent tracers to examine the brains of mice. They found PBMs closely associated with the tracers moving in and out of the brain in cerebrospinal fluid. They also identified different types of PBMs, one of which serves as a waste scavenger.</p>
|
||
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||
<p>When the team injected mice with a drug that depleted PBMs, the flow of cerebrospinal fluid through the brain was substantially reduced one week later. When they tracked cerebrospinal fluid flow in real time in the mice using magnetic resonance imaging, they saw similar results. The researchers also saw buildup of several proteins that have been associated with Alzheimer’s in the mice with depleted PBMs.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Further work showed that, when the brain lost PBMs, the activity of enzymes called MMPs also decreased. This led to accumulation of extracellular matrix along vessels and capillaries. Extracellular matrix provides structure for the vessels that carry fluid through the body. But too much can make vessels overly stiff, impeding fluid flow. Correspondingly, the researchers found that vessels in the brains of mice with depleted PBMs didn’t expand normally.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The team next compared PBM levels in young and aged mice. Aged mice had fewer of the scavenger PBMs. Aged mice also had a greater accumulation of extracellular matrix in the brain. When the researchers injected aged mice with a substance that can activate PBMs, levels of MMP enzymes and fluid flow both increased, while the amount of extracellular matrix decreased.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>When the researchers depleted PBMs in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s, those mice developed more amyloid beta plaques—one of the hallmarks of the disease—than the same type of mice with normal levels of PBMs. Finally, the team looked at immune cells collected from the brains of people with an inherited form of Alzheimer’s. The PBMs from people with the disease had changes in gene expression that reflected decreased function compared with unaffected family members.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>“Cerebrospinal fluid flow is impaired in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, stroke, Parkinson’s, and multiple sclerosis,” Drieu says. “If we can restore fluid flow through the brain just by boosting these macrophages, maybe we can slow the progression of these diseases.” More work in animal models will be needed before such an approach could be tested in people.</p>
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||
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||
<p>—by Sharon Reynolds</p></div><h2 class="label-above">Related Links</h2><ul class="spaced print-urls"><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/learning-control-microglia-using-crispr" target="_top">Learning to Control Microglia Using CRISPR</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/blocking-hormone-improves-alzheimer-s-symptoms-mice" target="_top">Blocking Hormone Improves Alzheimer’s Symptoms in Mice</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/boosting-brains-waste-removal-system-could-improve-alzheimers-outcomes" target="_top">Boosting Brain’s Waste Removal System Could Improve Alzheimer’s Outcomes</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/impaired-brain-drainage-aging-alzheimers" target="_top">Impaired Brain Drainage in Aging and Alzheimer’s</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/brain-cleaning-system-uses-lymphatic-vessels" target="_top">Brain Cleaning System Uses Lymphatic Vessels</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/lymphatic-vessels-discovered-central-nervous-system" target="_top">Lymphatic Vessels Discovered in Central Nervous System</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-sleep-clears-brain" target="_top">How Sleep Clears the Brain</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/new-brain-cleaning-system-discovered" target="_top">New Brain Cleaning System Discovered</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers" target="_top">Alzheimer's Disease & Related Dementias</a></li></ul><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">References: </strong><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36352225/">Parenchymal border macrophages regulate the flow dynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid.</a> Drieu A, Du S, Storck SE, Rustenhoven J, Papadopoulos Z, Dykstra T, Zhong F, Kim K, Blackburn S, Mamuladze T, Harari O, Karch CM, Bateman RJ, Perrin R, Farlow M, Chhatwal J; Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network, Hu S, Randolph GJ, Smirnov I, Kipnis J. <em>Nature</em>. 2022 Nov 9. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05397-3. Online ahead of print. PMID: 36352225.</p><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">Funding: </strong>NIH’s National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), and National Cancer Institute (NCI); Cure Alzheimer’s Fund; Ludwig Foundation; Archer Foundation; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development; Korea Health Industry Development Institute.</p>
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