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<h2 class="element-invisible">You are here</h2><div class="breadcrumb"><a href="/">Home</a> » <a href="/news-events">News & Events</a> » <a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters">NIH Research Matters</a></div> <div class="l-region l-region--section-header">
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<div about="/news-events/nih-research-matters/covid-19-disrupts-gut-microbiome" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document" class="ds-1col node node--nih-research-matters view-mode-full node--full node--nih-research-matters--full clearfix">
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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2022-11-22T00:00:00-05:00" class="date-display-single">November 22, 2022</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>COVID-19 disrupts gut microbiome</h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>At a Glance</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>COVID-19 disrupts the gut microbiome, allowing pathogenic bacteria to thrive.</li>
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<li>It can also affect the lining of the gut, which may allow these bacteria to enter the bloodstream and lead to dangerous secondary infections.</li>
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</ul></div><div class="media-float-right"><div class="ds-1col file file-image file-image-jpeg view-mode-floated_media clearfix">
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<picture title="Illustration of bacteria in gut">
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<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-large/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20221122-gut.jpg?itok=FpcMXcsV&timestamp=1669078182 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 960px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20221122-gut.jpg?itok=Zvs6l00J&timestamp=1669078182 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20221122-gut.jpg?itok=FuQzOCS4&timestamp=1669078182 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20221122-gut.jpg?itok=QFkJaEuC&timestamp=1669078182 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-tiny/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20221122-gut.jpg?itok=CIGXfWTL&timestamp=1669078182 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)" />
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<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
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<img src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20221122-gut.jpg?itok=Zvs6l00J&timestamp=1669078182" alt="Illustration of bacteria in gut" title="Illustration of bacteria in gut" />
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</picture><span class="caption">SARS-CoV-2 infection can disrupt the gut microbiome to allow harmful bacteria to flourish. </span><span class="credit">nobeastsofierce / Shutterstock</span></div>
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||
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||
</div><p>The trillions of microbes living in the gut—bacteria, fungi, and viruses—are known collectively as the gut microbiome. Research has shown that changes in gut microbes may contribute to a variety of diseases and conditions.</p>
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||
<p>COVID-19 patients often have imbalances in their gut microbes that allow antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections to take over. These patients also have a high rate of secondary bacterial infections that may be life-threatening. However, it hasn’t been clear how SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, affects the gut microbiome. Many critically ill COVID-19 patients receive antibiotics. These can also affect gut microbes. So, it’s not clear if COVID-19 or antibiotic treatment causes the microbiome disruptions in these patients.</p>
|
||
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||
<p>An NIH-funded research team, led by Drs. Ken Cadwell and Jonas Schluter at New York University School of Medicine, investigated how SARS-CoV-2 infection affects gut microbes in mice. They also explored the relationship between gut microbe imbalances and bacterial infections in COVID-19 patients. Their findings were published in <em>Nature Communications </em>on November 1, 2022. </p>
|
||
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||
<p>The researchers first looked at mice engineered to make the human ACE2 protein, which SARS-CoV-2 uses to infect cells. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 led to a loss of species diversity in the gut microbes of these mice. Infected mice also had changes to their gut lining. The number of goblet cells, which produce mucus, increased. Meanwhile, the number of Paneth cells, which produce antimicrobial compounds, decreased. The remaining Paneth cells had abnormalities resembling those found in inflammatory bowel disease. These changes in the gut lining correlated with disruptions to the microbiome.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Next, the team examined the microbes in stool samples from 96 COVID-19 patients. In a quarter of the samples, a single bacterial genus dominated. These dominant bacteria included opportunistic and antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Patients with secondary bloodstream infections tended to have less diverse microbes.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The researchers sequenced bacterial DNA from the gut microbes of patients with secondary infections. In most cases, the species infecting the blood also turned up in the gut. This suggests that the infection may migrate from the gut to the bloodstream.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Together, these results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection disrupts the gut microbiome. This enables secondary bacterial infections, both by allowing pathogenic bacteria to colonize the gut, and by altering the gut lining to let these bacteria more easily spread from the gut to the bloodstream.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>“Our findings suggest that coronavirus infection directly interferes with the healthy balance of microbes in the gut, further endangering patients in the process,” Schluter says.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>“Now that we have uncovered the source of this bacterial imbalance, physicians can better identify those coronavirus patients most at risk of a secondary bloodstream infection,” adds Cadwell.</p>
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<p>—by Brian Doctrow, Ph.D.</p></div><h2 class="label-above">Related Links</h2><ul class="spaced print-urls"><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/long-covid-symptoms-linked-inflammation" target="_top">Long COVID Symptoms Linked to Inflammation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/health-benefits-dietary-fibers-vary" target="_top">Health Benefits of Dietary Fibers Vary</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/viruses-gut-influence-inflammatory-bowel-disease" target="_top">Viruses In the Gut Influence Inflammatory Bowel Disease</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/fiber-diet-linked-cancer-immunotherapy-response" target="_top">Fiber In Diet Linked to Cancer Immunotherapy Response</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/gut-microbes-affect-harmful-compound-red-meat" target="_top">Gut Microbes Affect Harmful Compound in Red Meat</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/fecal-transplants-restore-gut-microbes-after-antibiotics" target="_top">Fecal Transplants Restore Gut Microbes After Antibiotics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/changing-gut-bacteria-crohns-disease" target="_top">Changing Gut Bacteria in Crohn’s Disease</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/gut-microbes-linked-rheumatoid-arthritis" target="_top">Gut Microbes Linked to Rheumatoid Arthritis</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/gut-microbes-diet-interact-affect-obesity" target="_top">Gut Microbes and Diet Interact to Affect Obesity</a></li><li><a href="https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2021/08/your-bodys-bugs" target="_top">Your Body’s Bugs: Nurturing Healthy Microbes</a></li><li><a href="https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/microbiome/index.cfm" target="_top">Microbiome</a></li></ul><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">References: </strong><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36319618/">Gut microbiome dysbiosis in antibiotic-treated COVID-19 patients is associated with microbial translocation and bacteremia.</a> Bernard-Raichon L, Venzon M, Klein J, Axelrad JE, Zhang C, Sullivan AP, Hussey GA, Casanovas-Massana A, Noval MG, Valero-Jimenez AM, Gago J, Putzel G, Pironti A, Wilder E; Yale IMPACT Research Team, Thorpe LE, Littman DR, Dittmann M, Stapleford KA, Shopsin B, Torres VJ, Ko AI, Iwasaki A, Cadwell K, Schluter J. <em>Nat Commun</em>. 2022 Nov 1;13(1):5926. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-33395-6. PMID: 36319618.</p><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">Funding: </strong>NIH’s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); NYU Grossman School of Medicine and Langone Health Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program; Yale School of Public Health, Beatrice Kleinberg Neuwirth Fund, and COVID-19 Research Resource Fund; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation; Kenneth Rainin Foundation; Judith & Stewart Colton Center of Autoimmunity; The G. Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Charitable Foundation; American Heart Association; Bristol Meyers Squibb Foundation.</p>
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