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<h2 class="element-invisible">You are here</h2><div class="breadcrumb"><a href="/">Home</a> » <a href="/news-events">News & Events</a> » <a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters">NIH Research Matters</a></div> <div class="l-region l-region--section-header">
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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2022-08-23T00:00:00-04:00" class="date-display-single">August 23, 2022</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>Learning to control microglia using CRISPR</h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>At a Glance</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>Researchers used CRISPR tools to identify genes controlling cells in the brain called microglia, which are involved in many brain disorders.</li>
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<li>The results suggest potential therapeutic targets for Alzheimer’s and other diseases involving microglia.</li>
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</ul></div><div class="media-float-right"><div class="ds-1col file file-image file-image-jpeg view-mode-floated_media clearfix">
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<picture title="Illustration of microglia among long neuron projections">
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<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-large/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220824-microglia.jpg?itok=ms72qMeL&timestamp=1661263894 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 960px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220824-microglia.jpg?itok=-S9z9H_b&timestamp=1661263894 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220824-microglia.jpg?itok=cRa-XZLo&timestamp=1661263894 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220824-microglia.jpg?itok=LTGgD16D&timestamp=1661263894 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-tiny/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220824-microglia.jpg?itok=rvJOTfRs&timestamp=1661263894 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)" />
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<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
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<img src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220824-microglia.jpg?itok=-S9z9H_b&timestamp=1661263894" alt="Illustration of microglia among long neuron projections" title="Illustration of microglia among long neuron projections" />
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</picture><span class="caption">The study suggests ways to target microglia, shown here in pink among neurons, in order to treat brain diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. </span><span class="credit">ART-ur / Shutterstock</span></div>
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</div><p>Genetic research suggests that cells called microglia play a key role in brain diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. Microglia help maintain the brain by clearing out damaged cells and infectious agents. They're also supposed to get rid of the plaques associated with dementia. Genetic changes may lead to disease by causing microglia to malfunction. But how individual genes affect microglial function isn’t well understood.</p>
|
||
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||
<p>CRISPR-based tools could help yield insights. These techniques allow researchers to turn specific genes on or off. CRISPR systems typically rely on RNA delivered into cells using viruses, but this has been challenging in mature microglia. One way to circumvent the problem would be to introduce all the needed CRISPR components into stem cells and then turn the cells into microglia. But conventional methods for converting stem cells to microglia take weeks to months.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>An NIH-funded team of researchers, led by Drs. Li Gan of Weill Cornell Medicine and Martin Kampmann at the University of California, San Francisco, set out to engineer human stem cells that could more quickly be converted to microglia-like cells for study. They described their work on August 11, 2022, in <em>Nature Neuroscience</em>.</p>
|
||
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||
<p>The team developed a method to generate microglia-like cells from stem cells in eight days. They confirmed that these cells, dubbed iTF-Microglia, behaved like ordinary human microglia. They then introduced complete CRISPR systems into the stem cells before converting them into iTF-Microglia. This created iTF-Microglia in which genes could be turned off or on and studied.</p>
|
||
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||
<p>Using this approach, the team was able to identify genes that affected microglial survival and activation. They also found genes that affected the microglia’s ability to engulf nerve cell debris, a key function of microglia in the brain. Some of the genes have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases. These findings now provide further potential drug targets. </p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The team also identified nine distinct microglial states based on gene activity, or expression, patterns. These states reflected the diversity of microglial states observed in human brains. Turning certain genes on or off could shift microglia from one state to the other.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Notably, one of these states was characterized by high expression of the gene for osteopontin. Microglia associated with Alzheimer’s disease have been shown to have high osteopontin levels. Turning off one gene, <em>MAPK14</em>, increased the number of microglia in this high-osteopontin state. Turning off another gene, <em>CSF1R</em>, reduced the number in this state, as did treatment with a drug that blocks CSF1R.</p>
|
||
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||
<p>These findings give insight into how genetic variations might contribute to Alzheimer’s and other diseases of the brain. Therapies could target these genes to treat disease by shifting microglia from a pathogenic state to a healthy state.</p>
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||
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||
<p>“Now, using the new CRISPR method we developed, we can uncover how to actually control these microglia, to get them to stop doing toxic things and go back to carrying out their vitally important cleaning jobs,” Kampmann says. “This capability presents the opportunity for an entirely new type of therapeutic approach.”</p>
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||
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<p>—by Brian Doctrow, Ph.D.</p></div><h2 class="label-above">Related Links</h2><ul class="spaced print-urls"><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/boosting-brains-waste-removal-system-could-improve-alzheimers-outcomes" target="_top">Boosting Brain’s Waste Removal System Could Improve Alzheimer’s Outcomes</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/senescent-cells-linked-brain-disease-mice" target="_top">Senescent Cells Linked to Brain Disease in Mice</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/mental-disorders-may-share-molecular-origins" target="_top">Mental Disorders May Share Molecular Origins</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/human-cells-model-alzheimers-disease" target="_top">Human Cells Model Alzheimer’s Disease</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/new-genes-tied-alzheimers-disease" target="_top">New Genes Tied to Alzheimer’s Disease</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/immune-cells-regulate-brain-development" target="_top">Immune Cells Regulate Brain Development</a></li><li><a href="https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/special-issues/seniors/dealing-dementia" target="_top">Dealing with Dementia</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers" target="_top">Alzheimer's Disease & Related Dementias</a></li><li><a href="https://www.alzheimers.gov/" target="_top">Alzheimers.gov</a></li></ul><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">References: </strong><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35953545/">A CRISPRi/a platform in human iPSC-derived microglia uncovers regulators of disease states.</a> Dräger NM, Sattler SM, Huang CT, Teter OM, Leng K, Hashemi SH, Hong J, Aviles G, Clelland CD, Zhan L, Udeochu JC, Kodama L, Singleton AB, Nalls MA, Ichida J, Ward ME, Faghri F, Gan L, Kampmann M. <em>Nat Neurosci</em>. 2022 Aug 11. doi: 10.1038/s41593-022-01131-4. Online ahead of print. PMID: 35953545.</p><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">Funding: </strong>NIH’s National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), and National Institute on Aging (NIA); National Science Foundation; Rainwater Charitable Foundation; Chan Zuckerberg Initiative.</p>
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