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<h2 class="element-invisible">You are here</h2><div class="breadcrumb"><a href="/">Home</a> » <a href="/news-events">News & Events</a> » <a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters">NIH Research Matters</a></div> <div class="l-region l-region--section-header">
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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2022-05-10T00:00:00-04:00" class="date-display-single">May 10, 2022</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>Intranasal proteins could protect against COVID-19 variants</h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>At a Glance</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>Proteins designed to be resistant to new SARS-CoV-2 variants protected mice against infection when given through the nose.</li>
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<li>With further testing, the antiviral proteins might be used as a nasal spray to prevent or treat COVID-19.</li>
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</ul></div><div class="media-float-right"><div class="ds-1col file file-image file-image-jpeg view-mode-floated_media clearfix">
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<picture title="CryoEM structure of the novel coronavirus spike protein">
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<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-large/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220510-covid.jpg?itok=JxB0TKJp&timestamp=1671043571 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 960px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220510-covid.jpg?itok=El2syMb7&timestamp=1671043571 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220510-covid.jpg?itok=DqxO8Rz-&timestamp=1671043571 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220510-covid.jpg?itok=pcbU3bnk&timestamp=1671043571 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-tiny/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220510-covid.jpg?itok=Ljj_3rB1&timestamp=1671043571 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)" />
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<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
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<img src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220510-covid.jpg?itok=El2syMb7&timestamp=1671043571" alt="CryoEM structure of the novel coronavirus spike protein" title="CryoEM structure of the novel coronavirus spike protein" />
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||
</picture><span class="caption">The researchers used cryo-electron microscopy to show how the compounds they created (top structure, in orange) bind to all three spike receptor binding domains of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (lower structure) at once. </span><span class="credit">Northwestern University / Washington University / University of Washington</span></div>
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</div><p>New SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to evolve and prolong the COVID-19 pandemic. The surface of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is covered with spike proteins. These latch onto ACE2 receptors on human cells, allowing the virus to enter and infect the cells. Mutations in spike allow the virus to evade the immune system as well as therapies designed to target it.</p>
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<p>Monoclonal antibodies can block SARS-CoV-2 from getting into human cells and prevent infection. However, these therapies can become ineffective as different variants arise. Some approved for emergency use don’t work against the Omicron variant. Monoclonal antibodies can also be difficult and costly to produce. In addition, they require injection or IV infusion, are often not stable for long periods, and require refrigeration.</p>
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<p>NIH-funded researchers at Northwestern University, Washington University School of Medicine, and the University of Washington <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/computer-designed-proteins-may-protect-against-coronavirus">designed synthetic “miniproteins”</a> that bound a key part of the coronavirus spike called the receptor binding domain (RBD) and prevented the virus from infecting human cells in the lab. However, certain variants could partly escape these proteins.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>In their new study, the team aimed to develop proteins that could potently neutralize a range of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Spike has three RBDs. A protein that could bind all three at once, the scientists reasoned, might work against more diverse variants. Results appeared in <em>Science Translational Medicine </em>on April 12, 2022.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The team tested two different strategies to make what they call “minibinders.” The first was to fuse together three miniproteins that strongly bound the RBD. The second was to create miniproteins that self-assembled into structures that positioned their binding portions at the three RBDs.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>After testing and tweaking, the team developed minibinders of both kinds that bound spike more strongly than any of the single proteins did alone. Using cryo-electron microscopy, they showed that both types worked as designed.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>In laboratory testing, the self-assembling minibinders were able to better neutralize a range of SARS-CoV-2 variants than the fused ones. Further experiments found that the virus was much less likely to escape the self-assembling proteins through additional mutation. The minibinders that bound strongest to spike were more potent neutralizers than any currently authorized monoclonal antibodies, and were effective against variants including Omicron.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The team next tested the ability of two of the self-assembling minibinders to protect mice from SARS-CoV-2. Delivered into the nose, they protected the mice against weight loss and reduced the amount of virus in the lung, nose, and other tissues. When given one day after exposure to the virus, they also protected against weight loss and reduced the amount of virus in the body.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>“SARS-CoV-2’s spike protein has three binding domains, and common antibody therapies may only block one,” says Dr. Michael Jewett of Northwestern University, one of the co-lead authors. “Our minibinders sit on top of the spike protein like a tripod and block all three.”</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The findings suggest that a nasal spray of these proteins could protect against SARS-CoV-2 either before or after exposure. The team is now working toward human clinical trials to test such an experimental nasal spray to treat COVID-19.</p>
|
||
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||
<p>—by Harrison Wein, Ph.D.</p></div><h2 class="label-above">Related Links</h2><ul class="spaced print-urls"><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/computer-designed-proteins-may-protect-against-coronavirus" target="_top">Computer-Designed Proteins May Protect Against Coronavirus</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/nasal-antiviral-blocks-sars-cov-2-infection-mice" target="_top">Nasal Antiviral Blocks SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Mice</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/antibodies-recognize-new-sars-cov-2-omicron-variant-after-booster" target="_top">Antibodies Recognize New SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant after Booster</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/intranasal-covid-19-vaccine-effective-animal-studies" target="_top">Intranasal COVID-19 Vaccine Effective in Animal Studies</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/potent-neutralizing-antibodies-target-new-regions-coronavirus-spike" target="_top">Potent Neutralizing Antibodies Target New Regions of Coronavirus Spike</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/novel-coronavirus-structure-reveals-targets-vaccines-treatments" target="_top">Novel Coronavirus Structure Reveals Targets for Vaccines and Treatments</a></li><li><a href="https://covid19.nih.gov/" target="_top">COVID-19 Research</a></li><li><a href="https://www.coronavirus.gov/" target="_top">(COVID-19) (CDC)</a></li></ul><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">References: </strong><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35412328/">Multivalent designed proteins neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and confer protection against infection in mice.</a> Hunt AC, Case JB, Park YJ, Cao L, Wu K, Walls AC, Liu Z, Bowen JE, Yeh HW, Saini S, Helms L, Zhao YT, Hsiang TY, Starr TN, Goreshnik I, Kozodoy L, Carter L, Ravichandran R, Green LB, Matochko WL, Thomson CA, Vögeli B, Krüger A, VanBlargan LA, Chen RE, Ying B, Bailey AL, Kafai NM, Boyken SE, Ljubetič A, Edman N, Ueda G, Chow CM, Johnson M, Addetia A, Navarro MJ, Panpradist N, Gale M Jr, Freedman BS, Bloom JD, Ruohola-Baker H, Whelan SPJ, Stewart L, Diamond MS, Veesler D, Jewett MC, Baker D. <em>Sci Transl Med</em>. 2022 Apr 12:eabn1252. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn1252. Online ahead of print. PMID: 35412328.</p><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">Funding: </strong>NIH’s National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), and Office of the Director (OD); U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency; David and Lucile Packard Foundation; Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Program; Department of Defense; DARPA; Institute for Protein Design; Eric and Wendy Schmid; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; Open Philanthropy Project; Burroughs Wellcome Fund; European Commission; United World Antiviral Research Network; Pew Biomedical Scholars Award; Fast Grants; Helen Hay Whitney Foundation; Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington Arnold and Mabel Beckman cryoEM center.</p>
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