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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2022-03-15T00:00:00-04:00" class="date-display-single">March 15, 2022</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>How proteins connect common neurodegenerative diseases</h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>At a Glance</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>Scientists discovered how a mislocated protein implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases affects another protein that’s needed for normal nerve cell functioning.</li>
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<li>The findings suggest a new possible therapeutic target for treating certain types of neurodegenerative diseases.</li>
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</ul></div><div class="media-float-right"><div class="ds-1col file file-image file-image-jpeg view-mode-floated_media clearfix">
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<picture title="Cryptic exons in nuclei with TDP-43 knockdown">
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<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-large/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220311-dementia-ninds.jpg?itok=86_DqypB&timestamp=1647352256 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 960px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220311-dementia-ninds.jpg?itok=oCXU2fdD&timestamp=1647352256 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220311-dementia-ninds.jpg?itok=1ZPZ6JH-&timestamp=1647352256 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220311-dementia-ninds.jpg?itok=a0O49mMK&timestamp=1647352256 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)" />
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||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-tiny/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220311-dementia-ninds.jpg?itok=YAqb8N74&timestamp=1647352256 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)" />
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<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
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<img src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220311-dementia-ninds.jpg?itok=oCXU2fdD&timestamp=1647352256" alt="Bright white spots in nuclei with TDP-43 knockdown" title="Cryptic exons in nuclei with TDP-43 knockdown" />
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||
</picture><span class="caption">Cryptic exons (white) can be seen in cell nuclei (blue) in which there is little TDP-43 (green).</span><span class="credit">Brown et al., Nature.</span></div>
|
||
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||
</div><p>Neurodegenerative diseases lead to the progressive failure or death of nerve cells in the brain. Different brain changes underlie different types of neurodegenerative diseases. In frontotemporal dementia (FTD), nerve cells called neurons in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain are damaged. This leads to dementia, which can cause forgetfulness, confusion, and trouble with memory. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements are affected.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>A protein called TDP-43 has been tied to both ALS and FTD, along with other neurodegenerative diseases. TDP-43 is normally found in the cell’s nucleus. There, it helps in RNA splicing, the process in which mRNA transcripts—the instructions used to make proteins—are created. But in certain neurodegenerative diseases, TDP-43 forms abnormal clumps outside of the nucleus. Without TDP-43, abnormal genetic material, called cryptic exons, can be included in the mRNA transcript. This may result in a defective protein or prevent the protein from being made.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>ALS and FTD also share a genetic risk factor: mutations in a gene called<em> UNC13A</em>. The protein made from this gene is important for maintaining the connections between nerve cells and for normal nerve cell functioning.</p>
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||
|
||
<p>Two teams recently investigated how TDP-43 and the <em>UNC13A</em> gene mutations together contribute to disease. Their studies were funded in part by NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Results from both were published online on February 23, 2022, in <em>Nature.</em></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>One team, led by Dr. Michael E. Ward at NINDS and Dr. Pietro Fratta at the University College London, created lab-grown neurons derived from human stem cells. The team genetically altered the neurons to make much less TDP-43 protein than normal. This resulted in cryptic exons appearing in <em>UNC13A</em> mRNA transcripts and less of the transcripts overall. The researchers determined that this was because the incorrectly spliced transcripts were marked for degradation.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The team also observed cryptic exons in the <em>UNC13A</em> transcripts of neurons collected from postmortem tissue of ALS and FTD patients. They found that neurons with the mutations associated with ALS and FTD had more cryptic exons in their <em>UNC13A</em> transcripts, but only when TDP-43 was also lacking.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The other team, led by Dr. Aaron Gitler at Stanford University and Dr. Len Petrucelli at Mayo Clinic, analyzed the gene activity of postmortem neurons collected from patients with FTD or ALS. They identified 66 alternatively-spliced genes in neurons that lacked TDP-43 in the nucleus. <em>UNC13A </em>transcripts showed the highest levels of cryptic exon insertion.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>When the team reduced the production of TDP-43 in multiple neuronal cell lines, they found more cryptic exon insertion in the <em>UNC13A </em>transcripts and less UNC13A protein being made. They saw similar results when they analyzed brain tissue samples from patients with FTD and ALS.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The scientists noted that mutations associated with FTD and ALS occurred in the same place on the gene that the cryptic exons were located. In addition, they found that TDP-43 levels had to be low for the mutations to cause an issue with gene splicing.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Taken together, the findings show that TDP-43 is needed to correctly splice the <em>UNC13A</em> gene.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>“ALS and FTD patients have long participated in genetic studies looking for changes in genes that might contribute to risk for disease,” explains Dr. Thomas Cheever, program director at NINDS. “Here, we see two independent research teams converging to explain how one of these changes can be a critical factor contributing to an entire class of neurodegenerative diseases, as well as a potential therapeutic target.”</p></div><h2 class="label-above">Related Links</h2><ul class="spaced print-urls"><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/treatment-shows-promise-models-fatal-neurological-disorders" target="_top">Treatment Shows Promise in Models of Fatal Neurological Disorders</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/new-genetic-mutations-discovered-families-als" target="_top">New Genetic Mutations Discovered in Families with ALS</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/misfolded-protein-clumps-common-dementia-lou-gehrigs-disease" target="_top">Misfolded Protein Clumps Common to Dementia, Lou Gehrig’s Disease</a></li><li><a href="https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2015/08/all-about-als" target="_top">All About ALS: Understanding a Devastating Disorder</a></li><li><a href="https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Amyotrophic-Lateral-Sclerosis-ALS-Fact-Sheet" target="_top">Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Fact Sheet </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-are-frontotemporal-disorders" target="_top">What Are Frontotemporal Disorders? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment</a></li><li><a href="https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/special-issues/seniors/dealing-dementia" target="_top">Dealing with Dementia: When Thinking and Behavior Decline</a></li><li><a href="https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Dementia-Information-Page" target="_top">Dementia Information Page</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-is-dementia" target="_top">What Is Dementia? Symptoms, Types, and Diagnosis</a></li></ul><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">References: </strong><br />
|
||
<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35197628/">TDP-43 loss and ALS-risk SNPs drive mis-splicing and depletion of UNC13A.</a> Brown AL, Wilkins OG, Keuss MJ, Hill SE, Zanovello M, Lee WC, Bampton A, Lee FCY, Masino L, Qi YA, Bryce-Smith S, Gatt A, Hallegger M, Fagegaltier D, Phatnani H; NYGC ALS Consortium, Newcombe J, Gustavsson EK, Seddighi S, Reyes JF, Coon SL, Ramos D, Schiavo G, Fisher EMC, Raj T, Secrier M, Lashley T, Ule J, Buratti E, Humphrey J, Ward ME, Fratta P. <em>Nature.</em> 2022 Mar;603(7899):131-137. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04436-3. Epub 2022 Feb 23. PMID: 35197628.
|
||
<br /><br />
|
||
<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35197626/">TDP-43 represses cryptic exon inclusion in the FTD-ALS gene UNC13A.</a> Ma XR, Prudencio M, Koike Y, Vatsavayai SC, Kim G, Harbinski F, Briner A, Rodriguez CM, Guo C, Akiyama T, Schmidt HB, Cummings BB, Wyatt DW, Kurylo K, Miller G, Mekhoubad S, Sallee N, Mekonnen G, Ganser L, Rubien JD, Jansen-West K, Cook CN, Pickles S, Oskarsson B, Graff-Radford NR, Boeve BF, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Dickson DW, Shorter J, Myong S, Green EM, Seeley WW, Petrucelli L, Gitler AD. <em>Nature.</em> 2022 Mar;603(7899):124-130. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04424-7. Epub 2022 Feb 23. PMID: 35197626.</p><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">Funding: </strong>NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), and Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) ; NIH Oxford–Cambridge Scholars Program; UK Medical Research Council; UK Motor Neurone Disease Association; Rosetrees Trust; Chan Zuckerberg Initiative; The Robert Packard Center for ALS Research; AriSLA; Alzheimer’s Society; European Union’s Horizon 2020; Cancer Research UK; Wellcome Trust; Collaborative Center for X-linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism; UK Medical Research Council; the UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre; the Neurological Research Trust; the Eisai and the Wolfson Foundation; the Brightfocus Foundation; Alzheimer’s Research UK; UK Dementia Research Institute Foundation; UK Research and Innovation; Masonic Charitable Foundation; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute; Target ALS; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Association; the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs; Stanford University; Fulbright Future Scholarship; Takeda Science Foundation.</p>
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