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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2022-02-01T00:00:00-05:00" class="date-display-single">February 1, 2022</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>Study suggests Epstein-Barr virus may cause multiple sclerosis</h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>At a Glance</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>Infection with Epstein-Barr virus dramatically increased the odds of developing multiple sclerosis.</li>
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<li>The finding suggests that vaccines against the virus could help prevent multiple sclerosis.</li>
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</ul></div><div class="media-float-right"><div class="ds-1col file file-image file-image-jpeg view-mode-floated_media clearfix">
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<picture title="Illustration of Epstein-Barr virus">
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<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-large/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220201-herpes.jpg?itok=Sy2gD0Mj&timestamp=1643662671 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 960px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220201-herpes.jpg?itok=c0WZaoG-&timestamp=1643662671 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220201-herpes.jpg?itok=aPxpfjhY&timestamp=1643662671 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220201-herpes.jpg?itok=QNiM_ip5&timestamp=1643662671 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-tiny/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220201-herpes.jpg?itok=gmnmfBs9&timestamp=1643662671 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)" />
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<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
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<img src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220201-herpes.jpg?itok=c0WZaoG-&timestamp=1643662671" alt="Illustration of Epstein-Barr virus" title="Illustration of Epstein-Barr virus" />
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</picture><span class="caption">Infections by Epstein-Barr virus usually cause no symptoms, but a growing body of research suggests it plays a role in multiple sclerosis. </span><span class="credit">Kateryna Kon / Shutterstock</span></div>
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||
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</div><p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. In people with MS, the body’s immune system attacks the insulating layer that surrounds nerve cells, often killing the cells.</p>
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<p>The underlying cause of MS remains unknown. One possibility is that it’s triggered by a viral infection. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been among the top suspects. EBV is a herpes virus that often causes no symptoms. However, it can cause infectious mononucleosis, or mono, in some people. After an EBV infection, the virus remains in a latent state within cells and, in some cases, may reactivate. EBV eventually infects about 95% of adults, but very few will develop MS.</p>
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<p>To explore whether there is a link between MS and EBV, a team of researchers studied more than 10 million active duty US military personnel between 1993 and 2013. Dr. Alberto Ascherio from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health led the study. NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) partly supported the work. The results appeared in <em>Science</em> on January 13, 2022.</p>
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||
<p>Active-duty soldiers have blood samples taken every two years as part of routine medical screenings. The Department of Defense Serum Repository contains serum left over from these screenings. From these samples, the researchers determined whether—and when—donors were infected with EBV. They tested samples from 801 people who developed MS. They then compared these to samples from more than 1,500 matched controls (people with similar characteristics who did not develop MS).</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The team found a much higher rate of EBV infection among people who developed MS than among controls. Out of the 801 MS cases, only one person tested negative for EBV in their last sample collected before MS onset. The team calculated that people infected with EBV were 32 times as likely to develop MS as uninfected people.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The researchers found no such association between MS and any other human viruses. This included cytomegalovirus, a virus distantly related to EBV that is transmitted similarly.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The team also measured blood levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL), a biomarker for nerve degeneration. NfL levels increased in people who developed MS compared to those who did not. The increase occurred only after EBV infection and usually before MS diagnosis. This finding shows that the nerve degeneration that accompanied MS did not start before infection with EBV.</p>
|
||
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||
<p>The researchers say that the association between EBV and MS risk was too strong to be explained by any other known MS risk factors. The findings strongly suggest that EBV is part of the chain of events that leads to most cases of MS. However, EBV in itself is not sufficient to trigger MS. Other unknown factors certainly play a role.</p>
|
||
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||
<p>“The hypothesis that EBV causes MS has been investigated by our group and others for several years, but this is the first study providing compelling evidence of causality,” Ascherio says. “This is a big step because it suggests that most MS cases could be prevented by stopping EBV infection.”</p>
|
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<p>—by Brian Doctrow, Ph.D.</p></div><h2 class="label-above">Related Links</h2><ul class="spaced print-urls"><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/cellular-map-brain-lesions-multiple-sclerosis" target="_top">A Cellular Map of Brain Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/brain-scans-reveal-marker-severe-ms" target="_top">Brain Scans Reveal Marker for Severe MS</a></li><li><a href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/nih-researchers-make-progress-toward-epstein-barr-virus-vaccine" target="_top">NIH Researchers Make Progress Toward Epstein-Barr Virus Vaccine</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-drugs-could-repair-damage-multiple-sclerosis" target="_top">How Drugs Could Repair Damage from Multiple Sclerosis</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/epstein-barr-virus-autoimmune-diseases" target="_top">Epstein-Barr Virus and Autoimmune Diseases</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/stem-cell-transplant-induces-multiple-sclerosis-remission" target="_top">Stem Cell Transplant Induces Multiple Sclerosis Remission</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/vitamin-d-levels-predict-multiple-sclerosis-progression" target="_top">Vitamin D Levels Predict Multiple Sclerosis Progression</a></li><li><a href="https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2019/01/managing-multiple-sclerosis" target="_top">Managing Multiple Sclerosis: Treatment Can Delay Future Attacks</a></li><li><a href="https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Multiple-Sclerosis-Information-Page" target="_top">Multiple Sclerosis Information Page</a></li><li><a href="https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Hope-Through-Research/Multiple-Sclerosis-Hope-Through-Research" target="_top">Multiple Sclerosis: Hope Through Research</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about-ebv.html" target="_top">About Epstein-Barr Virus (CDC)</a></li></ul><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">References: </strong><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35025605/">Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis.</a> Bjornevik K, Cortese M, Healy BC, Kuhle J, Mina MJ, Leng Y, Elledge SJ, Niebuhr DW, Scher AI, Munger KL, Ascherio A. <em>Science</em>. 2022 Jan 21;375(6578):296-301. doi: 10.1126/science.abj8222. Epub 2022 Jan 13. PMID: 35025605.</p><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">Funding: </strong>NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); National Multiple Sclerosis Society; German Research Foundation (DFG); Howard Hughes Medical Institute.</p>
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