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<h2 class="element-invisible">You are here</h2><div class="breadcrumb"><a href="/">Home</a> » <a href="/news-events">News & Events</a> » <a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters">NIH Research Matters</a></div> <div class="l-region l-region--section-header">
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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2022-01-11T00:00:00-05:00" class="date-display-single">January 11, 2022</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>Testing ways to encourage exercise</h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>At a Glance</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>A large nationwide study identified inexpensive interventions that boosted weekly gym visits by up to 27%.</li>
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<li>The results point to affordable strategies to help increase the amount of exercise Americans get on a regular basis.</li>
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</ul></div><div class="media-float-right"><div class="ds-1col file file-image file-image-jpeg view-mode-floated_media clearfix">
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<picture title="Overweight woman doing weight exercise in gym">
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<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-large/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220111-exercise.jpg?itok=PXTbv54D&timestamp=1641909894 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 960px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220111-exercise.jpg?itok=KxqplFRP&timestamp=1641909894 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220111-exercise.jpg?itok=zLjTLP9F&timestamp=1641909894 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220111-exercise.jpg?itok=AA4nbuBE&timestamp=1641909894 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-tiny/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220111-exercise.jpg?itok=jYbyF2B4&timestamp=1641909894 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)" />
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<img src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220111-exercise.jpg?itok=KxqplFRP&timestamp=1641909894" alt="Overweight woman doing weight exercise in gym" title="Overweight woman doing weight exercise in gym" />
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</picture><span class="caption">Simple, inexpensive interventions can help motivate people to go to the gym. </span><span class="credit">Nomad_Soul / Shutterstock</span></div>
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</div><p>Fewer than 1 in 4 adults in the U.S. get the amount of exercise recommended to maintain health and prevent chronic disease. Designing interventions that encourage people to exercise more regularly has proven challenging.</p>
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||
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||
<p>Researchers have tested many strategies to increase physical activity. But these studies tend to be small. Variation in populations, locations, and other factors also makes it hard to compare results. And what works in one setting may not work in another.</p>
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||
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||
<p>To overcome these limitations, researchers led by Drs. Katherine Milkman and Angela Duckworth from the University of Pennsylvania tested dozens of different ways to boost exercise using a novel approach they developed called a megastudy. The research team included 30 scientists from 15 universities. They enrolled more than 60,000 members—with an average age of about 40—of 24 Hour Fitness gyms, a national fitness chain. Members are required to check in electronically before using the gym. This allowed the researchers to track how often people exercised before, during, and after the study.</p>
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||
<p>The researchers created 53 different 4-week programs designed to encourage exercise. All programs included planning when workouts would occur, text message reminders before planned workouts, and micro-rewards—points redeemable for small credits on Amazon. Additional strategies and incentives were then stacked on top of these three elements.</p>
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||
<p>Because of the study’s size, each intervention could be tested in hundreds to thousands of people. The researchers compared the interventions against the baseline program for their ability to boost the number of gym visits during four weeks of intervention and for ten weeks afterward. An additional control group received no intervention except for an Amazon credit when they enrolled in the study equal to the expected earnings in most programs ($1.08).</p>
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<p>The study was funded in part by NIH’s National Institute on Aging (NIA). Results were published on December 8, 2021, in <em>Nature</em>.</p>
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<p>Overall, 45% of the interventions boosted the number of weekly gym visits during the four-week study period compared with the control group. These increased exercise from around 9% to 27%.</p>
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||
<p>Five of the interventions stood out for being especially effective. One provided higher overall rewards for workouts. Two provided bonus rewards for returning to the gym after a missed workout. One let participants choose whether they wanted their rewards framed as losses or gains (that is, losing or earning reward points). And another sent text messages informing participants that most Americans exercise, and that this fraction is growing.</p>
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||
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||
<p>To explore the value of the megastudy approach, the researchers surveyed more than 300 experts in the field about which programs they thought would most effectively boost exercise. Those predictions did not match up with the interventions that resulted in the most gym visits.</p>
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||
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<p>“These results show how difficult it is to predict which interventions to increase exercise will work,” says Duckworth.</p>
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<p>“They also highlight the value of megastudies,” Milkman adds, “which allow researchers to test many different approaches to changing behavior at once in order to determine what interventions are most effective.”</p>
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||
<p>Negative results from small studies often get little to no attention. Megastudies have the additional advantage of being able to rule out, all at once, many interventions that don’t work. They’re now being used to test other public health interventions, such as encouraging vaccination.</p>
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<p>—by Sharon Reynolds</p></div><h2 class="label-above">Related Links</h2><ul class="spaced print-urls"><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/hormone-links-exercise-cognitive-benefits" target="_top">Hormone Links Exercise with Cognitive Benefits</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/number-steps-day-more-important-step-intensity" target="_top">Number of Steps Per Day More Important Than Step Intensity</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/getting-active-later-life-brings-benefits" target="_top">Getting Active Later in Life Brings Benefits</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/physical-activity-helps-reduce-depression-symptoms" target="_top">Physical Activity May Reduce Depression Symptoms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/tracking-physical-activity-around-world" target="_top">Tracking Physical Activity Around the World</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/physical-activity-associated-lower-risk-many-cancers" target="_top">Physical Activity Associated with Lower Risk of Many Cancers</a></li><li><a href="https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2021/07/step-it-up" target="_top">Step It Up! Get Active for Your Health</a></li><li><a href="https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2020/03/maintain-your-muscle" target="_top">Maintain Your Muscle: Strength Training at Any Age</a></li></ul><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">References: </strong><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34880497/">Megastudies improve the impact of applied behavioural science.</a> Milkman KL, Gromet D, Ho H, Kay JS, Lee TW, Pandiloski P, Park Y, Rai A, Bazerman M, Beshears J, Bonacorsi L, Camerer C, Chang E, Chapman G, Cialdini R, Dai H, Eskreis-Winkler L, Fishbach A, Gross JJ, Horn S, Hubbard A, Jones SJ, Karlan D, Kautz T, Kirgios E, Klusowski J, Kristal A, Ladhania R, Loewenstein G, Ludwig J, Mellers B, Mullainathan S, Saccardo S, Spiess J, Suri G, Talloen JH, Taxer J, Trope Y, Ungar L, Volpp KG, Whillans A, Zinman J, Duckworth AL. <em>Nature</em>. 2021 Dec;600(7889):478-483. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04128-4. Epub 2021 Dec 8. PMID: 34880497.</p><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">Funding: </strong>NIH’s National Institute on Aging (NIA); Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; AKO Foundation; J. Alexander; M. J. Leder; W. G. Lichtenstein; Pershing Square Fund for Research on the Foundations of Human Behavior.</p>
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