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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2021-12-22T00:00:00-05:00" class="date-display-single">December 22, 2021</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>2021 Research Highlights — Basic Research Insights</h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>Noteworthy Advances in Fundamental Research</h3>
<p>With NIH support, scientists across the United States and around the world conduct wide-ranging research to discover ways to enhance health, lengthen life, and reduce illness and disability. Groundbreaking NIH-funded research often receives top scientific honors. In 2021, these honors included <a href="https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/nobel-laureates">Nobel Prizes to five NIH-supported scientists</a>. Heres just a small sample of the NIH-supported research accomplishments in 2021.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/news-events/research-matters/2021/2021-research-highlights.pdf">Printer-friendly version of full 2021 NIH Research Highlights</a></p></div><div class="teaser-list teaser-list-no-grid">
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<img title="Illustration of SARS-CoV-2 surrounded by antibodies" class="media-element" data-delta="2" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210608-covid.jpg?itok=Oub4Obn6" width="150" height="150" alt="Illustration of SARS-CoV-2 surrounded by antibodies" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title">Understanding SARS-CoV-2 infection</h4>
<p class="teaser-description">Researchers made progress in understanding how SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, interacts with the human body. They found <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/sars-cov-2-may-infect-mouth-cells">that cells in the mouth</a> may play an important role in infection. The virus <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/sars-cov-2-infection-inner-ear">can infect inner ear cells</a>, too, which could explain hearing and balance issues in some COVID-19 patients. Part of the damage caused by SARS-CoV-2 may relate to autoantibodies—antibodies that mistakenly attack the bodys own proteins and tissues. People who had autoantibodies before SARS-CoV-2 infection <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/misdirected-antibodies-linked-severe-covid-19">were at higher risk of developing severe COVID-19</a>. The virus also appears to <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/autoimmune-response-found-many-covid-19">trigger the production of new autoantibodies in some people</a>, which may contribute to the symptoms of “long COVID.” Other scientists found that antibodies from people who were infected and then received a single dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/immune-response-vaccination-after-covid-19">were similar to antibodies from uninfected people after their second shot</a>. And researchers revealed how <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-covid-19-variants-evade-immune-response">certain mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants</a> allow the virus to avoid neutralization by many antibodies.   </p>
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<img title="Person in shadow running through creepy underpass" class="media-element" data-delta="22" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210608-brain.jpg?itok=sUF0nlWU" width="150" height="150" alt="Person in shadow running through creepy underpass" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/study-reveals-brain-cells-sustain-or-suppress-fearful-memories">Study reveals brain cells that sustain or suppress fearful memories</a></h4>
<p class="teaser-description">Fearful memories help people and animals respond to potential dangers. But having these memories fade when theyre no longer useful is important to avoid undue stress and anxiety. Researchers identified clusters of brain cells that compete to promote either the persistence or disappearance of fearful memories. The findings could give insight into post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety disorders.</p>
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<img title="Klebsiella pneumoniae on surface of human neutrophil" class="media-element" data-delta="9" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210202-gut.jpg?itok=YRQSDYno" width="150" height="150" alt="Klebsiella pneumoniae on surface of human neutrophil" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title">New ideas for fighting dangerous bacteria</h4>
<p class="teaser-description">Antibiotic resistance is a significant public health problem, with bacterial infections becoming increasingly difficult to treat. Researchers are exploring new ways to fight these pathogens, including <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/gut-bacteria-use-nutrient-fight-germs">harnessing proteins produced by normal gut bacteria</a> and <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/immune-boost-fights-antibiotic-resistant-infections-mice">stimulating the natural abilities of the immune system</a>. Scientists are also finding new antibiotic candidates <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/detergent-protein-kills-bacteria-human-cells">inside our own cells</a> and within <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/searching-new-antibiotics-human-body">proteins produced by the human body</a>.</p>
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<img title="3d illustration of villi in the intestine" class="media-element" data-delta="19" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210831-obesity.jpg?itok=YsSXkL_W" width="150" height="150" alt="3d illustration of villi in the intestine" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-fructose-may-contribute-obesity-cancer">How fructose may contribute to obesity and cancer</a></h4>
<p class="teaser-description">Increased consumption of the sugar fructose has been linked to a rise in obesity and related cancers such as colorectal cancer. But how fructose may contribute to these conditions has been unclear. Researchers found that high levels of dietary fructose alter the gut to increase nutrient absorption in mice. The results suggest how high fructose consumption may influence obesity and certain cancers.</p>
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<img title="Neurons depicted in different colors that spread across the brain" class="media-element" data-delta="18" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20211026-cortex-thumb.jpg?itok=o5Bie5su" width="150" height="150" alt="Neurons depicted in different colors that spread across the brain" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/mapping-mammalian-motor-cortex">Mapping the mammalian motor cortex</a></h4>
<p class="teaser-description">There are trillions of neuronal connections in the human brain, and each brain is unique. Understanding the differences in peoples brains may help scientists better understand mental health, mental illness, and neurological disease. Researchers created an atlas of the cells and connections in the mammalian primary motor cortex, the brain region responsible for directing complex body movements. Derived from studies of mice, monkeys, and humans, the atlas provides a roadmap for understanding the mammalian brain.</p>
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<img title="Teenage boy looking at his first mustache in a mirror" class="media-element" data-delta="20" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20211130-puberty.jpg?itok=i_TcSHH3" width="150" height="150" alt="Teenage boy looking at his first mustache in a mirror" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/brain-receptor-linked-puberty-growth">Brain receptor linked to puberty and growth</a></h4>
<p class="teaser-description">The timing of puberty is controlled by neurons in the brains hypothalamus. Nutrition and body weight affect this system, but exactly how wasnt known. Scientists identified a brain receptor that links childhood nutrition to the timing of puberty and growth. People carrying mutations in the gene for the receptor started puberty later and were often shorter than average. The findings help explain how adequate nutrition affects growth and sexual development.</p>
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<img title="Nanotubes between cells" class="media-element" data-delta="23" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20211207-cancer-thumb.jpg?itok=iKxlS2jN" width="150" height="150" alt="Nanotubes between cells" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/cancer-cells-drain-energy-immune-cells">Cancer cells drain energy from immune cells</a></h4>
<p class="teaser-description">Cancer cells have many ways to evade the immune system to grow and spread. Researchers discovered that cancer cells use straw-like nanotubes to siphon mitochondria from immune cells. This helps energize the cancer cells and, at the same time, disable the immune cells. Inhibiting nanotube formation could potentially make certain anticancer therapies more effective.</p>
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<img title="Older man looking at his hair in a mirror" class="media-element" data-delta="24" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20211019-hair-loss_0.jpg?itok=cBBa9m4d" width="150" height="150" alt="Older man looking at his hair in a mirror" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title">Hair loss studies yield insight into stem cells, stress, and aging</h4>
<p class="teaser-description">Stem cells play a vital role in regeneration and aging. Researchers found that a stress hormone <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-stress-causes-hair-loss">impairs stem cells necessary for hair growth in mice</a>. The findings may lead to insights into how stress affects regeneration in other parts of the body. In another study, researchers <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/escaping-stem-cells-play-role-hair-loss">observed stem cells responsible for hair growth escaping</a> from hair follicles in aging mice. The results give insight into how hair and tissues age, and how some diseases associated with aging may arise.</p>
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