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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2021-12-22T00:00:00-05:00" class="date-display-single">December 22, 2021</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>2021 Research Highlights — Human Health Advances</h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>Disease Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment</h3>
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<p>With NIH support, scientists across the United States and around the world conduct wide-ranging research to discover ways to enhance health, lengthen life, and reduce illness and disability. Groundbreaking NIH-funded research often receives top scientific honors. In 2021, these honors included <a href="https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/nobel-laureates">Nobel Prizes to five NIH-supported scientists</a>. Here’s just a small sample of the NIH-supported research accomplishments in 2021.</p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/news-events/research-matters/2021/2021-research-highlights.pdf">Printer-friendly version of full 2021 NIH Research Highlights</a></p></div><div class="teaser-list teaser-list-no-grid">
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<img title="Healthcare worker wheeling hospital bed with senior COVID-19 patient on ventilator" class="media-element" data-delta="20" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/news-releases/2021/20210309-covid.jpg?itok=r0AInWI3" width="150" height="150" alt="Healthcare worker wheeling hospital bed with senior COVID-19 patient on ventilator" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title">COVID-19 spread and vaccines</h4>
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<p class="teaser-description">NIH researchers continued to make scientific breakthroughs to help control the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies of spread <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/study-examines-measures-slow-covid-19-spread">suggested strategies for controlling infections</a>. Research also revealed who was most at risk of becoming severely ill from COVID-19: nearly <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/most-covid-19-hospitalizations-due-four-conditions">two-thirds of COVID-19 hospitalizations in the U.S. were due to obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and heart failure</a>. Wide-spread vaccine rollouts slowed the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, developed with NIH, proved to be <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/experimental-coronavirus-vaccine-highly-effective">94% effective against symptomatic COVID-19</a>. Six months later, people who had been vaccinated <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/moderna-covid-19-vaccine-generates-long-lasting-immune-memory">still showed signs of immunity</a>. <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/vaccines-prevented-140000-covid-19-deaths-us">COVID-19 vaccines saved an estimated 140,000 lives</a> through May 2021, and hundreds of thousands more have been saved since. As SARS-CoV-2 mutated and new variants became common, scientists conducted studies on booster doses of vaccine. These suggested that COVID-19 boosters <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/moderna-covid-19-booster-may-protect-against-variants">not only lengthen immunity but help broaden and strengthen the immune response</a> to protect against a wide variety of variants.</p>
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<img title="Teenage girl checking her blood sugar level" class="media-element" data-delta="14" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210316-diabetes.jpg?itok=9h_CY2rK" width="150" height="150" alt="Teenage girl checking her blood sugar level" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/drug-delays-type-1-diabetes-onset">Drug delays type 1 diabetes onset</a></h4>
|
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<p class="teaser-description">In type 1 diabetes, the immune system’s T cells attack the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Those affected need insulin treatment to survive. In a clinical trial of people at risk of developing type 1 diabetes (with a median age of 13), the drug teplizumab delayed disease onset and improved insulin production. The findings support the use of the drug for delaying or preventing type 1 diabetes.</p>
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<img title="Girl walking" class="media-element" data-delta="12" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210727-gene.jpg?itok=EzTx0Cov" width="150" height="150" alt="Girl walking" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title">Gene therapy effective in human trials</h4>
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<p class="teaser-description">Advances in gene therapy are showing promise for people with life-threatening conditions. Using gene therapy, researchers were able to <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/gene-therapy-children-born-rare-immune-disorder">introduce a healthy copy of a disease-causing gene and restore immune system function</a> in children with a rare genetic disorder called severe combined immunodeficiency, or SCID. In another study, researchers <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/gene-therapy-restores-missing-enzyme-rare-childhood-disease">safely delivered gene therapy to the brain to treat a debilitating neurological disease</a> for which there are no effective treatments.</p>
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<img title="chickpeas with broccoli and oranges" class="media-element" data-delta="13" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210209-diet-thumb.jpg?itok=-9O9CC2E" width="150" height="150" alt="chickpeas with broccoli and oranges" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/low-fat-diet-compared-low-carb-diet">Low-fat diet compared to low-carb diet</a></h4>
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||
|
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<p class="teaser-description">There has been a great deal of debate over what aspects of our diets affect weight control. A carefully controlled study found that people ate fewer calories per day and lost more weight on a plant-based, low-fat diet compared to an animal-based, low-carb diet. However, the low-fat diet led to higher insulin and blood sugar levels, which can be risk factors for heart disease. The findings reveal how restricting dietary carbohydrates or fats may impact health.</p>
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<div class="content">
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<img title="Mother feeding young child" class="media-element" data-delta="15" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210420-malnutrition-thumb.jpg?itok=u8UGJ3_m" width="150" height="150" alt="Mother feeding young child" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/supplement-targets-gut-microbes-boost-growth-malnourished-children">Supplement targets gut microbes to boost growth in malnourished children</a></h4>
|
||
|
||
<p class="teaser-description">The effects of childhood malnutrition can cause lifelong health problems. Researchers found that a supplement designed to repair the gut microbiome—the bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the digestive system—helped malnourished children. Those given the supplement gained more weight than children on a standard nutritional supplement. The experimental supplement also raised levels of proteins in the blood associated with bone, cartilage, and brain health.</p>
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<img title="Doctor measuring blood pressure of senior Black woman" class="media-element" data-delta="16" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/202101004-kidney.jpg?itok=iAmfKpmM" width="150" height="150" alt="Doctor measuring blood pressure of senior Black woman" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/test-may-help-reduce-racial-disparities-kidney-disease">Test may help reduce racial disparities in kidney disease</a></h4>
|
||
|
||
<p class="teaser-description">A common blood test for kidney function measures a protein called creatinine. But Black Americans generally have higher amounts of creatinine. As a result, doctors take race into account when testing for kidney disease. A study showed that measuring levels of another protein called cystatin C can accurately estimate kidney function without needing to take race into account. A race-blind method for estimating kidney function could more effectively identify chronic kidney disease.</p>
|
||
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<img title="Malaria sporozoites, the infectious form of the malaria parasite that is injected into people by mosquitoes. " class="media-element" data-delta="17" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210713-malaria.jpg?itok=AlvUaOqo" width="150" height="150" alt="Malaria sporozoites, the infectious form of the malaria parasite that is injected into people by mosquitoes. " /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/malaria-vaccines-provide-strong-lasting-immunity">Malaria vaccines provide strong and lasting immunity</a></h4>
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<p class="teaser-description">Malaria is caused by parasites transmitted by infected mosquitoes. Researchers developed a vaccine approach that uses live sporozoites, the infectious form of the malaria parasite, along with a drug that kills the parasite. In a small trial, the approach led to broad, long-lasting protection against malaria. The strategy is now being tested in real-world conditions in a Phase 2 clinical trial in Mali.</p>
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<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/2021/20210727-speak-screenshot.jpg">20210727-speak-screenshot.jpg</a></h2>
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<img title="Man with neuroprosthesis" class="media-element" data-delta="18" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210727-speak-screenshot.jpg?itok=v6ozTkDP" width="150" height="150" alt="Rear view of man with an electrode array in his head watching a screen with words." /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title">Devices in the brain help paralyzed people communicate</h4>
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<p class="teaser-description">Technological advances are enabling people who have lost the ability to move or speak to communicate again. Scientists <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/device-allows-paralyzed-man-communicate-words">developed a device to decode brain activity into words in real time</a>, allowing a person with paralysis to communicate in complete sentences. Another system quickly <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/system-uses-imagined-handwriting-turn-thoughts-into-text">translates brain signals for imagined handwriting into text</a>. These systems could make communication for people with severe paralysis more natural and efficient.</p>
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