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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2021-09-14T00:00:00-04:00" class="date-display-single">September 14, 2021</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>Parents’ smoking during childhood linked to rheumatoid arthritis later in life </h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>At a Glance</h3>
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<li>A study found that girls whose parents smoked cigarettes were 75% more likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis as adults.</li>
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<li>The findings suggest that secondhand smoke exposure in childhood may increase the risk for rheumatoid arthritis. </li>
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</ul></div><div class="media-float-right"><div class="ds-1col file file-image file-image-jpeg view-mode-floated_media clearfix">
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<picture title="Young girl in a cloud of cigarette smoke">
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-large/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210914-smoke.jpg?itok=16Go2_dB&timestamp=1631625567 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 960px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210914-smoke.jpg?itok=PzOWEboB&timestamp=1631625567 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210914-smoke.jpg?itok=fyZFJFHr&timestamp=1631625567 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210914-smoke.jpg?itok=nkY4cVC0&timestamp=1631625567 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-tiny/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210914-smoke.jpg?itok=xwtiUeoT&timestamp=1631625567 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)" />
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<img src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210914-smoke.jpg?itok=PzOWEboB&timestamp=1631625567" alt="Young girl in a cloud of cigarette smoke" title="Young girl in a cloud of cigarette smoke" />
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</picture><span class="caption">The study linked exposure to secondhand smoke in childhood to development of rheumatoid arthritis in adulthood. </span><span class="credit">Iryna Nazarova / Shutterstock.com</span></div>
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</div><p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease that causes pain and swelling in the joints. It’s an autoimmune disorder, in which the immune system mistakenly attacks your own healthy joint tissues. Experts don’t know what causes the disease, but genes, environmental factors, and sex hormones are thought to play a role.</p>
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<p>Smoking cigarettes is a well-established risk factor for developing RA. However, it’s unclear whether secondhand smoke, sometimes called passive smoking, also raises risk of the disease. A research team led by Drs. Kazuki Yoshida and Jeffrey A. Sparks of Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School set out to investigate the link between secondhand smoke exposure over the lifespan and RA in adulthood.</p>
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<p>The researchers looked at different categories of secondhand smoke exposure and RA risk. They examined the effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy, parental smoking during childhood, and living with a smoker as an adult. The study was supported by several NIH institutes, led by NIH’s National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) and National Cancer Institute (NCI). Findings were published in <em>Arthritis and Rheumatology,</em> on August 18, 2021.</p>
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||
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||
<p>The team analyzed data from nearly 91,000 women in a study of registered nurses. Participants completed health questionnaires every two years from 1989 to 2017. Researchers collected information about secondhand smoke exposure when the women were 35 to 52 years of age. Medical records were used to confirm RA diagnoses.</p>
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<p>Over the almost three decades, 532 women developed RA. Of those, about two-thirds were “seropositive,” meaning that blood samples tested positive for certain types of antibodies directed against the body’s own proteins.</p>
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<p>The researchers used statistical modeling to estimate the effect of secondhand smoke on seropositive RA risk. They were able to control for other factors like becoming a smoker as an adult. Parental smoking during childhood was associated with a 75% increase in risk of seropositive RA. This risk was even greater among those who smoked as adults.</p>
|
||
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||
<p>No link was found between maternal smoking during pregnancy and adult RA risk after accounting for later smoking exposure. Similarly, the researchers found no evidence that living with a smoker as an adult directly increased RA risk, although a firm conclusion wasn’t possible because of the close correlation between living with a smoker and smoking as an adult.</p>
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<p>“Our findings give more depth and gravity to the negative health consequences of smoking in relation to RA, one of the most common autoimmune diseases,” Yoshida says.</p>
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<p>In infants and children, secondhand smoke is already associated with numerous health effects, including increased risk of respiratory infections, more frequent and severe asthma attacks, ear infections and SIDS. This study is among the first to suggest a direct influence of parental smoking on the development of RA. The team is planning to expand the study in the future to include both men and women.</p>
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<p>—by Erin Bryant</p></div><h2 class="label-above">Related Links</h2><ul class="spaced print-urls"><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/understanding-rheumatoid-arthritis-cellular-level" target="_top">Understanding Rheumatoid Arthritis at the Cellular Level </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/gut-microbes-linked-rheumatoid-arthritis" target="_top">Gut Microbes Linked to Rheumatoid Arthritis</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-secondhand-smoke-affects-brain" target="_top">How Secondhand Smoke Affects the Brain</a></li><li><a href="https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/rheumatoid-arthritis/advanced" target="_top">Rheumatoid Arthritis</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/health_effects/index.htm" target="_top">Health Effects of Secondhand Smoke (CDC)</a></li><li><a href="https://smokefree.gov" target="_top">Smokefree.gov</a></li></ul><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">References: </strong><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34406709/">Passive Smoking Throughout the Life Course and the Risk of Incident Rheumatoid Arthritis in Adulthood Among Women.</a> Yoshida K, Wang J, Malspeis S, Marchand N, Lu B, Prisco LC, Martin LW, Ford JA, Costenbader KH, Karlson EW, Sparks JA. <em>Arthritis Rheumatol.</em> 2021 Aug 18. doi: 10.1002/art.41939. Online ahead of print. PMID: 34406709. </p><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">Funding: </strong>NIH’s National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Office of the Director (OD) and National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); Rheumatology Research Foundation.</p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/research-context-can-we-slow-aging">Research in Context: Can we slow aging?</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/brain-changes-observed-during-pregnancy">Brain changes observed during pregnancy</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/risk-future-burden-dementia-united-states">Risk and future burden of dementia in the United States </a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/complete-wiring-map-adult-fruit-fly-brain">Complete wiring map of an adult fruit fly brain</a></p>
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<p><strong>Editor:</strong> Harrison Wein, Ph.D.</p>
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<p><strong>Assistant Editors:</strong> Vicki Contie and Brian Doctrow, Ph.D.</p>
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<p><strong><em>NIH Research Matters </em></strong>is a weekly update of NIH research highlights reviewed by NIH’s experts. It's published by the <a href="/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison">Office of Communications and Public Liaison</a> in the <a href="/institutes-nih/nih-office-director">NIH Office of the Director</a>.</p>
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