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<h2 class="element-invisible">You are here</h2><div class="breadcrumb"><a href="/">Home</a> » <a href="/news-events">News & Events</a> » <a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters">NIH Research Matters</a></div> <div class="l-region l-region--section-header">
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<div about="/news-events/nih-research-matters/single-shot-covid-19-vaccine-produces-immune-response-against-variants" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document" class="ds-1col node node--nih-research-matters view-mode-full node--full node--nih-research-matters--full clearfix">
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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2021-06-29T00:00:00-04:00" class="date-display-single">June 29, 2021</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>Single-shot COVID-19 vaccine produces immune response against variants</h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>At a Glance</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>The immune response to the single-shot Janssen/Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine remained robust against variants of SARS-CoV-2.</li>
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<li>Although the vaccine produced fewer neutralizing antibodies against the variants than the original virus, the overall immune response suggests strong protection.</li>
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</ul></div><div class="media-float-right"><div class="ds-1col file file-image file-image-jpeg view-mode-floated_media clearfix">
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<picture title="Asian male patient getting vaccinated against coronavirus in hospital">
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-large/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210629-vaccine.jpg?itok=LMRQAuMW&timestamp=1624902085 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 960px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210629-vaccine.jpg?itok=2n3X2VM2&timestamp=1624902085 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210629-vaccine.jpg?itok=1D8LNaTc&timestamp=1624902085 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210629-vaccine.jpg?itok=Nt-GTl0w&timestamp=1624902085 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-tiny/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210629-vaccine.jpg?itok=Os2sN7ZL&timestamp=1624902085 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)" />
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<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
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<img src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210629-vaccine.jpg?itok=2n3X2VM2&timestamp=1624902085" alt="Asian male patient getting vaccinated against coronavirus in hospital" title="Asian male patient getting vaccinated against coronavirus in hospital" />
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</picture><span class="caption">Ongoing studies of all the approved vaccines have found promising results against circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. </span><span class="credit">Prostock-Studio / iStock / Getty Images Plus</span></div>
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</div><p>To date, three vaccines against SARS-CoV-2—the virus that causes COVID-19—have received emergency authorization for use in the U.S. All showed excellent protection against severe or critical disease in the clinical trials that led to their approval.</p>
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<p>However, these vaccines were developed early in the pandemic, before the virus mutated to produce the variants now found around the world. Some variants seem to be able to partially escape the immune response in people previously infected with the virus.</p>
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||
<p>Scientists haven’t been sure if the current COVID-19 vaccines work as well against these variants. Early data for these vaccines have been promising. For example, the clinical trial testing the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine, by Janssen/Johnson & Johnson, showed that it protected people in Brazil and South Africa during times when new variants dominated.</p>
|
||
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||
<p>Researchers led by Dr. Dan Barouch from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center wanted to examine the immune response to SARS-Cov-2 variants after vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S. The team looked at blood samples from 20 volunteers. Participants had received either Ad26.COV2.S at various doses and schedules or a placebo vaccine.</p>
|
||
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<p>The researchers tested antibodies and immune cells from samples taken 57 days after vaccination. They tested activity against the original strain of SARS-Cov-2 as well as several variants. These included the alpha, beta, and gamma variants, and another first isolated in California.</p>
|
||
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||
<p>The study was funded in part by NIH’s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Results were published on June 9, 2021, in <em>Nature</em>.</p>
|
||
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||
<p>As expected, no neutralizing immune responses—those able to stop infection—were seen in people who received placebo shots. Among those who received Ad26.COV2.S, the team found neutralizing antibodies against the variants. However, there was a reduction in antibodies that could neutralize the variants compared with the original virus. For example, the team saw a 3-fold reduction in antibodies that could recognize and bind to the gamma variant. They found a 5-fold reduction in those targeting the beta variant.</p>
|
||
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||
<p>Importantly, other immune-system responses against the variants were similar to those against the original virus. These included the production of non-neutralizing antibodies, which can help immune cells recognize an invading pathogen. Different types of T cells, which help recognize and kill pathogens, responded similarly against the variants compared with the original virus.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The different types of immune responses to the vaccine may account for the protection against variants seen in South Africa and Brazil during earlier studies.</p>
|
||
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||
<p>“Although the mechanistic correlates of protection for COVID-19 are not yet known, the vaccine’s robust protective efficacy in these regions raises the possibility that non-neutralizing antibodies and/or T cell responses may also contribute to protection,” Barouch says. “Alternatively, it is possible that low levels of neutralizing antibodies are sufficient for protection against COVID-19.”</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Further research will be needed to better understand what immune system components are needed to protect against disease. Newer variants, such as the delta variant—which now accounts for about 10% of cases in the U.S.—will also need to be tested*. The longer the pandemic continues, the more variants will emerge and circulate around the world.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>—by Sharon Reynolds</p>
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||
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||
<p><em>*Editor's note: In a <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34268527/">follow-up study</a> published on July 14, 2021 in the New England Journal of Medicine, the research team reported minimal decreases in antibody and immune cell response eight months after people received the single-shot Janssen/Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine. They also observed an increase in neutralizing antibodies against several SARS-CoV-2 variants over this time period</em>—<em>including the more transmissible delta variant and the beta and gamma variants.</em></p></div><h2 class="label-above">Related Links</h2><ul class="spaced print-urls"><li><a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2021/06/22/how-immunity-generated-from-covid-19-vaccines-differs-from-an-infection/" target="_top">How Immunity Generated from COVID-19 Vaccines Differs from an Infection</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/potential-oral-treatment-covid-19-identified" target="_top">Potential Oral Treatment for COVID-19 Identified</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-covid-19-variants-evade-immune-response" target="_top">How COVID-19 Variants Evade Immune Response</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/immune-response-vaccination-after-covid-19" target="_top">Immune Response to Vaccination After COVID-19</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/sars-cov-2-antibodies-protect-reinfection" target="_top">SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Protect from Reinfection</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/lasting-immunity-found-after-recovery-covid-19" target="_top">Lasting Immunity Found After Recovery from COVID-19</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/experimental-coronavirus-vaccine-highly-effective" target="_top">Experimental Coronavirus Vaccine Highly Effective</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant-info.html" target="_top">SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions (CDC)</a></li><li><a href="https://covid19.nih.gov/" target="_top">Coronavirus (COVID-19)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.coronavirus.gov/" target="_top">Coronavirus (COVID-19) (CDC)</a></li></ul><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">References: </strong><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34107529/">Immunogenicity of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants in humans.</a> Alter G, Yu J, Liu J, Chandrashekar A, Borducchi EN, Tostanoski LH, McMahan K, Jacob-Dolan C, Martinez DR, Chang A, Anioke T, Lifton M, Nkolola J, Stephenson KE, Atyeo C, Shin S, Fields P, Kaplan I, Robins H, Amanat F, Krammer F, Baric RS, Le Gars M, Sadoff J, de Groot AM, Heerwegh D, Struyf F, Douoguih M, van Hoof J, Schuitemaker H, Barouch DH. <em>Nature</em>. 2021 Jun 9. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03681-2. Online ahead of print. PMID: 34107529.</p><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">Funding: </strong>NIH’s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV; Ragon Institute; Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness; Musk Foundation; Burroughs Wellcome Fund; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority.</p>
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