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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2021-04-20T00:00:00-04:00" class="date-display-single">April 20, 2021</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>Study finds link between red hair and pain threshold</h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>At a Glance</h3>
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<li>A study in mice revealed the mechanisms that may link red hair with greater pain tolerance.</li>
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<li>Understanding these pathways could lead to new pain treatments.</li>
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</ul></div><div class="media-float-right"><div class="ds-1col file file-image file-image-jpeg view-mode-floated_media clearfix">
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<picture title="Red-haired daughter and father playing with his glasses while sitting on sofa">
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<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-large/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210420-red.jpg?itok=7X_IhigL&timestamp=1620932495 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 960px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210420-red.jpg?itok=YR_TjoR_&timestamp=1620932495 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210420-red.jpg?itok=745S2TRO&timestamp=1620932495 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210420-red.jpg?itok=MmkecZdg&timestamp=1620932495 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-tiny/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210420-red.jpg?itok=vpJ5HBoY&timestamp=1620932495 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)" />
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<img src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2021/20210420-red.jpg?itok=YR_TjoR_&timestamp=1620932495" alt="Red-haired daughter and father playing with his glasses while sitting on sofa" title="Red-haired daughter and father playing with his glasses while sitting on sofa" />
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</picture><span class="caption">The study gives insight into why people with red hair respond differently to pain than others. </span><span class="credit">LightFieldStudios / iStock / Getty Images Plus</span></div>
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</div><p>Research has shown that people with red hair perceive pain differently than others. They may be more sensitive to certain types of pain and can require higher doses of some pain-killing medications. However, studies suggest that their general pain tolerance may be higher. People with red hair also respond more effectively to opioid pain medications, requiring lower doses. </p>
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<p>People with red hair have a variant of the melanocortin-1 receptor (<em>MC1R</em>) gene. This gene controls the production of melanin, the pigment that gives skin, hair, and eyes their color. The cells that make melanin produce two forms—eumelanin and pheomelanin. People with red hair produce mostly pheomelanin, which is also linked to freckles and fair skin that tans poorly.</p>
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||
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<p>While red hair has been linked to differences in pain processing, the underlying reasons weren’t well understood. Researchers led by Dr. David E. Fisher of Massachusetts General Hospital examined the connection between<em> MC1R</em> and pain perception. The study was funded in part by NIH’s National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS). Results were published on April 2, 2021, in <em>Science Advances</em>.</p>
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||
<p>The researchers conducted their experiments using a strain of red-haired mice that carry the <em>MC1R</em> variant also found in people with red hair. The mutation suppresses function of the melanocortin 1 receptor. These mice show higher tolerance to pain.</p>
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<p>By crossing the red-haired mice with an albino strain to prevent melanin synthesis, the scientists were able to study the role of pigment. They found that mice carrying the <em>MC1R </em>red-hair variant had a higher pain threshold even without pigment synthesis. However, the number of melanocytes—melanin-producing cells—did affect pain thresholds. This showed that increased pain tolerance was caused by loss of <em>MC1R </em>function in melanocytes rather than other cell types.</p>
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||
<p>The team then looked at how these melanocytes affected the pain threshold. They found that the melanocytes in red-haired mice secreted lower levels of a protein called proopiomelanocortin (POMC). POMC is cut into different hormones, including one that enhances pain perception (melanocyte stimulating hormone) and another that blocks pain (beta-endorphin). These hormones affect the balance between opioid receptors that inhibit pain (OPRM1) and melanocortin 4 receptors (MC4R) that increase pain sensitivity.</p>
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||
<p>The presence of hormones that affect both these receptors would seem to maintain a balance. But the team found that the <em>MCR1 </em>red-hair variant altered the balance in favor of opioid receptors. The reason for this imbalance is that separate opioid receptor hormones are plentiful and were essentially unchanged, whereas separate MC4R hormones are not known to exist, thus tipping the balance in favor of anti-pain opioid signals. The end result was more opioid signals and a higher pain threshold.</p>
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||
<p>“These findings describe the mechanistic basis behind earlier evidence suggesting varied pain thresholds in different pigmentation backgrounds,” Fisher says. “Understanding this mechanism provides validation of this earlier evidence and a valuable recognition for medical personnel when caring for patients whose pain sensitivities may vary.”</p>
|
||
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<p>Uncovering the mechanisms that affect pain perception in people with red hair may also help others by informing new treatment strategies for pain.</p>
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<p>—by Erin Bryant</p></div><h2 class="label-above">Related Links</h2><ul class="spaced print-urls"><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-stress-causes-hair-loss" target="_top">How Stress Causes Hair Loss</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-stress-causes-gray-hair" target="_top">How Stress Causes Gray Hair</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/gene-therapy-chronic-pain-relief" target="_top">Gene Therapy for Chronic Pain Relief</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/pain-rising-among-younger-americans-less-education" target="_top">Pain Rising Among Younger Americans with Less Education</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/scientists-find-new-pain-suppression-center-brain" target="_top">Scientists Find New Pain-Suppression Center in the Brain</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/new-activity-anti-inflammatory-drugs" target="_top">New Activity for Anti-Inflammatory Drugs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/pigment-gene-affects-risk-melanoma" target="_top">Pigment Gene Affects Risk for Melanoma</a></li></ul><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">References: </strong><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33811065/">Reduced MC4R signaling alters nociceptive thresholds associated with red hair. </a>Robinson KC, Kemény LV, Fell GL, Hermann AL, Allouche J, Ding W, Yekkirala A, Hsiao JJ, Su MY, Theodosakis N, Kozak G, Takeuchi Y, Shen S, Berenyi A, Mao J, Woolf CJ, Fisher DE. <em>Sci Adv. </em>2021 Apr 2;7(14):eabd1310. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abd1310. Print 2021 Apr. PMID: 33811065.</p><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">Funding: </strong>NIH’s National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); Melanoma Research Alliance; US-Israel Binational Science Foundation; Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation; Rosztoczy Scholarship; Tempus Közalapítvány; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Hungary’s National Research, Development and Innovation Office and Ministry of Human Capacities; EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program; KAKENHI.</p>
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