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<h2 class="element-invisible">You are here</h2><div class="breadcrumb"><a href="/">Home</a> » <a href="/news-events">News & Events</a> » <a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters">NIH Research Matters</a></div> <div class="l-region l-region--section-header">
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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2020-12-22T00:00:00-05:00" class="date-display-single">December 22, 2020</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>2020 Research Highlights — Promising Medical Findings</h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>Results with Potential for Enhancing Human Health</h3>
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<p>With NIH support, scientists across the United States and around the world conduct wide-ranging research to discover ways to enhance health, lengthen life, and reduce illness and disability. Groundbreaking NIH-funded research often receives top scientific honors. In 2020, these honors included <a href="https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/nobel-laureates">one of NIH’s own scientists and another NIH-supported scientist who received Nobel Prizes</a>. Here’s just a small sample of the NIH-supported research accomplishments in 2020.</p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/news-events/research-matters/2020/20201222-research-highlights.pdf">Full 2020 NIH Research Highlights List</a></p></div><div class="teaser-list teaser-list-no-grid">
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<img title="Miniproteins binding coronavirus spikes" height="150" width="150" class="media-element" data-delta="10" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2020/20200929-covid.jpg?itok=lTBiahYt" alt="Miniproteins binding coronavirus spikes" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title">New approaches to COVID-19</h4>
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<p class="teaser-description">As the global pandemic unfolded, researchers worked at unprecedented speed to develop new treatments and vaccines. Scientists <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/potent-antibodies-found-people-recovered-covid-19">studied antibodies from the blood of people who recovered from COVID-19</a> and identified <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/potent-neutralizing-antibodies-target-new-regions-coronavirus-spike">potent, diverse ones that neutralize SARS-CoV-2</a>. Some antibody treatments have now been given emergency use authorization by the FDA, with many <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/investigational-covid-19-therapeutics-be-evaluated-large-clinical-trials">others in development</a>. However, such antibodies—called monoclonal antibodies—are difficult to produce and must be given intravenously. NIH-researchers have been pursuing other approaches, including using <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/llama-antibody-engineered-block-coronavirus">antibodies from llamas</a>, which are only about a quarter of the size of a typical human antibody and could be delivered directly to the lungs using an inhaler. <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/computer-designed-proteins-may-protect-against-coronavirus">Computer-designed “miniproteins”</a> and other antiviral compounds are also under investigation.</p>
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<div class="media-border teaser-thumbnail"><div class="media media-element-container media-thumbnail"><div id="file-56001" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
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<img title="Anopheles gambiae mosquito on human skin" height="150" width="150" class="media-element" data-delta="1" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2020/20200622-mosquito.jpg?itok=rhcFxNTm" alt="Anopheles gambiae mosquito on human skin" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/universal-mosquito-vaccine-tested">Universal mosquito vaccine tested</a></h4>
|
||
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||
<p class="teaser-description">Most mosquito bites are harmless. But some mosquitoes carry pathogens, like bacteria and viruses, that can be deadly. A small trial showed that a vaccine against mosquito saliva—designed to provide broad protection against mosquito-borne diseases—is safe and causes a strong immune response in healthy volunteers. More studies are needed to test its effectiveness against specific diseases.</p>
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<img title="Health professional examining senior man’s knee." height="150" width="150" class="media-element" data-delta="2" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2020/20201006-knee-stock.jpg?itok=-onToffL" alt="Health professional examining senior man’s knee." /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/machine-learning-detects-early-signs-osteoarthritis">Machine learning detects early signs of osteoarthritis</a></h4>
|
||
|
||
<p class="teaser-description">Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis. It results when cartilage, the tissue that cushions the ends of the bones, breaks down. People with osteoarthritis can have joint pain, stiffness, and swelling. Some develop serious pain and disability from the disease. Using artificial intelligence and MRI scans, scientists identified signs of osteoarthritis three years before diagnosis. The results suggest a way to identify people who may benefit from early interventions.</p>
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<img title="Illustration of eye and DNA" height="150" width="150" class="media-element" data-delta="8" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2020/20201103-eye.jpg?itok=2g-eLlv7" alt="Illustration of eye and DNA" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title">Advances in restoring vision</h4>
|
||
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<p class="teaser-description">Several common eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa, damage the retina, the light-sensitive tissue in the eye. They can eventually lead to vision loss. Two studies looked at ways to restore vision in mouse models. Researchers <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/lab-made-eye-cells-restore-vision-mice">reprogrammed skin cells </a>into light-sensing eye cells that restored sight in mice. The technique may lead to new approaches for modeling and treating eye diseases. Other scientists <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/gene-therapy-novel-protein-restores-vision-mice">restored vision in blind mice</a> by using gene therapy to add a novel light-sensing protein to cells in the retina. The therapy will soon be tested in people.</p>
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<img title="Portrait of grandmother, mother, and daughter" height="150" width="150" class="media-element" data-delta="4" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2020/20200107-aging.jpg?itok=Q15285TA" alt="Portrait of grandmother, mother, and daughter" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/blood-protein-signatures-change-across-lifespan">Blood protein signatures change across lifespan</a></h4>
|
||
|
||
<p class="teaser-description">The bloodstream touches all the tissues of the body. Because of the constant flow of proteins through the body, some blood tests measure specific proteins to help diagnose diseases. Researchers determined that the levels of nearly 400 proteins in the blood can be used to determine people’s age and relative health. More research is needed to understand if these protein signatures could help identify people at greater risk of age-related diseases.</p>
|
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<img title="Electron micrographs and illustration showing reverse transcription by the HIV capsid" height="150" width="150" class="media-element" data-delta="9" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2020/20201027-hiv-thumb.jpg?itok=YAasWFJz" alt="Electron micrographs and illustration showing reverse transcription by the HIV capsid" /> </div>
|
||
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</div>
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</div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h4 class="teaser-title">Understanding HIV’s molecular mechanisms</h4>
|
||
|
||
<p class="teaser-description">More than a million people nationwide are living with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. HIV attacks the immune system by destroying immune cells vital for fighting infection. Researchers uncovered <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/study-sheds-light-key-steps-hiv-life-cycle">key steps in HIV replication</a> by reconstituting and watching events unfold outside the cell. The system may be useful for future studies of these early stages in the HIV life cycle. In other work, experimental treatments in animal models of HIV led to the <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/new-strategies-drive-hiv-cellular-hiding-places">viruses emerging from their hiding places</a> inside certain cells—a first step needed to make HIV vulnerable to the immune system.</p>
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||
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|
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<div class="content">
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<img title="Alpha-synuclein fibrils" height="150" width="150" class="media-element" data-delta="5" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2020/20200225-parkinsons-thumb.jpg?itok=aq6MOSFE" alt="Alpha-synuclein fibrils from people with PD and MSA show different levels of twisting." /> </div>
|
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/test-distinguishes-parkinsons-disease-related-condition">Test distinguishes Parkinson’s disease from related condition</a></h4>
|
||
|
||
<p class="teaser-description">A protein called alpha-synuclein plays a major role in Parkinson’s disease as well as other brain disorders. Early symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and another disease involving alpha-synuclein, multiple system atrophy, can be similar. Researchers created a test using cerebrospinal fluid that can distinguish between these two diseases with 95% accuracy. The results have implications for the early diagnosis and treatment of these conditions and may help in the development of new targeted therapies.</p>
|
||
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<div class="media-border teaser-thumbnail"><div class="media media-element-container media-thumbnail"><div id="file-53181" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
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