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<h2><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters">NIH Research Matters</a></h2> </div>
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<div about="/news-events/nih-research-matters/2013-research-highlights-insights-lab" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document" class="ds-1col node node--nih-research-matters view-mode-full node--full node--nih-research-matters--full clearfix">
<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2013-12-23T00:00:00-05:00" class="date-display-single">December 23, 2013</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>2013 Research Highlights — Insights from the Lab</h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>Noteworthy Advances in Basic Research</h3>
<p>With NIH support, scientists across the country and the world conduct wide-ranging research to improve the health of the nation. Groundbreaking NIH-funded research often receives top scientific honors. In 2013, all 3 recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and all 3 awardees of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, received NIH funding at different times in their careers. Four NIH-funded scientists also won awards from the Lasker Foundation in 2013. Here's just a small sampling of the research accomplishments made by NIH-supported scientists in 2013.</p>
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<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/file/6836">20130422 3-D analysis of intact mouse hippocampus</a></h2>
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="20130422 3-D analysis of intact mouse hippocampus" class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/video_thumbnail/public/media-youtube/wMuwc2MxLuw.jpg?itok=t7NvNt41" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/seeing-into-brain">Seeing Into the Brain</a></h4>
<p class="teaser-description">Scientists seeking to understand the brains fine structure and connections have been faced with tradeoffs. To examine deeply buried structures, they had to cut brain tissue into extremely thin sections. This deforms the tissue and makes it difficult to study brain wiring and circuitry. NIH-funded scientists developed a new technique to preserve the brains 3-D structure down to the molecular level with a hydrogel. It allows for study of the brains inner workings at a scale never before possible. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23575631" title="Pubmed Abstract: Structural and molecular interrogation of intact biological systems.">Pubmed Abstract »</a></p>
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="Chemical structure" title="Chemical structure" class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2013/20130805-diabetes.jpg?itok=8zJ7teGv" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/structure-potential-diabetes-drug-target">Structure of a Potential Diabetes Drug Target</a></h4>
<p class="teaser-description">People with diabetes have difficulty maintaining blood glucose levels. The hormones insulin and glucagon are used by the body—and also used as medications—to help keep blood glucose in a safe range. An international team of researchers, funded in part by NIH, determined and analyzed the structure of the human glucagon receptor. The results may aid in the development of drugs for diabetes and other metabolic disorders. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23863937" title="Pubmed Abstract: Structure of the human glucagon class B G-protein-coupled receptor.">Pubmed Abstract »</a></p>
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="Fluid flowing through channels in the brain." title="Fluid flowing through channels in the brain" class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2013/10282013-clear.jpg?itok=VUT0N12C" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-sleep-clears-brain">How Sleep Clears the Brain</a></h4>
<p class="teaser-description">Sleep is important for storing memories, and also has a restorative function. Sleep helps reasoning, problem-solving, and other functions. However, the mechanisms behind these benefits have been unknown. An NIH-funded study in mice suggests that sleep helps restore the brain by flushing out toxins that build up during waking hours though a special series of channels in the brain. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136970" title="Pubmed Abstract: Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain.">Pubmed Abstract »</a></p>
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="Cells" title="Cells" class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2013/20130729-ear.jpg?itok=sjCbLx9A" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/technique-forms-working-inner-ear-cells">Technique Forms Working Inner Ear Cells</a></h4>
<p class="teaser-description">Specialized cells in the inner ear detect head movements, gravity, and sound. Researchers know the general scheme of inner ear development, but deeper knowledge will be critical for developing novel therapies for hearing loss and balance disorders. Using an innovative 3-D culture system, NIH-funded researchers were able to coax mouse embryonic stem cells to form complex cells and structures seen in the inner ear. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23842490" title="Pubmed Abstract: Generation of inner ear sensory epithelia from pluripotent stem cells in 3D culture.">Pubmed Abstract »</a></p>
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="Parkin and mitochondria" title="Parkin and mitochondria" class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2013/20131209-parkinsons.JPG?itok=c3Qqvw0b" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/study-reveals-new-targets-parkinsons-disease">Study Reveals New Targets for Parkinsons Disease</a></h4>
<p class="teaser-description">Defects in mitochondria, our cells biological power plants, have been associated with certain neurological disorders, including Parkinsons disease, Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome, and the ataxias. NIH scientists used a novel approach, involving a protein tied to Parkinsons disease, to identify dozens of genes that may contribute to disorders that involve mitochondria. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24270810" title="Pubmed Abstract: High-content genome-wide RNAi screens identify regulators of parkin upstream of mitophagy.">Pubmed Abstract »</a></p>
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="Grapefruit in a lab." title="Grapefruit in a lab" class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2013/20130603-grapefruit.jpg?itok=1W_-CkI7" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/therapeutic-nanoparticles-grapefruit-juice">Therapeutic Nanoparticles from Grapefruit Jice</a></h4>
<p class="teaser-description">Nanoparticles are emerging as an efficient tool for drug delivery. Microscopic pouches of synthetic lipid can protect drug molecules within the body and deliver them to specific cells. However, these nanoparticles pose obstacles, including potential toxicity, environmental hazards, and large-scale production costs. NIH-funded researchers made nanoparticles from grapefruits and used them to deliver targeted drugs to treat cancer in mice. The technique may prove to be a safe and inexpensive alternative. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23695661" title="Pubmed Abstract: Delivery of therapeutic agents by nanoparticles made of grapefruit-derived lipids.">Pubmed Abstract »</a></p>
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="Close-up photo of a woman speaking." title="Close-up photo of a woman speaking." class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2013/20130311-speak.jpg?itok=F1ZABo0L" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/understanding-how-we-speak">Understanding How We Speak</a></h4>
<p class="teaser-description">Speech disorders, such as stuttering, affect roughly 5% of children by the first grade. The underlying causes of most speech disorders, however, arent well understood. The process of speaking is one of the most complex actions humans perform. Scientists funded by NIH revealed the patterns of brain activity that produce human speech. The research may one day lead to new methods for treating speech disorders. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23426266" title="Pubmed Abstract: Functional organization of human sensorimotor cortex for speech articulation.">Pubmed Abstract »</a></p>
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="A group of bacteria" title="A group of bacteria" class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2013/10282013-recode.jpg?itok=GTtKT84r" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/scientists-recode-organisms-genome">Scientists Recode Organisms Genome</a></h4>
<p class="teaser-description">Living microbes can quickly and reliably produce proteins, the building blocks of the cell. This ability has long been harnessed to produce conventional proteins, such as insulin, for medical use. Synthetic biology seeks to redesign natural biological systems for new purposes. NIH-funded researchers developed a method to recode a bacteriums genome to incorporate synthetic non-standard amino acids into its proteins. The technique can potentially turn microbes into efficient living factories that make novel compounds. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136966" title="Pubmed Abstract: Genomically recoded organisms expand biological functions.">Pubmed Abstract »</a></p>
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