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<div class='syndicate'><h1>Opioids Digital Media Kit</h1><div><div class="callout">
<h3>In this kit:</h3>
<p><a class="button-link" href="#opioids">Opioids</a> <a class="button-link" href="#crisis">The Opioid Crisis</a> <a class="button-link" href="#nihopioid">NIH and the Opioid Crisis</a> <a class="button-link" href="#pain">Opioids and Chronic Pain</a> <a class="button-link" href="#funding">NIH Funding</a> <a class="button-link" href="#pain">NIH Pain Consortium</a> <a class="button-link" href="#images">Images</a> <a class="button-link" href="#soundbite">Soundbites</a></p>
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<h2><a id="opioids" name="opioids"></a>Opioids</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/opioids">Opioids</a> are a class of drugs that include pain relievers available legally by prescription, the illegal drug <a href="https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/heroin">heroin</a>, and synthetic opioids such as <a href="https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/fentanyl">fentanyl</a>. These drugs activate <a href="https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/teaching-packets/neurobiology-drug-addiction/section-iii-action-heroin-morphine/4-opiates-binding-to-opiate-rece">opioid receptors</a> on nerve cells in the body and brain. Opioid pain relievers can be effective in treatment for relieving pain. However, regular use can lead to dependence, and misuse of opioid pain relievers can lead to addiction, <a href="https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates">overdose incidents</a> and possibly, death.</p>
<h2><a id="crisis" name="crisis"></a>The Opioid Crisis</h2>
<p>Paralleling a rapid increase in rates of opioid pain reliever prescribing, which is now showing early signs of abating, widespread use and misuse of these medications led to an alarming rise in <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/analysis.html">opioid overdose deaths</a>, giving way to a <a href="https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/opioids/opioid-crisis">nationwide crisis</a>. <a href="https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/cbhsq-reports/NSDUHNationalFindingsReport2018/NSDUHNationalFindingsReport2018.pdf">Results from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health</a> showed that an estimated 1.2 million people in the United States aged 12 and older had an opioid use disorder, the most recent year for which data are available. </p>
<h2><a id="nihopioid" name="nihopioid"></a>NIH and the Opioid Crisis</h2>
<p>NIH conducts and supports extensive research on pain management, and drug use and misuse. While the <a href="https://www.drugabuse.gov/">National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)</a> leads NIH research efforts on drug use and addiction, and the <a href="https://www.ninds.nih.gov/">National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)</a> leads NIH research efforts on pain, many of NIHs Institutes and Centers are involved in these research areas.</p>
<p>In April 2018, NIH <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-launches-heal-initiative-doubles-funding-accelerate-scientific-solutions-stem-national-opioid-epidemic">announced</a> the <a href="https://heal.nih.gov/">Helping to End Addiction Long-term<sup>SM</sup> Initiative, or NIH HEAL Initiative<sup>SM</sup></a>, a trans-agency effort to speed scientific solutions to stem the national opioid public health crisis. The initiative<sup> </sup>will bolster research to accelerate the development of innovative medications to treat opioid addiction, explore non-addictive interventions for chronic pain, and improve overdose prevention and treatment strategies, including research into additional overdose reversal medications and breathing stimulation devices. This initiative will engage both academic researchers and the private sector to increase efficient clinical translation of research.</p>
<h2><a id="pain" name="pain"></a>Opioids and Chronic Pain</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/pain">Chronic pain</a> is a major public health problem that affects an estimated 100 million American adults, approximately one third of the U.S. population. It is the primary reason Americans are on disability and unable to work, and is a top reason cited for seeking medical care. Although opioids may not always be the best course of treatment for chronic pain, <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6626a4.htm?s_cid=mm6626a4_w">the number of prescriptions for opioid pain relievers has increased dramatically in recent years</a>.</p>
<h2><a id="funding" name="funding"></a>NIH Funding</h2>
<p>NIH Institutes and Centers support <a href="https://www.hhs.gov/opioids/about-the-epidemic/inventory-hhs-research-pain-and-opioid-misuse-and-overdose.html">multifaceted research</a>—from pain management to addiction prevention and treatment—to address the opioid crisis. <a href="http://report.nih.gov/categorical_spending.aspx">The NIH Research, Condition, and Disease Categorization (RCDC)</a> tracks official NIH funding for opioid and pain-related research in three relevant categories: Opioids, Opioid Misuse and Addiction, and Pain Research. NIH received an additional $500 million from Congress for use in fiscal years 2018 and 2019 aimed at addressing both opioid addiction and pain, which are included in the above categories.</p>
<p>As the primary funder for drug addiction research, the NIDA supports research pertaining to opioid use disorders that includes basic research on addiction, community prevention frameworks, testing of sustainable treatment models, and <a href="https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-addiction-treatment-research-based-guide-third-edition/drug-addiction-treatment-in-united-states">methods to integrate behavioral interventions with medication for addiction treatment</a>. As part of the HEAL Initiative, NIDA is focused on expanding therapeutic options for opioid addiction, overdose prevention and reversal and enhancing treatments for infants born with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)/neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). NIDA is also working to develop new prevention and treatment strategies for addiction, and to improve and optimize existing effective prevention and treatment strategies for opioid addiction.</p>
<p>Given the need to improve pain treatments and reduce reliance on opioids, NIH funds a wide range of basic, translational, and clinical studies on pain. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) leads trans-NIH efforts to encourage and coordinate programs and activities on pain research. From examining <a href="https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/all-disorders/chronic-pain-information-page#disorders-r2">the nervous system</a>s role in pain, to using <a href="https://nccih.nih.gov/health/pain">complementary and integrative health</a> approaches to treat pain, NIH encourages inter- and multi- disciplinary approaches to better address the challenges of treating pain. As part of the NIH HEAL Initiative, NINDS leads efforts to understand the biological underpinnings of chronic pain and establish the best pain management strategies for acute and chronic pain conditions. NINDS also works to accelerate the discovery and pre-clinical development of non-addictive pain treatments, and advance these treatments through the clinical pipeline.</p>
<h2><a id="consortium" name="consortium"></a>NIH Pain Consortium</h2>
<p>An integral part of NIHs larger pain research agenda is the <a href="https://painconsortium.nih.gov/About/purpose.html">NIH Pain Consortium</a>, activities and programs which currently are coordinated by the Office of Pain Policy, within the Office of the Director at NINDS. Established to enhance research and collaboration on pain activities across NIHs 27 Institutes and Centers, the Consortium is responsible for coordinating pain research at the NIH, <a href="https://painconsortium.nih.gov/Funding_Opps/highlighted-initiatives.html">identifying opportunities</a> in pain research, increasing <a href="https://painconsortium.nih.gov/Conferences_and_Seminars/conferences-index.html">visibility of pain research</a> among the NIH and the larger scientific community, and curriculum resources <a href="https://painconsortium.nih.gov/Funding_Research/CoEPEs">for health professional schools</a>.</p>
<p>In addition to the Consortium, NIH serves as the lead of the Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee, a congressionally-mandated committee comprised of federal agency and department representatives, pain researchers and patient advocates. The committee oversaw the development of the <a href="https://iprcc.nih.gov/National_Pain_Strategy/NPS_Main.htm">National Pain Strategy</a>, the federal governments first coordinated plan for reducing the burden of chronic pain for the millions of affected Americans, and <a href="https://iprcc.nih.gov/FPRS/FPRSPublicComment.htm">the Federal Pain Research Strategy</a>, a component of the National Pain Strategy that identifies and prioritizes research recommendations as a basis for a long-term strategic plan to coordinate and advance the federal pain research agenda.</p>
<h2><a id="images" name="images"></a>Images</h2>
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<a href="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/news-events/images/dopamine-release.jpg"><img title="Measuring dopamine release" height="1280" width="1924" class="media-element" data-delta="9" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/news-events/images/dopamine-release.jpg" alt="Measuring dopamine release" /></a><span class="caption">Measuring dopamine release</span><span class="credit">National Institutes of Health</span></div>
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<p class="teaser-description">Measuring dopamine release.</p>
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<a href="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/news-events/images/autoradiographic-visualization.jpg"><img title="Autoradiographic Visualization." height="1241" width="1728" class="media-element" data-delta="10" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/news-events/images/autoradiographic-visualization.jpg" alt="Autoradiographic Visualization." /></a><span class="caption">Autoradiographic Visualization.</span><span class="credit">Miles Herkenham, NIH/NIMH</span></div>
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<p class="teaser-description">Autoradiographic Visualization.</p>
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<a href="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/news-events/images/opioid-8.jpg"><img title="Opiates binding to opiate receptors in the nucleus accumbens: increased dopamine release. " height="1080" width="1920" class="media-element" data-delta="15" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/news-events/images/opioid-8.jpg" alt="Opiates binding to opiate receptors in the nucleus accumbens: increased dopamine release. " /></a><span class="caption">Opiates binding to opiate receptors in the nucleus accumbens: increased dopamine release. </span><span class="credit">NIDA</span></div>
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<p class="teaser-description">Opiates binding to opiate receptors in the nucleus accumbens: increased dopamine release. </p>
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<a href="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/news-events/images/opioid-receptor-distribution.jpg"><img title="Opioid Receptor Distribution" height="1337" width="2000" class="media-element" data-delta="8" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/news-events/images/opioid-receptor-distribution.jpg" alt="Opioid Receptor Distribution" /></a><span class="caption">Opioid Receptor Distribution</span><span class="credit">Miles Herkenham, NIH/NIMH</span></div>
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<p class="teaser-description">Photomicrograph in dark field illumination to reveal opioid receptor distribution in the domain of the dentate gyrus granule cells, including the dentate gyrus molecular layer (dendritic domain) and the mossy fiber terminal zone in the stream lucid (axonal domain). Receptors are marked by [³H]naloxone bringing and subsequent autoradiographic visualization in emulsion-coated brain sections.</p>
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<a href="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/news-events/images/opioid-6_0.jpg"><img title="Methadone Treatment Pre- and Post Release Findings. NIDA generated using data from Kinlock G et al., J Subs Abuse Tx 2009 Oct.; 37(3):277-285 " height="720" width="1080" class="media-element" data-delta="13" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/news-events/images/opioid-6_0.jpg" alt="Methadone Treatment Pre- and Post Release Findings. NIDA generated using data from Kinlock G et al., J Subs Abuse Tx 2009 Oct.; 37(3):277-285 " /></a><span class="caption">Methadone Treatment Pre- and Post Release Findings</span></div>
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<p class="teaser-description">Methadone Treatment Pre- and Post Release Findings.</p>
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<a href="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/news-events/images/opioid-7_0.jpg"><img title="Heroin Use &amp; Heroin-Related Deaths. Source: SAMHSA, 2012 NSDUH, 2013 NCHS, CDC Wonder" height="708" width="1080" class="media-element" data-delta="14" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/news-events/images/opioid-7_0.jpg" alt="Heroin Use &amp; Heroin-Related Deaths. Source: SAMHSA, 2012 NSDUH, 2013 NCHS, CDC Wonder" /></a><span class="caption">Heroin Use &amp; Heroin-Related Deaths.</span><span class="credit">SAMHSA, 2012 NSDUH, 2013 NCHS, CDC Wonder</span></div>
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<p class="teaser-description">Heroin Use &amp; Heroin-Related Deaths.</p>
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<a href="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/news-events/images/opioid-5.jpg"><img title="Opioid Prescriptions Dispensed by US Retail Pharmacies 1991-2011. " height="720" width="1080" class="media-element" data-delta="12" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/news-events/images/opioid-5.jpg" alt="Opioid Prescriptions Dispensed by US Retail Pharmacies 1991-2011. " /></a><span class="caption">Opioid Prescriptions Dispensed by US Retail Pharmacies 1991-2011. </span></div>
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<p class="teaser-description">Opioid Prescriptions Dispensed by US Retail Pharmacies 1991-2011. </p>
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<a href="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/news-events/images/teen-opioid.jpg"><img title="Teens Mix Prescription Opioids with Other Substances" height="1206" width="730" class="media-element" data-delta="11" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/news-events/images/teen-opioid.jpg" alt="Teens Mix Prescription Opioids with Other Substances" /></a><span class="caption">Teens Mix Prescription Opioids with Other Substances.</span></div>
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<p class="teaser-description">Teens Mix Prescription Opioids with Other Substances.</p>
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<h2><a id="soundbite" name="soundbite"></a>Soundbites</h2>
<p>NIDA Director Dr. Nora Volkow and NINDS Director Dr. Walter Koroshetz talk about opioids, chronic pain and NIHs efforts to address the opioid crisis. If you would like the files of the video clips, please contact <a href="mailto:akinsow@od.nih.gov">Wally Akinso</a>.</p>
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<p class="caption">Opioids, pain, and addiction</p>
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<p class="caption">The Opioid Crisis</p>
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<div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/b03pYrT62qc?autoplay=1" rel="shadowbox[gallery]; width=640; height=360" title=" akinsow@od.nih.gov."><img alt=" akinsow@od.nih.gov." height="427" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/video_sidebar/public/media-youtube/b03pYrT62qc.jpg?itok=frntKlgQ" title=" akinsow@od.nih.gov." typeof="Image" width="640" /></a></div>
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<p class="caption">NIH Initiative to help end the opioid crisis</p>
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<div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lT0TpBs-LLs?autoplay=1" rel="shadowbox[gallery]; width=640; height=360" title=" akinsow@od.nih.gov."><img alt=" akinsow@od.nih.gov." height="427" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/video_sidebar/public/media-youtube/lT0TpBs-LLs.jpg?itok=TCzp-RLW" title=" akinsow@od.nih.gov." typeof="Image" width="640" /></a></div>
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<p class="caption">Approaching opioid-related research</p>
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<div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fbj-UAI0Phc?autoplay=1" rel="shadowbox[gallery]; width=640; height=360" title=" akinsow@od.nih.gov."><img alt=" akinsow@od.nih.gov." height="427" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/video_sidebar/public/media-youtube/fbj-UAI0Phc.jpg?itok=0zi6YvOZ" title=" akinsow@od.nih.gov." typeof="Image" width="640" /></a></div>
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<p class="caption">Understanding chronic pain new video</p>
</div>
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<div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OxUIwK5Bwxs?autoplay=1" rel="shadowbox[gallery]; width=640; height=360" title=" akinsow@od.nih.gov."><img alt=" akinsow@od.nih.gov." height="427" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/video_sidebar/public/media-youtube/OxUIwK5Bwxs.jpg?itok=I8hTipKA" title=" akinsow@od.nih.gov." typeof="Image" width="640" /></a></div>
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<p class="caption">Chronic pain and the opioid crisis </p>
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<p class="caption">Pain and Opioid use</p>
</div>
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<div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FmPFEt6M_ZY?autoplay=1" rel="shadowbox[gallery]; width=640; height=360" title=" akinsow@od.nih.gov."><img alt=" akinsow@od.nih.gov." height="427" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/video_sidebar/public/media-youtube/FmPFEt6M_ZY.jpg?itok=ejPvzAsY" title=" akinsow@od.nih.gov." width="640" /></a></div>
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<p class="caption">Opioids and the brain </p>
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<div class="lastupdated">
<p>This page last reviewed on November 5, 2020</p> </div> </div>
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