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<h2 class="element-invisible">You are here</h2><div class="breadcrumb"><a href="/">Home</a> » <a href="/news-events">News & Events</a> » <a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters">NIH Research Matters</a></div> <div class="l-region l-region--section-header">
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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2022-03-01T00:00:00-05:00" class="date-display-single">March 1, 2022</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>Use of melatonin supplements rising among adults</h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>At a Glance</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>The use of melatonin supplements by adults in the United States more than quintupled between 1999 and 2018.</li>
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<li>The findings highlight the need to better understand the long-term safety of melatonin use and its ability to help with certain sleep problems.</li>
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</ul></div><div class="media-float-right"><div class="ds-1col file file-image file-image-jpeg view-mode-floated_media clearfix">
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<picture title="Woman sitting up in bed and looking at a pill bottle.">
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<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-large/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220301-melatonin.jpg?itok=JsM1I4l6&timestamp=1646081349 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 960px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220301-melatonin.jpg?itok=napkRK8I&timestamp=1646081349 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220301-melatonin.jpg?itok=Jg3KiaBJ&timestamp=1646081349 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220301-melatonin.jpg?itok=Dcoar7y0&timestamp=1646081349 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-tiny/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220301-melatonin.jpg?itok=R2w4klMa&timestamp=1646081349 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)" />
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<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
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<img src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2022/20220301-melatonin.jpg?itok=napkRK8I&timestamp=1646081349" alt="Woman sitting up in bed and looking at a pill bottle." title="Woman sitting up in bed and looking at a pill bottle." />
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</picture><span class="caption">Many people are using melatonin supplements in the hope that they will help them sleep.</span><span class="credit">ShutterOK / Shutterstock</span></div>
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</div><p>Many aspects of modern life, including screen use and shift work, can confuse the body’s natural sleep and wake cycle. Up to 19% of adults in the U.S. report not getting enough rest or sleep every day. Chronic lack of sleep can harm both your mental and physical health.</p>
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<p>A range of chemicals and hormones circulate in the body to help control when and for how long people sleep. One such hormone, melatonin, is produced by a gland within the brain in response to darkness. It helps cue the body that it’s time to sleep.</p>
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<p>Melatonin is sold as an over-the-counter dietary supplement in a range of doses. But studies to date have not consistently shown that taking melatonin supplements helps with insomnia, jet lag, or recovery from shift work. It may provide some benefits for people with less-common sleep disorders caused by problems with the body’s internal clock. But more research is needed to understand how and when it can be used effectively.</p>
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||
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||
<p>Short-term use of melatonin supplements appears to be safe for most people. However, information on the long-term safety of these supplements is lacking. It also hasn’t been clear how common the use of melatonin is in the U.S.</p>
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||
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||
<p>Researchers led by Dr. Naima Covassin from the Mayo Clinic examined data on melatonin use collected by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 1999 and 2018. More than 55,000 adults aged 20 and older reported their dietary supplement use to the survey during those two decades. Supplement containers were verified during in-home interviews for 94% of the participants.</p>
|
||
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<p>The research team was supported in part by NIH’s National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Results were published on February 1, 2022, in <em>JAMA</em>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Melatonin use increased from 0.4% of survey respondents in 1999 to 2000 to 2.1% in 2017 to 2018. This trend was similar between men and women, and across age groups.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Starting in 2005, respondents began reporting the use of doses greater than 5 milligrams per day. This use of high-dose melatonin supplementation more than tripled over the period studied, from 0.08% of study participants in 2005-2006 to 0.28% in 2017-2018.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Even with this rise, the use of high-dose melatonin remained very low overall. However, these estimates raise safety concerns, as the actual content of melatonin in commercial supplements may be many times higher than what’s listed on the label.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>“Our findings highlight the importance of well-designed clinical studies to look at the long-term safety of melatonin use in different populations, as well as whether it can effectively help people with sleep problems,” Covassin says.</p>
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<p>—by Sharon Reynolds</p></div><h2 class="label-above">Related Links</h2><ul class="spaced print-urls"><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/artificial-light-during-sleep-linked-obesity" target="_top">Artificial Light During Sleep Linked to Obesity</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/weekend-catch-cant-counter-chronic-sleep-deprivation" target="_top">Weekend Catch-up Can’t Counter Chronic Sleep Deprivation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-night-shifts-disrupt-metabolism" target="_top">How Night Shifts Disrupt Metabolism</a></li><li><a href="https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2021/04/good-sleep-good-health" target="_top">Good Sleep for Good Health</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/circadian-rhythm-disorders" target="_top">Sleep-Wake Cycle Disorders (Circadian Rhythm Disorders)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/sleep-deprivation-and-deficiency" target="_top">Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency</a></li><li><a href="https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2021/12/do-you-need-dietary-supplements" target="_top">Do You Need Dietary Supplements?</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/melatonin-what-you-need-to-know" target="_top">Melatonin: What You Need To Know</a></li></ul><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">References: </strong><strong>References</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35103775/">Trends in Use of Melatonin Supplements Among US Adults, 1999-2018.</a> Li J, Somers VK, Xu H, Lopez-Jimenez F, Covassin N. <em>JAMA</em>. 2022 Feb 1;327(5):483-485. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.23652. PMID: 35103775.</p><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">Funding: </strong>NIH’s National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); National Natural Science Foundation of China; Sleep Number Corporation; Alice Sheets Marriott Professorship; Mayo Clinic.</p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/research-context-can-we-slow-aging">Research in Context: Can we slow aging?</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/brain-changes-observed-during-pregnancy">Brain changes observed during pregnancy</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/risk-future-burden-dementia-united-states">Risk and future burden of dementia in the United States </a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/complete-wiring-map-adult-fruit-fly-brain">Complete wiring map of an adult fruit fly brain</a></p>
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<p><strong><em>NIH Research Matters </em></strong>is a weekly update of NIH research highlights reviewed by NIH’s experts. It's published by the <a href="/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison">Office of Communications and Public Liaison</a> in the <a href="/institutes-nih/nih-office-director">NIH Office of the Director</a>.</p>
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