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<span class="heading1">Diabetes Discoveries &amp; Practice Blog</span>
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<h1 itemprop="headline">Look at the Feet</h1>
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David Alper, DPM </div>
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<time datetime="2019-04-03" itemprop="datePublished">April 3, 2019</time>
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<li><a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=Complications+of+Diabetes">Complications of Diabetes</a></li>
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A podiatric foot examination is a vital part of an overall medical work-up for people with diabetes.
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<p>“Yes, you can leave your socks on.”</p>
<p><span style="font-size: 1rem;">All too often, patients hear this guidance at the beginning of a routine care exam. For patients with diabetes, or who are suspected of having diabetes, it can be a critical missed opportunity. The evidence speaks volumes about the symptoms and warning signs for underlying issues we can observe with a quick glance at the feet and toes.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 1rem;"></span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">Coronary and vascular disease, neuropathy, dehydration, vitamin deficiency, and other secondary components to the disease state of diabetes can all reveal themselves in changes in a patients feet, yet often go unrecognized because the patient may not know what to look for. But a trained physician can perform a search for trophic changes and basic circulatory measures in less than three minutes. Here, I explain more about the importance of a podiatric foot examination for patients with diabetes:</span></p>
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<div class="youtube-container full-width"><iframe title="Why Should a Doctor Perform Foot Exams for Patients with Diabetes?" width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eofslrG3YAg" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture"></iframe></div>
<p>So, what should you look for during these examinations? Trophic changes of the appearance of a patients lower extremity, a sign that vascular and neurological changes have occurred, are seen as the following:</p>
<ul>
<li>Absent hair growth</li>
<li>Thickened nails (not of fungal origin)</li>
<li>Pigment changes of skin</li>
<li>Shiny texture of skin</li>
<li>Rubor coloring, especially in dependent state.</li>
<li>Claudication episodes reported by patient</li>
<li>Temperature gradient between legs and/or feet, or general cold presentation</li>
<li>Edema</li>
<li>Parathesias</li>
<li>Burning sensation episodes as reported by patient</li>
</ul>
<p>A few steps are necessary when conducting this examination.</p>
<p>First, the pulses should be evaluated—both the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulse of each foot, checked individually. Absence of a palpable pulse—even secondary to a gross edema state—should be recorded as such. Capillary filling can be checked while the fingers are on the foot, checking all 10 toes and looking for a refill time of less than three seconds from initial blanching.</p>
<p>Now step back and look for the following:</p>
<ul>
<li>Is there any pattern, or absence, of hair growth? As the saying goes, the grass does not grow if it is not watered. This could be a possible sign of small vessel disease, or neuropathy. As the follicles are not innervated, hair growth can cease.</li>
<li>Are the nails growing in a thickened, discolored fashion? It could possibly mean a fungal infection, or hypertrophic growth.&nbsp;</li>
<li>Does the skin have a shiny texture to it?</li>
<li>Are there pigment changes? Hemosiderin (a product of hemolysis), venous stasis, etc.?</li>
<li>Do you notice dependent rubor discoloration? Does it turn to pallor on elevation?</li>
<li>With the back of your hand, run up from the dorsum of the foot to the shin. Is the temperature uniform? First do each leg one at a time, then both at the same time. Is there a temperature difference?</li>
<li>Is there noted edema? Is it pitting? Bilateral or unilateral? Also notice if there is a depression in the lower leg from the patients socks/stockings. If so, speak to them about diabetic socks, with a broader elastic band that will not produce a tourniquet effect.</li>
</ul>
<p>Finally, its time for sensory testing. Monofilament testing is an inexpensive, easy-to-use, and portable test for assessing the loss of protective sensation, and it is recommended for detecting peripheral neuropathy in otherwise normal feet. Monofilaments, often called Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments, are calibrated, single-fiber nylon threads that generate a reproducible buckling stress. The monofilament commonly used to diagnose peripheral neuropathy is the 5.07/10 gram. The test is simple and painless for the patient. Press the end of the filament to the tip of the toe until it slightly bends and (with the patients eyes closed) have them say when, or if, they feel it. Continue on several spots of the soles if they are negative in the toes until you reach the level of sensitivity.</p>
<p>Then, evaluate and note trophic lower extremity changes with negative results leading to further evaluation that might not have been performed if the feet remained in the socks.</p>
<p>I encourage you to begin conducting a foot exam on any patient with diabetes—or who you suspect may have diabetes—in order to identify and prevent complications in the lower extremities. Your colleagues in podiatric medicine are here to consult and collaborate so that we may provide the best care to these patients.</p>
<p>For more information, including a patient education sheet and patient care checklist in Spanish and English, view <a rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704015723/https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/ndep/pdfs/working_together_to_manage_diabetes_webinar_slides.pdf" target="_blank">Working Together to Manage Diabetes: A Toolkit for Pharmacy, Podiatry, Optometry, and Dentistry (PPOD)</a><span class="file-size">(PDF, 1.11 MB)</span> <i class="file-pdf" title="PDF document"></i>.</p>
<p><strong>Have you been conducting foot exams for your patients with diabetes? Share your experience by leaving a comment below.</strong></p>
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David Alper, DPM, is a member of the board of trustees at the American Podiatric Medical Association (APMA) and a practicing podiatrist in Belmont, MA. Dr. Alper graduated from the Ohio College of Podiatric Medicine. </div>
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</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=research+advancements">Research Advancements</a>
<span class="count">43</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=complications+of+diabetes">Complications of Diabetes</a>
<span class="count">36</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=medication+and+monitoring">Medication and Monitoring</a>
<span class="count">30</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=diabetes+prevention">Diabetes Prevention</a>
<span class="count">24</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=obesity+and+weight+management">Obesity and Weight Management</a>
<span class="count">23</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=patient+self-management">Patient Self-Management</a>
<span class="count">22</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=practice+transformation">Practice Transformation</a>
<span class="count">22</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=type+1+diabetes">Type 1 Diabetes</a>
<span class="count">18</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=new+technologies">New Technologies</a>
<span class="count">16</span>
</div>
<div class="fold">More tags</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=diabetic+kidney+disease">Diabetic Kidney Disease</a>
<span class="count">15</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=nutrition">Nutrition</a>
<span class="count">15</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=social+determinants+of+health">Social Determinants of Health</a>
<span class="count">15</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=shared+decision-making">Shared Decision-Making</a>
<span class="count">14</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=community+health">Community Health</a>
<span class="count">6</span>
</div>
<div class="folded">Fewer tags</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="archive foldable">
<h3>Archive</h3>
<div class="rowed-columns">
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=january+2025">Jan. 2025</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=december+2024">Dec. 2024</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=november+2024">Nov. 2024</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=october+2024">Oct. 2024</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=september+2024">Sept. 2024</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=august+2024">Aug. 2024</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="fold">More months</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=july+2024">July 2024</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=june+2024">June 2024</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=may+2024">May 2024</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=april+2024">April 2024</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=march+2024">March 2024</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=february+2024">Feb. 2024</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=december+2023">Dec. 2023</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=november+2023">Nov. 2023</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=october+2023">Oct. 2023</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=august+2023">Aug. 2023</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=july+2023">July 2023</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=june+2023">June 2023</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=may+2023">May 2023</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=april+2023">April 2023</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=march+2023">March 2023</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=february+2023">Feb. 2023</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=january+2023">Jan. 2023</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=december+2022">Dec. 2022</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=november+2022">Nov. 2022</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=october+2022">Oct. 2022</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=september+2022">Sept. 2022</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=august+2022">Aug. 2022</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=july+2022">July 2022</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=june+2022">June 2022</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=may+2022">May 2022</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=april+2022">April 2022</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=march+2022">March 2022</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=february+2022">Feb. 2022</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=january+2022">Jan. 2022</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=december+2021">Dec. 2021</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=november+2021">Nov. 2021</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=october+2021">Oct. 2021</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=september+2021">Sept. 2021</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=august+2021">Aug. 2021</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=july+2021">July 2021</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=june+2021">June 2021</a>
<span class="count">3</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=may+2021">May 2021</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=april+2021">April 2021</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=march+2021">March 2021</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=february+2021">Feb. 2021</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=january+2021">Jan. 2021</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=december+2020">Dec. 2020</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=november+2020">Nov. 2020</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=october+2020">Oct. 2020</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=september+2020">Sept. 2020</a>
<span class="count">5</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=august+2020">Aug. 2020</a>
<span class="count">4</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=july+2020">July 2020</a>
<span class="count">3</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=june+2020">June 2020</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=may+2020">May 2020</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=april+2020">April 2020</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=march+2020">March 2020</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=february+2020">Feb. 2020</a>
<span class="count">3</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=january+2020">Jan. 2020</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=december+2019">Dec. 2019</a>
<span class="count">3</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=november+2019">Nov. 2019</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=october+2019">Oct. 2019</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=september+2019">Sept. 2019</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=august+2019">Aug. 2019</a>
<span class="count">3</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=july+2019">July 2019</a>
<span class="count">3</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=june+2019">June 2019</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=may+2019">May 2019</a>
<span class="count">4</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=april+2019">April 2019</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=march+2019">March 2019</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=february+2019">Feb. 2019</a>
<span class="count">1</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=january+2019">Jan. 2019</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=december+2018">Dec. 2018</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=november+2018">Nov. 2018</a>
<span class="count">4</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=october+2018">Oct. 2018</a>
<span class="count">4</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=september+2018">Sept. 2018</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=august+2018">Aug. 2018</a>
<span class="count">5</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=july+2018">July 2018</a>
<span class="count">3</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=june+2018">June 2018</a>
<span class="count">4</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=may+2018">May 2018</a>
<span class="count">5</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=april+2018">April 2018</a>
<span class="count">4</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=march+2018">March 2018</a>
<span class="count">3</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=february+2018">Feb. 2018</a>
<span class="count">4</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=january+2018">Jan. 2018</a>
<span class="count">3</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=december+2017">Dec. 2017</a>
<span class="count">3</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=november+2017">Nov. 2017</a>
<span class="count">3</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=october+2017">Oct. 2017</a>
<span class="count">2</span>
</div>
<div class="filter">
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=september+2017">Sept. 2017</a>
<span class="count">4</span>
</div>
<div class="folded">Fewer months</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="disclaimer">
<h3>Disclaimer</h3>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #212121;">We welcome comments; all comments must follow our </span><span style="color: #212121;"><a href="/privacy-policy#commentpolicy">comment policy</a></span><span style="color: #212121;">.</span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #212121;">Blog posts written by individuals from outside the government may be owned by the writer and graphics may be owned by their creator. In such cases, it is necessary to contact the writer, artist, or publisher to obtain permission for reuse.</span></p>
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