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<h1 itemprop="headline">Interpreting A1C: Principles of the A1C Assay</h1>
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What are the key issues that health care professionals should understand when interpreting hemoglobin A1C assays?
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<p>Hemoglobin A1C is an integral component in managing patients with diabetes. In the first post of our Interpreting A1C blog series, Dr. David B. Sacks, Senior Investigator at the Department of Laboratory Medicine at the NIH Clinical Center, discusses the most common interfering factors and key issues of the A1C assay.</p>
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<p>Stay tuned for next week’s post in this series, which will explore A1C and diabetes and hemoglobin variants.</p>
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<p>Hemoglobin A1C, which is also called A1C, is hemoglobin with glucose attached to the N-terminal valine of the beta-chain. Because red blood cells which contain the hemoglobin live for approximately 120 days, hemoglobin A1C reflects the average glucose over the preceding 8 to 12 weeks.</p>
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<p>For many years, blood glucose has been the only way that diabetes could be diagnosed. </p>
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<p>The limitation of blood glucose is that to diagnose diabetes, the patient has to be fasting.</p>
|
||
<p>There are many other limitations. For example, it varies widely in a single individual on different days. It can be affected by many factors such as stress or exercise. And the sample is not stable, so once it's drawn, the blood has to be measured fairly soon or kept on ice.</p>
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<p>By contrast, hemoglobin A1C, because it reflects average glucose over a few months, is not affected by ingestion of food. The sample can be drawn any time of the day; the sample is stable. There is very little variation on different days within an individual. </p>
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<p>There are certain factors that may interfere with the measurement of hemoglobin A1C, the most common being variant hemoglobins which may interfere with certain assays.</p>
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<p>A hemoglobin variant is hemoglobin with a change in one of the amino acids that can result in a change in red cell life span or can interfere with the assay depending on where the mutation occurs.</p>
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<p>Healthy people have hemoglobin A1C values between 4 and 5.5. If the hemoglobin A1C value in a patient is less than 3 or more than 15, the clinician should expect the presence of an interference. </p>
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<p>In this situation, the laboratory director should be called and asked about the method used to measure hemoglobin A1C. Ideally, the blood sample should be measured by a method that uses a different assay principle. For example, if the laboratory uses immunoassay, an HPLC method should be used. It is very uncommon for an interference in an assay to interfere with more than one assay method.</p>
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<p>The most common question I get is what to do if I suspect the patient has a hemoglobin variant. In this situation, one should measure alternative markers of long-term glycemia, for example, fructosamine or glycated albumin, which reflect the average glucose over approximately the preceding three weeks. These are not affected by any changes in hemoglobin or red cells because they measure the albumin in the blood.</p>
|
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<p>In addition, one should evaluate for the possible presence of hemoglobin variant by performing hemoglobin electrophoresis or other analysis that would identify a hemoglobin variant in the individual. </p>
|
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<p>Most subjects with common heterozygous hemoglobin variants such as sickle cell trait are not aware that they have the condition at all.</p>
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<p>The key issues to remember about interpreting hemoglobin A1C assays are that hemoglobin A1C is an integral component in the management of patients with diabetes. Patients should have their hemoglobin A1C measured at least every 6 months, and if the therapy is changed, it should be measured more frequently, perhaps as often as every 3 months.
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<p>Dr. David B. Sacks received his medical training at the University of Cape Town in South Africa. He completed residencies in internal medicine at Georgetown University affiliated hospitals in Washington, D.C., and in clinical pathology at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, and is board certified in both disciplines. He received fellowship training in clinical chemistry at Washington University School of Medicine. Later he was an associate professor in the Department of Pathology at Harvard Medical School. He joined the NIH as Chief of Clinical Chemistry in 2011.</p> </div>
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<a class="shr-linkedin no-disclaimer" title="Share this page on LinkedIn" href="#share-page-rail" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">LinkedIn</a>
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<a class="shr-reddit no-disclaimer" title="Share this page on Reddit" href="#share-page-rail" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Reddit</a>
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<a class="shr-pinterest no-disclaimer" title="Share this page on Pinterest" href="#share-page-rail" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Pinterest</a>
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<script src="/_ux/niddk/9.37.0/scripts/modules/social-share.js" type="module"></script>
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|
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<section class="search">
|
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<h3>Search</h3>
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<form method="get" action="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice" class="blog-search">
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<input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search Blog…" aria-label="Keywords" />
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<button type="submit">Search</button>
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</section>
|
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<section class="about">
|
||
<h3>About</h3>
|
||
<strong>Diabetes Discoveries and Practice Blog</strong><br>
|
||
Dialogue with thought leaders on emerging trends in diabetes care
|
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</section>
|
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<section class="tags foldable">
|
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<h3>Tags</h3>
|
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<div>
|
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<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=patient+communication">Patient Communication</a>
|
||
<span class="count">61</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=research+advancements">Research Advancements</a>
|
||
<span class="count">43</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=complications+of+diabetes">Complications of Diabetes</a>
|
||
<span class="count">36</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=medication+and+monitoring">Medication and Monitoring</a>
|
||
<span class="count">30</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=diabetes+prevention">Diabetes Prevention</a>
|
||
<span class="count">24</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=obesity+and+weight+management">Obesity and Weight Management</a>
|
||
<span class="count">23</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=patient+self-management">Patient Self-Management</a>
|
||
<span class="count">22</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=practice+transformation">Practice Transformation</a>
|
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<span class="count">22</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=type+1+diabetes">Type 1 Diabetes</a>
|
||
<span class="count">18</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=new+technologies">New Technologies</a>
|
||
<span class="count">16</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="fold">More tags</div>
|
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<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=diabetic+kidney+disease">Diabetic Kidney Disease</a>
|
||
<span class="count">15</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=nutrition">Nutrition</a>
|
||
<span class="count">15</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=social+determinants+of+health">Social Determinants of Health</a>
|
||
<span class="count">15</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=shared+decision-making">Shared Decision-Making</a>
|
||
<span class="count">14</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?tag=community+health">Community Health</a>
|
||
<span class="count">6</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="folded">Fewer tags</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
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<section class="archive foldable">
|
||
<h3>Archive</h3>
|
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|
||
<div class="rowed-columns">
|
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<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=january+2025">Jan. 2025</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=december+2024">Dec. 2024</a>
|
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<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=november+2024">Nov. 2024</a>
|
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<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=october+2024">Oct. 2024</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=september+2024">Sept. 2024</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=august+2024">Aug. 2024</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="fold">More months</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=july+2024">July 2024</a>
|
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<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
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<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=june+2024">June 2024</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=may+2024">May 2024</a>
|
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<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=april+2024">April 2024</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=march+2024">March 2024</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=february+2024">Feb. 2024</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=december+2023">Dec. 2023</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=november+2023">Nov. 2023</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=october+2023">Oct. 2023</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=august+2023">Aug. 2023</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=july+2023">July 2023</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=june+2023">June 2023</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=may+2023">May 2023</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=april+2023">April 2023</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=march+2023">March 2023</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=february+2023">Feb. 2023</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=january+2023">Jan. 2023</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=december+2022">Dec. 2022</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=november+2022">Nov. 2022</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=october+2022">Oct. 2022</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=september+2022">Sept. 2022</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=august+2022">Aug. 2022</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=july+2022">July 2022</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=june+2022">June 2022</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=may+2022">May 2022</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=april+2022">April 2022</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=march+2022">March 2022</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=february+2022">Feb. 2022</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=january+2022">Jan. 2022</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=december+2021">Dec. 2021</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=november+2021">Nov. 2021</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=october+2021">Oct. 2021</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=september+2021">Sept. 2021</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=august+2021">Aug. 2021</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=july+2021">July 2021</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=june+2021">June 2021</a>
|
||
<span class="count">3</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=may+2021">May 2021</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=april+2021">April 2021</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=march+2021">March 2021</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=february+2021">Feb. 2021</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=january+2021">Jan. 2021</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=december+2020">Dec. 2020</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=november+2020">Nov. 2020</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=october+2020">Oct. 2020</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=september+2020">Sept. 2020</a>
|
||
<span class="count">5</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=august+2020">Aug. 2020</a>
|
||
<span class="count">4</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=july+2020">July 2020</a>
|
||
<span class="count">3</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=june+2020">June 2020</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=may+2020">May 2020</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=april+2020">April 2020</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=march+2020">March 2020</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=february+2020">Feb. 2020</a>
|
||
<span class="count">3</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=january+2020">Jan. 2020</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=december+2019">Dec. 2019</a>
|
||
<span class="count">3</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=november+2019">Nov. 2019</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=october+2019">Oct. 2019</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=september+2019">Sept. 2019</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=august+2019">Aug. 2019</a>
|
||
<span class="count">3</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=july+2019">July 2019</a>
|
||
<span class="count">3</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=june+2019">June 2019</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=may+2019">May 2019</a>
|
||
<span class="count">4</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=april+2019">April 2019</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=march+2019">March 2019</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=february+2019">Feb. 2019</a>
|
||
<span class="count">1</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=january+2019">Jan. 2019</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=december+2018">Dec. 2018</a>
|
||
<span class="count">2</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="filter">
|
||
<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=november+2018">Nov. 2018</a>
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<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=september+2018">Sept. 2018</a>
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<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=august+2018">Aug. 2018</a>
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<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=june+2018">June 2018</a>
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<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=march+2018">March 2018</a>
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<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=february+2018">Feb. 2018</a>
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<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=january+2018">Jan. 2018</a>
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<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=december+2017">Dec. 2017</a>
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<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=november+2017">Nov. 2017</a>
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<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=october+2017">Oct. 2017</a>
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<a href="/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice?archive=september+2017">Sept. 2017</a>
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