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<ul><li><a href="/publications/drugfacts/fentanyl" data-mce-href="https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/fentanyl">Fentanyl</a> is a powerful synthetic (lab-made) <a href="/research-topics/opioids" data-mce-href="https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/opioids">opioid</a> that is FDA-approved to treat severe pain related to surgery or complex pain conditions.<a href="#references"><sup>1,2</sup></a> Over the past decade, fentanyl that is made and distributed illegally (sometimes called “illicitly manufactured fentanyl”) and other illegally made synthetic opioids have been increasingly found in the drug supply.<a href="#references"><sup>3,4</sup></a> During this time, fentanyl and related substances have contributed to a dramatic rise in <a href="/research-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates" data-mce-href="https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates">drug overdose deaths</a> in the United States.<a href="#references"><sup>5,6</sup></a></li><li>People both knowingly consume fentanyl and other synthetic opioids and unknowingly consume them when they are mixed into or sold as other drugs, such as heroin, cocaine, or counterfeit pills.<a href="#references"><sup>4,7,8</sup></a> Because fentanyl is about 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine<a href="#references"><sup>9,10,11</sup></a> and a lethal dose of fentanyl can be very small, using a drug that has been contaminated with or replaced by fentanyl can greatly increase one’s risk of overdose.<a href="#references"><sup>6,7</sup></a></li><li>As part of a wide-ranging federal response to the ongoing addiction and <a href="https://www.hhs.gov/overdose-prevention/" data-mce-href="https://www.hhs.gov/overdose-prevention/">overdose public health crisis</a>, NIDA conducts and supports research to better understand, prevent, and respond to individual and public health impacts related to fentanyl and other synthetic opioids. These efforts include research to develop effective <a href="/research-topics/prevention" data-mce-href="https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/prevention">prevention</a>, <a href="/research-topics/treatment" data-mce-href="https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/treatment">treatment</a>, and <a href="/research-topics/harm-reduction" data-mce-href="https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/harm-reduction">harm reduction</a> strategies for people and communities affected by these potent substances.</li></ul></div>
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<div><h3>Featured:</h3><p><a href="/research-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates"><strong>Drug Overdose Deaths: Facts and Figures</strong></a></p><div class="align-center image-medium">
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<p style="margin-bottom:1.2rem;margin-top:-.6rem;">See the impact of fentanyl and other synthetic opioids on drug overdose deaths.</p></div>
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Offers basic facts about the synthetic opioid Fentanyl including how it is abused, its effect on the brain, and other health effects.
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Highlighting the tragic epidemic of overdose deaths among older Black men in Baltimore
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Find More Resources on Fentanyl and Other Synthetic Opioids
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<div><ul><li>Learn more about fentanyl, overdose, and public health from the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/stop-overdose/caring/fentanyl-facts.html" data-mce-href="https://www.cdc.gov/stopoverdose/fentanyl/index.html">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>.</li><li>Learn more about fentanyl from the <a href="https://www.dea.gov/fentanylawareness" data-mce-href="https://www.dea.gov/fentanylawareness">Drug Enforcement Administration</a>.</li><li>Read <a href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a605043.html" data-mce-href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a605043.html">patient health information on prescription fentanyl</a> from MedlinePlus.</li></ul></div>
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<div><ol><li class="long-url-wrap" id="footnote-1">Schug SA, Ting S. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28337672/" data-mce-href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28337672/">Fentanyl formulations in the management of pain: an update</a>. <em>Drugs</em>. 2017;77(7):747-763. doi:10.1007/s40265-017-0727-z</li><li class="long-url-wrap" id="footnote-2">Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, Baldwin GT, Chou R. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36327391/" data-mce-href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36327391/">CDC clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for pain - United States, 2022</a>. <em>MMWR Recomm Rep</em>. 2022;71(3):1-95. Published 2022 Nov 4. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr7103a1</li><li class="long-url-wrap" id="footnote-3">Gladden RM, Martinez P, Seth P. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27560775/" data-mce-href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27560775/">Fentanyl law enforcement submissions and increases in synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths - 27 States, 2013-2014</a>. <em>MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep</em>. 2016;65(33):837-843. Published 2016 Aug 26. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6533a2</li><li class="long-url-wrap" id="footnote-4">Palamar JJ, Ciccarone D, Rutherford C, Keyes KM, Carr TH, Cottler LB. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35370014/" data-mce-href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35370014/">Trends in seizures of powders and pills containing illicit fentanyl in the United States, 2018 through 2021.</a> <em>Drug Alcohol Depend.</em> 2022;234:109398. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109398</li><li class="long-url-wrap" id="footnote-5">CDC WONDER. <a href="http://wonder.cdc.gov/" data-mce-href="http://wonder.cdc.gov/">Multiple Cause of Death 1999-2021</a>. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center on Health Statistics. Released January 2023. Accessed June 2023.</li><li class="long-url-wrap" id="footnote-6">Jones CM, Einstein EB, Compton WM. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29715347/" data-mce-href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29715347/">Changes in synthetic opioid involvement in drug overdose deaths in the United States, 2010-2016</a>. <em>JAMA</em>. 2018;319(17):1819-1821. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.2844</li><li class="long-url-wrap" id="footnote-7">Carroll JJ, Marshall BDL, Rich JD, Green TC. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28578864/" data-mce-href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28578864/">Exposure to fentanyl-contaminated heroin and overdose risk among illicit opioid users in Rhode Island: A mixed methods study</a>.<em> Int J Drug Policy.</em> 2017;46:136-145. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.023</li><li class="long-url-wrap" id="footnote-8">Jones CM, Bekheet F, Park JN, Alexander GC. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33511987/" data-mce-href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33511987/">The evolving overdose epidemic: synthetic opioids and rising stimulant-related harms</a>. <em>Epidemiol Rev</em>. 2020;42(1):154-166. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxaa011</li><li class="long-url-wrap" id="footnote-9">Comer SD, Cahill CM. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30528374/" data-mce-href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30528374/">Fentanyl: receptor pharmacology, abuse potential, and implications for treatment.</a> <em>Neurosci Biobehav Rev</em>. 2019;106:49-57. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.005</li><li class="long-url-wrap" id="footnote-10">Volpe DA, McMahon Tobin GA, Mellon RD, et al. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21215785/" data-mce-href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21215785/">Uniform assessment and ranking of opioid μ receptor binding constants for selected opioid drugs</a>. <em>Regul Toxicol Pharmacol</em>. 2011;59(3):385-390. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.12.007</li><li class="long-url-wrap" id="footnote-11">Higashikawa Y, Suzuki S. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-007-0039-1" data-mce-href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-007-0039-1">Studies on 1-(2-phenethyl)-4-(N-propionylanilino)piperidine (fentanyl) and its related compounds. VI. Structure-analgesic activity relationship for fentanyl, methyl-substituted fentanyls and other analogues</a>. <em>Forensic Toxicol</em>. 2008;26(1):1-5. doi:10.1007/s11419-007-0039-1</li></ol></div>
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