nih-gov/www.nibib.nih.gov/news-events/newsroom/researchers-renew-obsolete-concept-using-folate-cancer-drug-delivery

2118 lines
75 KiB
Text
Raw Permalink Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# ">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="description" content="NIBIB-funded biomedical engineers at the Ohio State University (OSU) have demonstrated a new method for delivering an anti-cancer drug in a study that tested the effect in animal models." />
<meta name="keywords" content="Cancer Drug Delivery Systems" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.nibib.nih.gov/news-events/newsroom/researchers-renew-obsolete-concept-using-folate-cancer-drug-delivery" />
<link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.nibib.nih.gov/node/107996" />
<meta name="generator" content="Drupal 8 (http://drupal.org)" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering" />
<meta property="og:title" content="Researchers renew obsolete concept by using folate for cancer drug delivery" />
<meta property="og:description" content="NIBIB-funded biomedical engineers at the Ohio State University (OSU) have demonstrated a new method for delivering an anti-cancer drug in a study that tested the effect in animal models." />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@NIBIBgov" />
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Researchers renew obsolete concept by using folate for cancer drug delivery" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="NIBIB-funded biomedical engineers at the Ohio State University (OSU) have demonstrated a new method for delivering an anti-cancer drug in a study that tested the effect in animal models." />
<meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" />
<meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" />
<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
<link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/img/favicon-2024.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />
<script>window.a2a_config=window.a2a_config||{};a2a_config.callbacks=[];a2a_config.overlays=[];a2a_config.templates={};</script>
<title>Researchers renew obsolete concept by using folate for cancer drug delivery</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_PGHNMkCzMAYVG6Ibanv-jaFgOXnu9K-JOmZ4DdEVBvQ.css?delta=0&amp;language=en&amp;theme=nibib&amp;include=eJyFUNFuwzAI_CEr-SSEbZLSuGAZ0iV_Pyftpk6KtBd0hw7uAHN2RdlHfINhaioe0IwcWO6UXNuYzIa0UOZOoBM4oF2phL4MfK90yoQod6oQCRo99En5aqiiUIFXjau7CjzZOBa6UjcywpZuMK2SWWZoPN8cjDPBxNtp-r-nN2Q5prVWbb4KO5NB_8N53BE_REzLscm1jh8YOKmE33-wZBKPRdMyfuCQtNGY21qxDHjH7U8jMxadA21eWJaf7puGiYtTz4nVuVsJR47jeYQF283p0fMYfQOUirET" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_aEF6OqZqjqJLoh0a2euYBizjn0L0bvyOyKjN-8ltJN4.css?delta=1&amp;language=en&amp;theme=nibib&amp;include=eJyFUNFuwzAI_CEr-SSEbZLSuGAZ0iV_Pyftpk6KtBd0hw7uAHN2RdlHfINhaioe0IwcWO6UXNuYzIa0UOZOoBM4oF2phL4MfK90yoQod6oQCRo99En5aqiiUIFXjau7CjzZOBa6UjcywpZuMK2SWWZoPN8cjDPBxNtp-r-nN2Q5prVWbb4KO5NB_8N53BE_REzLscm1jh8YOKmE33-wZBKPRdMyfuCQtNGY21qxDHjH7U8jMxadA21eWJaf7puGiYtTz4nVuVsJR47jeYQF283p0fMYfQOUirET" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_11GMEshzEGbOCSQllNQaVK4LkoqZwZLhLy6lyXEy8Gc.css?delta=2&amp;language=en&amp;theme=nibib&amp;include=eJyFUNFuwzAI_CEr-SSEbZLSuGAZ0iV_Pyftpk6KtBd0hw7uAHN2RdlHfINhaioe0IwcWO6UXNuYzIa0UOZOoBM4oF2phL4MfK90yoQod6oQCRo99En5aqiiUIFXjau7CjzZOBa6UjcywpZuMK2SWWZoPN8cjDPBxNtp-r-nN2Q5prVWbb4KO5NB_8N53BE_REzLscm1jh8YOKmE33-wZBKPRdMyfuCQtNGY21qxDHjH7U8jMxadA21eWJaf7puGiYtTz4nVuVsJR47jeYQF283p0fMYfQOUirET" />
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-T4JGL8');</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
</head>
<body class="fontyourface">
<a href="#main-content" class="usa-sr-only focusable">
Skip to main content
</a>
<div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>
<section class="usa-banner">
<div class="usa-overlay"></div>
<section class="usa-banner" aria-label="Official website of the United States government">
<div class="usa-accordion">
<header class="usa-banner__header">
<div class="usa-banner__inner">
<div class="grid-col-auto">
<img
aria-hidden="true" class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/uswds/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="USA flag"/>
</div>
<div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto" aria-hidden="true">
<p class="usa-banner__header-text">
An official website of the United States government
</p>
<p class="usa-banner__header-action">Heres how you know</p>
</div>
<button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-default-default">
<span class="usa-banner__button-text">Heres how you know</span>
</button>
</div>
</header>
<div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner-default-default">
<div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg">
<div class="usa-banner__guidance mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet:grid-col-4 desktop:grid-col-3">
<img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img " src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="Dot gov icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
<div class="usa-media-block__body">
<p>
<strong>Official websites use .gov</strong><br/>A
<strong>.gov</strong>
website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="usa-banner__guidance mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet:grid-col-4 desktop:grid-col-3">
<img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/uswds/img/icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="Lock Icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
<div class="usa-media-block__body">
<p>
<strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong><br/>A
<strong>lock</strong>
(
<span class="icon-lock">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewbox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-description-default" focusable="false">
<title id="banner-lock-title-default">Lock</title>
<desc id="banner-lock-description-default">Locked padlock icon</desc>
<path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/>
</svg>
</span>) or
<strong>https://</strong>
means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<div class="usa-overlay"></div>
<header class="usa-header usa-header--extended usa-header--extended-megamenu " id="header" role="banner">
<div class="region region-header usa-navbar desktop:padding-y-1 desktop:padding-x-0">
<div class="usa-logo site-logo" id="logo">
<a class="logo-img" href="/" accesskey="1" title="National Instititue of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), Home" aria-label="Home">
<img src="/sites/default/files/NIBIB_Logo_Master_2023.svg" alt="National Instititue of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), Home" />
</a>
</div>
<button type="button" class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button>
</div>
<nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav">
<div class="usa-nav__inner">
<button type="button" class="usa-nav__close">
<img src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/uswds/img/usa-icons/close.svg" role="img" alt="Close"/>
</button>
<ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion">
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
<button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-mega-nav-section-1">
<span>Funding </span>
</button>
<div id="extended-mega-nav-section-1" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden="">
<div class="grid-row mm-container">
<div class="desktop:grid-col flex-auto duplicated-parent">
<div class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<span><a href="/funding" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/156661">Funding</a> <span class="uswds-arrow-forward"></span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="grid-row mm-container">
<div class="desktop:grid-col-4 submenu-list-container">
<div class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<span class="nolink"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-heading">FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES</span>
</span>
</div>
<ul id="basic-nav-section-1" class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/funding/opportunities/all" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="funding/opportunities/all"> <span>All Funding Opportunities</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/funding/opportunities/research" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="funding/opportunities/research"> <span>Research Opportunities</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/funding/opportunities/training" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="funding/opportunities/training"> <span>Training Opportunities</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/funding/opportunities/small-business" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="funding/opportunities/small-business"> <span>Small Business Opportunities</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/funding/opportunities/limited-resource-Institutions" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="funding/opportunities/limited-resource-Institutions"> <span>Limited-resource Institutions</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="desktop:grid-col-4 submenu-list-container">
<div class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<span class="nolink"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-heading">FUNDING RESOURCES</span>
</span>
</div>
<ul id="basic-nav-section-2" class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/funding/notices" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="funding/notices"> <span>Funding Notices</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/funding/policies" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/147366"> <span>Funding Policies</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/funding/nibib-data-management-sharing" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/138366"> <span>NIBIB Data Management and Sharing </span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/funding/resources" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/147391"> <span>Research Resources</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
<button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-mega-nav-section-2">
<span>Research &amp; Training Programs </span>
</button>
<div id="extended-mega-nav-section-2" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden="">
<div class="grid-row mm-container">
<div class="desktop:grid-col flex-auto duplicated-parent">
<div class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<span><a href="/programs" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/156656">Research &amp; Training Programs</a> <span class="uswds-arrow-forward"></span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="grid-row mm-container">
<div class="desktop:grid-col-4 submenu-list-container">
<div class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<span class="nolink"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-heading">PROGRAMS</span>
</span>
</div>
<ul id="basic-nav-section-1" class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/programs/division-applied-science-technology-dast" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/41841"> <span>Biomedical Imaging</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/programs/division-discovery-science-technology-ddst" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/142251"> <span>Bioengineering</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/programs/division-health-informatics-technologies-dhit" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/41846"> <span>Informatics</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/programs/division-interdisciplinary-training-didt" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/47546"> <span>Training</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/programs/small-business-programs" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/156681"> <span>Small Business</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="desktop:grid-col-4 submenu-list-container">
<div class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<span class="nolink"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-heading">COLLABORATIONS TO ACCELERATE TECHNOLOGY</span>
</span>
</div>
<ul id="basic-nav-section-2" class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/programs/radx-innovation-funnel" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/146966"> <span>RADx Tech Innovation Funnel</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/programs/interagency-modeling-analysis-group-imag" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/121821"> <span>Interagency Modeling and Analysis Group (IMAG)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/programs/point-care-technologies-research-network" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/121936"> <span>Point-of-Care Technology Network (POCTRN)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/programs/medical-imaging-data-resource-center" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/127326"> <span>Medical Imaging Data Resource (MIDRC)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/programs/radx-tech-program/mars" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/133076"> <span>RADx Mobile At-home Reporting (MARS)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/programs/national-centers-biomedical-imaging-bioengineering" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/143396"> <span>National Technology Centers Program (P41)</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
<button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-mega-nav-section-3">
<span>Labs @ NIBIB </span>
</button>
<div id="extended-mega-nav-section-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden="">
<div class="grid-row mm-container">
<div class="desktop:grid-col flex-auto duplicated-parent">
<div class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<span><a href="/labs-at-nibib" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/156726">Labs @ NIBIB</a> <span class="uswds-arrow-forward"></span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="grid-row mm-container">
<div class="desktop:grid-col-4 submenu-list-container">
<div class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<span class="nolink"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-heading">RESOURCES AND CORES</span>
</span>
</div>
<ul id="basic-nav-section-1" class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/labs-at-nibib/center-for-biomedical-engineering-technology-acceleration-beta" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/140991"> <span>BETA Center</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/labs-at-nibib/advanced-imaging-and-microscopy-aim-resource" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/69321"> <span>Advanced Imaging/Microscopy</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/labs-at-nibib/trans-nih-shared-resource-biomedical-engineering-and-physical-science-beps" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13551"> <span>Biomed Engineering/Physical Science</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/labs-at-nibib/ideas-lab" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/135571"> <span>IDEAS Resource</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/labs-at-nibib/molecular-tracer-and-imaging-core-facility" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/138926"> <span>Molecular Tracer and Imaging Core</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="desktop:grid-col-4 submenu-list-container">
<div class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<span class="nolink"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-heading">LABS</span>
</span>
</div>
<ul id="basic-nav-section-2" class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/labs-at-nibib/laboratory-cellular-imaging-and-macromolecular-biophysics-lcimb" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/141566"> <span>Cellular Imaging</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/labs-at-nibib/dynamics-macromolecular-assembly" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/138901"> <span>Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/labs-at-nibib/section-immunoengineering" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/138956"> <span>Immunoengineering</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/labs-at-nibib/section-mechanics-tissue-remodeling-integrating-computational-experimental-systems" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/144586"> <span>Mechanics and Tissue Remodeling</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/labs-at-nibib/section-mechanobiology" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/138971"> <span>Mechanobiology</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/labs-at-nibib/quantitative-medical-imaging" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/138916"> <span>Quantitative Imaging</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="desktop:grid-col-4 submenu-list-container">
<div class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<span target="_self" class="nolink"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-heading">RELATED LINKS</span>
</span>
</div>
<ul id="basic-nav-section-3" class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/labs-at-nibib/besip" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/34251"> <span>Summer Internship at NIBIB</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/labs-at-nibib/nibib-board-scientific-counselors" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/32501"> <span>Board of Scientific Counselors</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
<button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-mega-nav-section-4">
<span>Science Education </span>
</button>
<div id="extended-mega-nav-section-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden="">
<div class="grid-row mm-container">
<div class="desktop:grid-col flex-auto duplicated-parent">
<div class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<span><a href="/science-education" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/156666">Science Education</a> <span class="uswds-arrow-forward"></span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="grid-row mm-container">
<div class="desktop:grid-col-4 submenu-list-container">
<div class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<span target="_self" class="nolink"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-heading">SCIENCE TOPICS</span>
</span>
</div>
<ul id="basic-nav-section-1" class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/science-education/science-topics/artificial-intelligence-ai" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/114791"> <span>Artificial Intelligence (AI)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/science-education/science-topics/biomaterial-technologies" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/156766"> <span>Biomaterial Technologies</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/science-education/science-topics/computational-modeling" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/31416"> <span>Computational Modeling</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/science-education/science-topics/computed-tomography-ct" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18996"> <span>Computed Tomography (CT) </span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/science-education/science-topics/magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18786"> <span>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/science-education/science-topics/mammography" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/19036"> <span>Mammography</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/science-education/science-topics/medical-device-technologies" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/156341"> <span>Medical Device Technologies</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/science-education/science-topics/medical-simulators" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/156431"> <span>Medical Simulators</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="desktop:grid-col-4 submenu-list-container">
<div class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<span class="nolink"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-heading">SCIENCE TOPICS cont…</span>
</span>
</div>
<ul id="basic-nav-section-2" class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/science-education/science-topics/nuclear-medicine" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18831"> <span>Nuclear Medicine</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/science-education/science-topics/optical-imaging" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/31426"> <span>Optical Imaging</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/science-education/science-topics/rapid-diagnostics" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/157006"> <span>Rapid Diagnostics</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/science-education/science-topics/rehabilitation-engineering" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/30891"> <span>Rehabilitation Engineering</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/science-education/science-topics/robotic-and-bionic-medical-devices" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/153676"> <span>Robotic and Bionic Medical Devices</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/science-education/science-topics/sensors" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/34241"> <span>Sensors</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/science-education/science-topics/telehealth" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/33346"> <span>Telehealth</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/science-education/science-topics/ultrasound" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18766"> <span>Ultrasound</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/science-education/science-topics/x-rays" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/19176"> <span>X-Rays</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="desktop:grid-col-4 submenu-list-container">
<div class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<span class="nolink"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-heading">EXPLORE and LEARN</span>
</span>
</div>
<ul id="basic-nav-section-3" class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/Understanding-Medical-Scans-App" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/68546"> <span>Medical Imaging App</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/science-education/beams-challenge" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/143486"> <span>Lesson Plans</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/science-education/meet-a-scientist" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/141721"> <span>Meet a Scientist</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLYH1eUq1QYrqrvA6HRRgKHcPsoJoJA6Kj" target="_blank" class="link"> <span>Featured Videos</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/science-education/glossary" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="science-education/glossary"> <span>Glossary</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
<button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-mega-nav-section-5">
<span>News &amp; Events </span>
</button>
<div id="extended-mega-nav-section-5" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden="">
<div class="grid-row mm-container">
<div class="desktop:grid-col flex-auto duplicated-parent">
<div class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<span><a href="/news-events" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/156671">News &amp; Events</a> <span class="uswds-arrow-forward"></span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="grid-row mm-container">
<div class="desktop:grid-col-4 submenu-list-container">
<div class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<span target="_self" class="nolink"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-heading">NEWS</span>
</span>
</div>
<ul id="basic-nav-section-1" class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/news-events/newsroom" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="news-events/newsroom"> <span>Newsroom</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/news-events/press-releases" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="news-events/press-releases"> <span>Press Releases</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/news-events/science-highlights" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="news-events/science-highlights"> <span>Science Highlights</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/news-events/nibib-news" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="news-events/nibib-news"> <span>NIBIB in the News</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="desktop:grid-col-4 submenu-list-container">
<div class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<span class="nolink"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-heading">EVENTS</span>
</span>
</div>
<ul id="basic-nav-section-2" class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/news-events/meetings-events/upcoming-events" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="news-events/meetings-events/upcoming-events"> <span>Upcoming Events</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/news-events/meetings-events/past-events" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="news-events/meetings-events/past-events"> <span>Past Events</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/news-events/meetings-events/photo-galleries" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="news-events/meetings-events/photo-galleries"> <span>Event Photos</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="desktop:grid-col-4 submenu-list-container">
<div class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<span target="_self" class="nolink"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-heading">MEDIA RESOURCES</span>
</span>
</div>
<ul id="basic-nav-section-3" class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/science-education/science-topics" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/131271"> <span>Science Topics</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="mailto:nibibpress@mail.nih.gov" target="_self" class="link"> <span>Contact Us</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
<button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-mega-nav-section-6">
<span>About NIBIB </span>
</button>
<div id="extended-mega-nav-section-6" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden="">
<div class="grid-row mm-container">
<div class="desktop:grid-col flex-auto duplicated-parent">
<div class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<span><a href="/about-nibib" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/156676">About NIBIB</a> <span class="uswds-arrow-forward"></span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="grid-row mm-container">
<div class="desktop:grid-col-4 submenu-list-container">
<div class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<span target="_self" class="nolink"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-heading">WHO WE ARE</span>
</span>
</div>
<ul id="basic-nav-section-1" class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/about-nibib/mission" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/79861"> <span>Mission &amp; History</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/about-nibib/directors-corner" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/121791"> <span>Director&#039;s Corner</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/about-nibib/organizational-chart" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18836"> <span>Organization Chart</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/about-nibib/advisory-council" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/876"> <span>Advisory Council</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/about-nibib/careers-at-NIBIB" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/131241"> <span>Jobs @ NIBIB</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="desktop:grid-col-4 submenu-list-container">
<div class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<span target="_self" class="nolink"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-heading">WHAT WE DO</span>
</span>
</div>
<ul id="basic-nav-section-2" class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/about-nibib/strategic-plan" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/11846"> <span>Strategic Plan</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
<a href="/about-nibib/budget" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/911"> <span>Budget</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="usa-nav__secondary">
<div>
<section aria-label="search component" id="nibib-header-search" data-drupal-selector="search-block-form" role="search">
<form id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="usa-search usa-search--small" role="search" action="/searching" method="get">
<label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-field-en-small">Search</label>
<input aria-label="Search" class="usa-input" id="edit-keys" data-drupal-selector="edit-keys" data-original-title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." data-toggle="tooltip" type="search" name="q" value="" tabindex="-1"/>
<button class="usa-button js-form-submit form-submit" name="search_btn" type="submit" value="Search" tabindex="-1">
<img src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/uswds/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search" />
</button>
</form>
</section>
</div>
<ul class="header-nav__secondary-list">
<li class="header-nav__secondary-item">
<a href="/es/nibib-en-espanol"> En Español
</a>
</li>
<li class="header-nav__secondary-item">
<a target="_blank" class="link-list-serve" href="https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIBIB/subscriber/edit?preferences=true#tab1"> Join LISTSERV
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
</header>
<main class="main-content usa-layout-docs usa-section " role="main" id="main-content">
<div class="grid-container">
<div class="grid-row breadcrumb-social-share-bar">
<div class="tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-8">
<div>
<div id="block-breadcrumbs" class="block block-system block-system-breadcrumb-block">
<nav class="usa-breadcrumb--wrap" role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumb">
<ol class="usa-breadcrumb__list">
<li class="usa-breadcrumb__list-item">
<a href="/" class="usa-breadcrumb__link"><span>Home</span></a>
</li>
<li class="usa-breadcrumb__list-item">
<a href="/news-events" class="usa-breadcrumb__link"><span>News &amp; Events</span></a>
</li>
<li class="usa-breadcrumb__list-item">
<a href="/news-events/newsroom" class="usa-breadcrumb__link"><span>Newsroom</span></a>
</li>
</ol>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4">
<div>
<div id="block-addtoanysharebuttons" class="block block-addtoany block-addtoany-block">
<span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.nibib.nih.gov/news-events/newsroom/researchers-renew-obsolete-concept-using-folate-cancer-drug-delivery" data-a2a-title="Researchers renew obsolete concept by using folate for cancer drug delivery"><a class="a2a_button_email"><span class="a2a_svg a2a_s_a2a a2a_s_email a2a-box"><img src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/img/email-a2a.svg" border="0" alt="Facebook" width="27" height="27"></span></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"><span class="a2a_svg a2a_s_a2a a2a_s_facebook a2a-box"><img src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/img/facebook-a2a.svg" border="0" alt="Facebook" width="27" height="27"></span></a><a class="a2a_button_linkedin"><span class="a2a_svg a2a_s_a2a a2a_s_linkedin a2a-box"><img src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/img/linkedin-a2a.svg" border="0" alt="Facebook" width="27" height="27"></span></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"><span class="a2a_svg a2a_s_a2a a2a_s_x a2a-box"><img src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/img/x-a2a.svg" border="0" alt="Facebook" width="27" height="27"></span
</a><a class="a2a_button_whatsapp"><span class="a2a_svg a2a_s_a2a a2a_s_whatsapp a2a-box"><img src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/img/whatsapp-a2a.svg" border="0" alt="Facebook" width="27" height="27"></span></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share"><span class="a2a_svg a2a_s_a2a a2a_s_share a2a-box"><img src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/img/share-a2a.svg" border="0" alt="Share" width="27" height="27"></span></a></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div>
</div>
<div class="grid-row ">
</div>
<div class="grid-row grid-gap">
<div class="usa-layout-docs__main desktop:grid-col-fill">
<div id="block-nibib-page-title" class="block--page-title-block">
<h1 class="margin-0 page-header">
<span>Researchers renew obsolete concept by using folate for cancer drug delivery</span>
</h1>
</div>
<div id="block-nibib-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block">
<article data-history-node-id="107996" about="/news-events/newsroom/researchers-renew-obsolete-concept-using-folate-cancer-drug-delivery" class="news node node--type-news is-promoted full clearfix">
<div class="content">
<div class="grid-row">
<div class="grid-col flex-auto news--type-date"><strong>
<div class="field field--name-field-news-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item">Science Highlights</div>
</strong></div>
<div class="grid-col flex-auto news--type-date"><strong>
<div class="field field--name-field-publication-date field--type-datetime field--label-hidden field__item">September 6, 2019</div>
</strong></div>
</div>
<h3> Effective therapy achieved by technique that avoids cell endosome trap </h3>
<div id="node--news--more-from-author">
<h3>Media Contacts</h3>
<p>Raymond MacDougall<br/>
<a href="mailto:nibibpress@mail.nih.gov">nibibpress@mail.nih.gov</a><br/>
<a href="tel:301-496-3500">301-496-3500</a><br/>
<a href="/more-content-by/raymond-macdougall">More by this author</a></p>
</div>
<div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>NIBIB-funded biomedical engineers at the Ohio State University (OSU) have demonstrated a new method for delivering an anti-cancer drug in a study that tested the effect in animal models. When formulated within a membrane sac, called an exosome, and when paired with the B-vitamin folate, the anti-cancer drug can enter the cell without being sealed off within the cell by another sac, called an endosome. Endosome trapping has been a formidable challenge to overcome in drug delivery.</p>
<p>The approach, developed with support from the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI), both at NIH, works on the principle that receptors for folate are expressed in abundance on cancer cells, but to a more moderate degree on healthy cells. In their report in the August 22, 2019 online Journal of Controlled Release, the authors suggest that their approach, tested on mice, will renew the interest in folate as a broad target for human cancer therapy.</p>
<p>“Folate targeting has been an elusive approach to cancer therapy,” said David Rampulla, Ph.D., director of the NIBIB Division of Discovery Science and Technology. “This team has demonstrated an efficient drug delivery system and shown how a nanoparticle combined with folate can efficiently target cancer cells. It is the kind of advance that could represent the basis for much-needed cancer therapies.”</p>
<p>Folate is a B-vitamin required for synthesis and cell division. Because of the heightened expression of folate receptors on cancer cells, folate has been widely proposed for targeted cancer therapy for 25 years, having been tested extensively in studies with breast, lung, ovarian, colorectal, and head and neck cancers. Typical approaches pair folate with an anti-cancer drug, such as a nanoparticle of interfering RNA, which has the potential to disrupt the genetic machinery within cancer cells.</p>
<p>Ideally, folate is recognized by receptors on the cell membrane, which allows the anti-cancer nanoparticle to gain access to the cell. However, researchers have encountered the challenge that therapeutics delivered via the folate receptor pathway become trapped within the endosome sac. Thus, in the past, the use of folate for specific drug delivery has not been successful.</p>
<p>The OSU team, led by senior author Peixuan Guo, Ph.D., the Sylvan G. Frank Endowed Chair in Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery, applied an alternate approach to delivering the interfering RNA to the cell. They put interfering RNA nanoparticles into an exosome with folate on its surface. Upon contact with the cancer cell membrane, the exosome specifically binds to and fuses with the cancer cells membrane, releasing its therapeutic contents into the watery component of the cytoplasm (cytosol).</p>
<p>The research team had previously demonstrated that the approach could be effective in impeding breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers in mice. That study was published Dec. 11, 2017, in Nature Nanotechnology.</p>
<p>In their present study, the researchers took the next step, conducting tests to further elucidate&nbsp; the treatment delivery method. To show that folate receptors enhance delivery of the interfering RNA nanoparticles when they are delivered as a component of the exosome, they paired folate with an interfering RNA called survivin siRNA, which disrupts a protein in cancer cells that can inhibit cell death. Cancer occurs when cells do not die and proliferate out-of-control. They used optical fluorescent imaging technology to capture the effect of the treatment delivery via exosome compared to delivery of the survivin siRNA without an exosome. The imaging showed that the exosome delivery permitted the treatment to be distributed throughout the cell.</p>
<p>To determine whether folate receptors on cancer cells can be specifically targeted, the team applied the treatment in cervical cancer in mice. Those mice treated with folate and survivin siRNA bound within an exosome had reduced tumor growth, confirming the effectiveness of the new cancer treatment approach.“The therapeutic effect is surprisingly high,” Guo said. “This finding will be a revolution to renew an obsolete concept in using folate as a specific targeting agent in cancer therapy.”</p>
<figure role="group" class="align-center">
<img alt="Cancer cell images with fluorescence" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="aa86401e-6bd8-4dee-a674-1e895691c1cb" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/Folate%20delivery%20slide2redu_0.jpg" width="500" height="272"></p>
<figcaption>Images of cancer tumor cells taken with a confocal laser scanning microscope. The top row of images show that the anti-cancer formulation delivered directly becomes trapped within endosomes inside the cell (bright spots in the first row of images). The bottom row shows effective delivery of the exosome formulation of the anti-cancer treatment with interfering RNA. <em>Image: Guo Lab, OSU.</em></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>The team received support from NIBIB (EB019036) and NCI (CA151648, CA207946, CA186100, CA 168505, CA209045) in conducting this research.</p>
<p>Article: Folate-displaying exosome mediated cytosolic delivery of siRNA avoiding endosome trapping. Zheng Z, Li Z, Xu C, Guo B, Guo P. Journal of Controlled Release. 2019 Aug 22.</p>
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</main>
<footer class="usa-footer usa-footer--big">
<div class="usa-footer__primary-section">
<div class="grid-container pre-footer">
<div class="prefooter-row">
<div class="pre-footer-col">
<div>
<nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-nibib-prefootermenu1-menu" id="block-nibib-prefootermenu1">
<h2 id="block-nibib-prefootermenu1-menu">Research</h2>
<ul class="menu menu--pre-footer-menu-1 nav">
<li class="first">
<a href="/programs/division-interdisciplinary-training-didt/debut" class="first" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/121961">DEBUT</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/funding/opportunities/all" data-drupal-link-system-path="funding/opportunities/all">Funding Opportunities</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/labs-at-nibib" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/156726">Labs@NIBIB</a>
</li>
<li class="last">
<a href="/programs/division-interdisciplinary-training-didt" class="last" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/47546">Training</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pre-footer-col">
<div>
<nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-nibib-prefootermenu2-menu" id="block-nibib-prefootermenu2">
<h2 id="block-nibib-prefootermenu2-menu">EXPLORE</h2>
<ul class="menu menu--pre-footer-menu-2 nav">
<li class="first">
<a href="/news-events/newsroom" class="first" data-drupal-link-system-path="news-events/newsroom">Newsroom</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/news-events/meetings-events/upcoming-events" data-drupal-link-system-path="news-events/meetings-events/upcoming-events">Events</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/science-education" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/156666">Science Education</a>
</li>
<li class="last">
<a href="/about-nibib/strategic-plan" class="last" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/11846">Strategic Plan</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pre-footer-col">
<div>
<nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-nibib-prefootermenu3-menu" id="block-nibib-prefootermenu3">
<h2 id="block-nibib-prefootermenu3-menu">SITE INFO</h2>
<ul class="menu menu--pre-footer-menu-3 nav">
<li class="first">
<a href="/disclaimer" class="first" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18756">Disclaimer</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/policies" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18761">Policies</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/sitemap" data-drupal-link-system-path="sitemap">Sitemap</a>
</li>
<li class="last">
<a href="/about-nibib/staff" class="last" data-drupal-link-system-path="about-nibib/staff">Staff Directory</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pre-footer-col">
<div>
<div id="block-nibib-listserv" class="block block-simple-block block-simple-blockprefooter-block-4">
<h2 class="block-title" >LISTSERV</h2>
<div class="usa-sign-up">
<form class="usa-form" accept-charset="UTF-8" action="https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIBIB/subscribers/qualify" id="GD-snippet-form" method="post">
<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓">
<input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="3VodVbPSwVMsPIIUJqtTROIeRmelSDuxCCzkKeiQhgJhy86M45yuIBHV3dt6P927jW7W5igGxTijSVid0BSqLQ=="> Get the latest NIBIB news and updates <label class="usa-sr-only" for="email">Email Address</label><br />
<input class="usa-input" id="email" name="email" placeholder="Email Address" type="text">
<input class="usa-button usa-button--secondary" name="commit" type="submit" value="Submit">&nbsp;</p>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="footer-agency">
<div class="grid-container">
<div class="grid-row">
<div class="usa-footer__logo footer-agency--column">
<div class="mobile-lg:grid-col-auto">
<a href="https://nibib.nih.gov">
<img class="usa-footer__logo-img" src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/img/NIBIB_Logo_Master_2024-footer.png" alt="Agency logo">
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="footer-agency--column">
<div class="usa-footer__contact-links ">
<div class="usa-footer__contact-links-title">
<h5>STAY IN TOUCH</h5>
</div>
<div class="usa-footer__social-links grid-row grid-gap-1">
<div class="grid-col-auto">
<a class="usa-social-link usa-social-link--facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/nibibgov">
<img class="usa-social-link__icon" src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/uswds/img/usa-icons/facebook.svg" alt="Facebook">
</a>
</div>
<div class="grid-col-auto">
<a class="usa-social-link usa-social-link--twitter" href="https://twitter.com/nibibgov">
<img class="usa-social-link__icon" src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/uswds/img/usa-icons/x.svg" alt="Twitter">
</a>
</div>
<div class="grid-col-auto">
<a class="usa-social-link usa-social-link--youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NIBIBTV">
<img class="usa-social-link__icon" src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/uswds/img/usa-icons/youtube.svg" alt="YouTube">
</a>
</div>
<div class="grid-col-auto">
<a class="usa-social-link usa-social-link--linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/national-institute-of-biomedical-imaging-and-bioengineering-nibib/">
<img class="usa-social-link__icon" src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/uswds/img/usa-icons/linkedin.svg" alt="LinkedIn">
</a>
</div>
<div class="grid-col-auto">
<a class="usa-social-link usa-social-link--rss" href="https://www.nibib.nih.gov/rss-feeds">
<img class="usa-social-link__icon" src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/uswds/img/usa-icons/rss_feed.svg" alt="RSS">
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="usa-footer__contact-links-contact">
<a href="/contact-us">Contact Us</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="usa-footer__secondary-section">
<div class="grid-container">
<div class="grid-row">
<div class="pre-footer-col-fill">
<p class="margin-0"><a href="/">nibib.nih.gov</a><br/><em>An official website of the <Span class="link-underlined"><a href="https://www.nih.gov">National Institutes of Health</a></span> and the <Span class="link-underlined"><a href="https://www.hhs.gov">Department of Health and Human Services</a></span></em></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="grid-container">
<div class="grid-row bottom-footer-links">
<div class="tablet:grid-col-12">
<nav class="usa-footer__nav usa-identifier__container">
<div class="grid-row ">
<div class="mobile-lg:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 footer-menu-item">
<strong><a href="https://www.nih.gov/about-nih" class="link usa-footer_secondary-link">About NIH</a></strong>
<ul class="usa-list usa-list--unstyled">
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mobile-lg:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 footer-menu-item">
<strong><a href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office" class="link usa-footer_secondary-link">FOIA requests</a></strong>
<ul class="usa-list usa-list--unstyled">
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mobile-lg:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 footer-menu-item">
<strong><a href="https://oig.hhs.gov/" class="link usa-footer_secondary-link">Office of the Inspector General</a></strong>
<ul class="usa-list usa-list--unstyled">
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mobile-lg:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 footer-menu-item">
<strong><a href="https://www.nih.gov/privacy-policy" class="link usa-footer_secondary-link">Privacy policy</a></strong>
<ul class="usa-list usa-list--unstyled">
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mobile-lg:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 footer-menu-item">
<strong><a href="https://www.nih.gov/accessibility" class="link usa-footer_secondary-link">Accessibility statement</a></strong>
<ul class="usa-list usa-list--unstyled">
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mobile-lg:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 footer-menu-item">
<strong><a href="https://www.edi.nih.gov/no-fear-act" class="link usa-footer_secondary-link">No FEAR Act data</a></strong>
<ul class="usa-list usa-list--unstyled">
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mobile-lg:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 footer-menu-item">
<strong><a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html" class="link usa-footer_secondary-link">Vulnerability Disclosure</a></strong>
<ul class="usa-list usa-list--unstyled">
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="grid-container ">
<div class="grid-row">
<div class="pre-footer-col-fill">
<p class="margin-0">Looking for U.S. government information and services? <Span class="link-underlined"><a href="https://USA.gov">Visit USA.gov</a></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</footer>
</div>
<script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/107996","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJyFUEFywzAI_JBqPYlBEnaIFdAInMS_r-24nRzS6UWzC4t2AUtxRVkjnmAYu4oHNCMHlitl1x6z2ZBnKrwR2Ajs0D6phB4GvjY6ZEJUNqqQCDrd9E7l01BDoQqvNy3uKnBn41Tpk7qTEfZ8gXGRwjJB5-niYFwIRn4epv97ekeWfVpb0-6LsDMZbHc4ltvjh4R53n9ybfENA2eVP5tXC7-nYikknqrmOb7hkLVTLH1pWIfCWHUa8IrPQE-vLPNP66Rh5Oq0xcbmvDkLJ07x2MlOMlVNWL8sd27vRTPs60kXexQLtprTbUtsFI4K7DCOHW_00D5_AzYa0e4","theme":"nibib","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":[],"back_to_top":{"back_to_top_button_trigger":100,"back_to_top_speed":1200,"back_to_top_prevent_on_mobile":true,"back_to_top_prevent_in_admin":false,"back_to_top_button_type":"image","back_to_top_button_text":"Scroll to top"},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":true,"extTargetAppendNewWindowLabel":"(opens in a new window)","extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":true,"extTitleNoOverride":false,"extNoreferrer":false,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"(.)\\.gov\/(.)|(.)\\.gov","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":".social_media_share_icons, ul.we-mega-menu-ul, .path-research-funding .main-container.container .row .col-sm-12 .dynamic-layouts-container .dynamic-layout-row.rows_one_col_one_two .col_two_row_one:nth-child(2) section.block.block-block-content:nth-child(1), .path-taxonomy .main-container.container .row .col-sm-12 .dynamic-layouts-container .dynamic-layout-row.rows_one_col_one_two .col_two_row_one:nth-child(2) section.block.block-block-content:nth-child(1),\r\n.path-frontpage .main-container.container .region.region-content #block-nibib-homepage-slider.background-gradient\r\n.carousel.slide .carousel-indicators li","extCssInclude":"","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"You are leaving the NIBIB website.\r\nThis external link provides additional information that is consistent with the intended purpose of this site. NIBIB cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal site. Linking to a non-federal site does not constitute an endorsement by NIBIB or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the site. \r\nYou will be subject to the destination site`s privacy policy when you follow the link.","extHideIcons":false,"mailtoClass":"mailto","telClass":"tel","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","telLabel":"(link is a phone number)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extPreventOrphan":false,"extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","extAdditionalLinkClasses":"","extAdditionalMailtoClasses":"","extAdditionalTelClasses":"","extFaTelClasses":"fa fa-phone","whitelistedDomains":[],"extExcludeNoreferrer":""}},"mediaelement":{"attachSitewide":0,"setDimensions":1},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"5d02273f88884bb823a737a4f2b97e7e823a3c5950c86691a545715b47c2093d"}}</script>
<script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_zBFxPNXr1NS-kanX453YeOx3wxq1--Bx50GXYmPRzHk.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=0&amp;language=en&amp;theme=nibib&amp;include=eJxNiUEOwjAMBD8UkidVm7hUbq04sl3R_h4OQSDtYWYWRKHod8GE_DTtkSrasYR-NsofL7unprYWsnNAMjFEt4wdV1qvEO7H95qaOleuZROtkIc34xH-i-6we-rpL_I3FFQ4SA"></script>
<script src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js" defer></script>
<script src="/sites/default/files/js/js__GbrvRvcTy8JkqPPbsvklrpF4XgTLmWwxa_7yejIe4Q.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=2&amp;language=en&amp;theme=nibib&amp;include=eJxNiUEOwjAMBD8UkidVm7hUbq04sl3R_h4OQSDtYWYWRKHod8GE_DTtkSrasYR-NsofL7unprYWsnNAMjFEt4wdV1qvEO7H95qaOleuZROtkIc34xH-i-6we-rpL_I3FFQ4SA"></script>
</body>
</html>