2199 lines
83 KiB
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2199 lines
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||
<a href="/Understanding-Medical-Scans-App" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/68546"> <span>Medical Imaging App</span>
|
||
</a>
|
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|
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|
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<a href="/science-education/beams-challenge" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/143486"> <span>Lesson Plans</span>
|
||
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|
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<a href="/science-education/meet-a-scientist" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/141721"> <span>Meet a Scientist</span>
|
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<a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLYH1eUq1QYrqrvA6HRRgKHcPsoJoJA6Kj" target="_blank" class="link"> <span>Featured Videos</span>
|
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<a href="/science-education/glossary" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="science-education/glossary"> <span>Glossary</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
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|
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|
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</div>
|
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|
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<span>News & Events </span>
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<a href="/news-events/newsroom" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="news-events/newsroom"> <span>Newsroom</span>
|
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<a href="/news-events/meetings-events/photo-galleries" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="news-events/meetings-events/photo-galleries"> <span>Event Photos</span>
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</a>
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<span target="_self" class="nolink"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-heading">MEDIA RESOURCES</span>
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|
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<a href="/science-education/science-topics" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/131271"> <span>Science Topics</span>
|
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</a>
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<a href="mailto:nibibpress@mail.nih.gov" target="_self" class="link"> <span>Contact Us</span>
|
||
</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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</ul>
|
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</div>
|
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|
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
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<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
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<span>About NIBIB </span>
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<span><a href="/about-nibib" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/156676">About NIBIB</a> <span class="uswds-arrow-forward"></span></span>
|
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
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<div class="grid-row mm-container">
|
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<div class="desktop:grid-col-4 submenu-list-container">
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<span target="_self" class="nolink"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-heading">WHO WE ARE</span>
|
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</span>
|
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<ul id="basic-nav-section-1" class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
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<a href="/about-nibib/mission" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/79861"> <span>Mission & History</span>
|
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<a href="/about-nibib/directors-corner" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/121791"> <span>Director's Corner</span>
|
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<a href="/about-nibib/advisory-council" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/876"> <span>Advisory Council</span>
|
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<a href="/about-nibib/careers-at-NIBIB" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/131241"> <span>Jobs @ NIBIB</span>
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</a>
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<a href="/about-nibib/strategic-plan" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/11846"> <span>Strategic Plan</span>
|
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</a>
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<a href="/about-nibib/budget" target="_self" class="link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/911"> <span>Budget</span>
|
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</a>
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</li>
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</div>
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</div>
|
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</div>
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</li>
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<div class="usa-nav__secondary">
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<div>
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<section aria-label="search component" id="nibib-header-search" data-drupal-selector="search-block-form" role="search">
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<form id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="usa-search usa-search--small" role="search" action="/searching" method="get">
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<label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-field-en-small">Search</label>
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<input aria-label="Search" class="usa-input" id="edit-keys" data-drupal-selector="edit-keys" data-original-title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." data-toggle="tooltip" type="search" name="q" value="" tabindex="-1"/>
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<img src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/uswds/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search" />
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<a href="/es/nibib-en-espanol"> En Español
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<a target="_blank" class="link-list-serve" href="https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIBIB/subscriber/edit?preferences=true#tab1"> Join LISTSERV
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|
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|
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<div id="block-addtoanysharebuttons" class="block block-addtoany block-addtoany-block">
|
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|
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|
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<span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.nibib.nih.gov/espanol/temas-cientificos/rayos-x" data-a2a-title="Rayos X"><a class="a2a_button_email"><span class="a2a_svg a2a_s_a2a a2a_s_email a2a-box"><img src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/img/email-a2a.svg" border="0" alt="Facebook" width="27" height="27"></span></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"><span class="a2a_svg a2a_s_a2a a2a_s_facebook a2a-box"><img src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/img/facebook-a2a.svg" border="0" alt="Facebook" width="27" height="27"></span></a><a class="a2a_button_linkedin"><span class="a2a_svg a2a_s_a2a a2a_s_linkedin a2a-box"><img src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/img/linkedin-a2a.svg" border="0" alt="Facebook" width="27" height="27"></span></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"><span class="a2a_svg a2a_s_a2a a2a_s_x a2a-box"><img src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/img/x-a2a.svg" border="0" alt="Facebook" width="27" height="27"></span
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</a><a class="a2a_button_whatsapp"><span class="a2a_svg a2a_s_a2a a2a_s_whatsapp a2a-box"><img src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/img/whatsapp-a2a.svg" border="0" alt="Facebook" width="27" height="27"></span></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share"><span class="a2a_svg a2a_s_a2a a2a_s_share a2a-box"><img src="/themes/custom/nibib/assets/img/share-a2a.svg" border="0" alt="Share" width="27" height="27"></span></a></span>
|
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|
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</div>
|
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</div>
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
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|
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<div class="">
|
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<div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div>
|
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|
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|
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</div>
|
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<div class="grid-row ">
|
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|
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</div>
|
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|
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<div class="grid-row grid-gap">
|
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|
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<div id="block-nibib-page-title" class="block--page-title-block">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<h1 class="margin-0 page-header">
|
||
<span>Rayos X</span>
|
||
</h1>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="block-nibib-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<article data-history-node-id="36121" about="/espanol/temas-cientificos/rayos-x" class="node node--type-science-topic">
|
||
<div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul id="science-topic-anchor-tag-list">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#pid-2016">¿Qué son los rayos X médicos?</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#pid-2021">¿Cómo funcionan los rayos X médicos?</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#pid-2026">¿Cuándo se utilizan los rayos X médicos?</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#pid-2031">¿Existen riesgos?</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="#pid-2036">¿Qué están desarrollando los investigadores financiados por el NIBIB en el campo de la tecnología de rayos X?</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<div class="field field--name-field-science-topic field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field--items">
|
||
<div class="field--item"> <div id="pid-2016" class="paragraph paragraph--type--science-topic paragraph--view-mode--full">
|
||
<h2>
|
||
|
||
<div class="field field--name-field-science-topic-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">¿Qué son los rayos X médicos?</div>
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="field field--name-field-science-topic-description field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p style="margin-bottom:11px">Los rayos X son una forma de radiación electromagnética, similar a la luz visible. Sin embargo, a diferencia de la luz, los rayos X tienen mayor energía y pueden atravesar la mayoría de los objetos, incluso el cuerpo. Los rayos X médicos se utilizan para generar imágenes de los tejidos y las estructuras dentro del cuerpo. Si los rayos X que viajan a través del cuerpo también pasan a través de un detector de rayos X al otro lado del paciente, se formará una imagen que representa las "sombras" formadas por los objetos dentro del cuerpo.</p>
|
||
<p>Un tipo de detector de rayos X es la película fotográfica, pero existen muchos otros tipos de detectores que se utilizan para producir imágenes digitales. Las imágenes de rayos X que resultan de este proceso se llaman radiografías.</p>
|
||
<figure role="group" class="align-center">
|
||
<img alt="Representación gráfica del espectro electromagnético, desde ondas de radio hasta rayos gamma." data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="8d0051de-0ed7-448e-b5af-e06565642817" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/electromagnetic-spectrum-840x515_0.jpg" width="840" height="515"></p>
|
||
<figcaption>El espectro electromagnético. Los rayos X tienen mayor energía que la luz visible. <em>Crédito:</em> iStock</figcaption>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="field--item"> <div id="pid-2021" class="paragraph paragraph--type--science-topic paragraph--view-mode--full">
|
||
<h2>
|
||
|
||
<div class="field field--name-field-science-topic-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">¿Cómo funcionan los rayos X médicos?</div>
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="field field--name-field-science-topic-description field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p style="margin-bottom:11px">Para crear una radiografía, se coloca al paciente de modo que la parte del cuerpo que se va a examinar se encuentre entre una fuente y un detector de rayos X. Cuando se enciende la máquina, los rayos X viajan a través del cuerpo y son absorbidos en diferentes cantidades por diferentes tejidos, dependiendo de la densidad radiológica de los tejidos que atraviesan. La densidad radiológica se determina tanto por la densidad como por el número atómico (el número de protones en el núcleo de un átomo) del material del cual se toman las imágenes. Por ejemplo, nuestros huesos contienen calcio, el cual tiene un número atómico más alto que la mayoría de los tejidos. Debido a esta propiedad, los huesos absorben rápidamente los rayos X, por lo que producen un gran contraste en el detector de rayos X. Como resultado, las estructuras óseas aparecen más blancas que otros tejidos contra el fondo negro de una radiografía. Por el contrario, los rayos X viajan más fácilmente a través de tejidos menos densos radiológicamente, como la grasa, los músculos y las cavidades llenas de aire, como los pulmones. Estas estructuras se muestran en tonos grises en una radiografía.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="field--item"> <div id="pid-2026" class="paragraph paragraph--type--science-topic paragraph--view-mode--full">
|
||
<h2>
|
||
|
||
<div class="field field--name-field-science-topic-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">¿Cuándo se utilizan los rayos X médicos?</div>
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="field field--name-field-science-topic-description field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p style="margin-bottom:11px">A continuación, se incluyen ejemplos de exámenes y procedimientos que utilizan la tecnología de rayos X para diagnosticar o tratar enfermedades:</p>
|
||
<h3><strong>Diagnóstico</strong></h3>
|
||
<p><strong>Radiografía de rayos X:</strong> Detecta fracturas de huesos, ciertos tumores y otras masas anormales, neumonía, ciertos tipos de lesiones, calcificaciones, objetos extraños o problemas dentales.</p>
|
||
<figure role="group" class="align-left">
|
||
<img alt="Un Sistema de rayos X." data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="b4ced2b8-9a8d-4de9-8667-ca1394beaae0" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/X-ray-system-400x267_0.jpg" width="400" height="267"></p>
|
||
<figcaption>Un Sistema de rayos X. <em>Crédito:</em> iStock</figcaption>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
<p><strong>Mamografía: </strong>Una radiografía del seno que se utiliza para la detección y el diagnóstico del cáncer. Los tumores tienden a aparecer como masas de forma regular o irregular que son un poco más brillantes que el fondo en la radiografía (es decir, más blancas sobre un fondo negro o más negras sobre un fondo banco). Las mamografías pueden también detectar depósitos de calcio muy pequeños, llamados microcalcificaciones, los cuales aparecen como manchas muy brillantes en una mamografía. Aunque por lo general son benignos, algunos patrones específicos de microcalcificaciones podrían indicar la presencia de cáncer.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>Tomografía computarizada (TC):</strong> Combina la tecnología tradicional de rayos X con el procesamiento computarizado para generar una serie de imágenes transversales del cuerpo que luego se pueden combinar para formar una imagen tridimensional de rayos X. Las imágenes por TC son más detalladas que las radiografías simples y brindan a los médicos la capacidad de ver las estructuras dentro del cuerpo desde muchos ángulos diferentes. Obtenga más información sobre la TC <a href="https://www.nibib.nih.gov/espanol/temas-cientificos/tomograf%C3%ADa-computarizada-tc">aquí</a>.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>Fluoroscopia:</strong> Utiliza rayos X y una pantalla fluorescente para obtener imágenes del movimiento dentro del cuerpo en tiempo real o para ver procesos de diagnóstico, tales como seguir el trayecto de un medio de contraste inyectado o ingerido. Por ejemplo, la fluoroscopia se utiliza para ver el movimiento del corazón latiendo y, con la ayuda de medios de contraste radiográficos, para ver el flujo de sangre hacia el musculo cardiaco, así como a través de los vasos sanguíneos y los órganos. Esta tecnología también se usa con un medio de contraste radiográfico para dirigir un catéter ensartado internamente durante una angioplastia cardiaca, la cual es un procedimiento mínimamente invasivo para abrir las arterias obstruidas que llevan la sangre al corazón.</p>
|
||
<h3><strong>Terapéutica</strong></h3>
|
||
<p><strong>Radioterapia en el tratamiento del cáncer:</strong> Los rayos X y otros tipos de radiación de alta energía se pueden utilizar para destruir tumores y células cancerosas al dañar su ADN. La dosis de radiación que se utiliza para tratar el cáncer es mucho más alta que la dosis de radiación utilizada para las imágenes de diagnóstico. La radiación terapéutica puede porvenir de una máquina afuera del cuerpo o de un material radioactivo que se coloca en el cuerpo, adentro o cerca de las células tumorales, o inyectado en el torrente sanguíneo. Obtenga más información sobre la radioterapia para el cáncer <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/cancer/tratamiento/tipos/radioterapia">aquí</a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="field--item"> <div id="pid-2031" class="paragraph paragraph--type--science-topic paragraph--view-mode--full">
|
||
<h2>
|
||
|
||
<div class="field field--name-field-science-topic-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">¿Existen riesgos?</div>
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="field field--name-field-science-topic-description field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p style="margin-bottom:11px">Cuando se usan adecuadamente, los beneficios diagnósticos de las radiografías superan los riesgos considerablemente. Las radiografías pueden diagnosticar condiciones potencialmente mortales, tales como vasos sanguíneos bloqueados, cáncer de huesos e infecciones. Sin embargo, los rayos X producen radiación ionizante, una forma de radiación que tiene el potencial de dañar el tejido vivo. Este es un riesgo que aumenta con el número de exposiciones sumadas a lo largo de la vida de una persona. Sin embargo, el riesgo de desarrollar cáncer por exposición a la radiación es generalmente bajo.</p>
|
||
<p>Una radiografía en una mujer embarazada no presenta riesgos conocidos para el bebé si el área del cuerpo de donde se toman imágenes no es el abdomen o la pelvis. En general, si se necesitan imágenes del abdomen y la pelvis, los médicos prefieren realizar exámenes que no utilicen radiación, como las imágenes por resonancia magnética (IRM) o el ultrasonido. Sin embargo, si ninguno de ellos puede proporcionar las respuestas necesarias, o si hay una emergencia u otra limitación de tiempo, una radiografía puede ser una alternativa aceptable para la toma de imágenes.</p>
|
||
<p>Debido a que los niños son más sensibles a la radiación ionizante y tienen una esperanza de vida más larga, tienen un riesgo relativo más elevado de desarrollar cáncer a causa de dicha radiación en comparación con los adultos. Los padres tal vez deseen preguntarle al tecnólogo o al médico si los parámetros de su máquina han sido ajustados para los niños.</p>
|
||
<p>Obtenga más información sobre los riesgos específicos relacionados con la <a href="https://www.nibib.nih.gov/espanol/temas-cientificos/tomograf%C3%ADa-computarizada-tc">TC</a> y la <a href="https://www.nibib.nih.gov/espanol/temas-cientificos/mamograf%C3%ADa">mamografía</a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="field--item"> <div id="pid-2036" class="paragraph paragraph--type--science-topic paragraph--view-mode--full">
|
||
<h2>
|
||
|
||
<div class="field field--name-field-science-topic-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">¿Qué están desarrollando los investigadores financiados por el NIBIB en el campo de la tecnología de rayos X?</div>
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="field field--name-field-science-topic-description field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p style="margin-bottom:11px">La investigación actual de la tecnología de rayos X se enfoca en las maneras de reducir la dosis de radiación, mejorar la resolución de las imágenes y optimizar los materiales y métodos de contraste. Los siguientes son ejemplos de proyectos de investigación financiados por el NIBIB que están desarrollando nuevas aplicaciones de la tecnología de rayos X:</p>
|
||
<figure role="group" class="align-right">
|
||
<img alt="Radiografía de un brazo roto." data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="dbf0e286-c6b2-4d42-911f-1d3a1d1f1743" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/X-ray-broken-arm-400x534_1.jpg" width="400" height="534"></p>
|
||
<figcaption>Radiografía de un brazo roto. <em>Crédito:</em> iStock</figcaption>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
<p><a href="https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10143918">Tomosíntesis de rayos X en un solo cuadro (SFXT, por sus siglas en inglés):</a> La técnica de rayos X convencional genera una sola imagen bidimensional que se crea al tomar imágenes de un solo plano en un solo momento. Por otro lado, la tomosíntesis de rayos X utiliza múltiples imágenes que luego se reconstruyen para generar más información, como una imagen tridimensional. A diferencia de la tomografía computarizada, donde la fuente/detector viaja físicamente al menos 180 grados alrededor del paciente, la tomosíntesis utiliza un ángulo de rotación limitado y toma menos imágenes (lo cual requiere menos radiación y menos gastos). Sin embargo, los enfoques de la tomosíntesis actual generan una imagen estática del tejido de interés y no permiten la obtención de imágenes en tiempo real.</p>
|
||
<p>Los investigadores financiados por el NIBIB están trabajando en un nuevo método de rayos X, llamado tomosíntesis de rayos X en un solo cuadro (SFXT, por sus siglas en inglés), que permitiría el monitoreo en tiempo real de una pequeña área de tejido. Al capturar 30 imágenes por segundo, esta técnica tendría de 10 a 100 veces la resolución temporal de la tomosíntesis convencional, resultando en imágenes "más nítidas" de los tejidos en movimiento (similar a usar una velocidad de obturación más rápida en una cámara). Los investigadores planean evaluar el uso de esta técnica de tomosíntesis en la detección de enfermedades cardiovasculares, observando los depósitos de calcio en las arterias coronarias, y dirigir la radioterapia a sitios exactos en los pulmones, lo que permitiría una ablación más segura de los tumores pulmonares.</p>
|
||
<p><a href="https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10013194">Toma de imágenes para dirigir biopsias de pulmón:</a> El cáncer de pulmón es la causa principal de mortalidad relacionada con el cáncer en los Estados Unidos, y el análisis de las lesiones que se encuentran en los pulmones es una forma de detectar la enfermedad y dirigir el tratamiento. En una <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/diccionarios/diccionario-cancer/def/biopsia">biopsia,</a> un método para obtener tejido pulmonar es a través de una broncoscopia, donde un tubo delgado se pasa a través de la nariz o la boca y se dirige hacia los pulmones. Sin embargo, la obtención de tejidos de interés sigue siendo difícil, ya que es desafiante poder localizar y visualizar tales lesiones. Para superar estas limitaciones, los investigadores han desarrollado un nuevo y rentable sistema de tomosíntesis de rayos X de tórax que puede generar imágenes de los pulmones, de alta resolución y en tiempo real, lo que permitiría una mejor visualización durante una biopsia transbronquial. Además de ser menos costosa y más fácil de usar que los enfoques estándar basados en TC, esta técnica de rayos X es estacionaria y no requiere ningún movimiento físico de la fuente o detector de rayos X. Además, este método utiliza dosis bajas de radiación, lo cual beneficiaría a los pacientes que requieren múltiples biopsias. Este sistema de rayos X se está optimizando actualmente para la evaluación preclínica de animales grandes.</p>
|
||
<p>Obtenga más información acerca de cómo funcionan los rayos X <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTz_rGP4v9Y">aquí.</a></p>
|
||
<p class="text-align-right" style="margin-bottom:11px"><em>Actualizado en Junio 2022</em></p>
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<h2 class="block-title" >View and Download Science Topic Fact Sheets - Spanish</h2>
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