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<p class="h1 heading-1 text-reverse">Alcohol's Effects on Health</p>
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Generalidades sobre el alcohol y el cerebro (Spanish)
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<span>Generalidades sobre el alcohol y el cerebro (Spanish)</span>
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<div> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/medium__350x350_/public/brain_fact_sheet.jpg?itok=D_HCqa3J" width="350" height="387" alt="image of the brain" loading="lazy">
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<figcaption>Imágenes de tensor de difusión (DTI, por su sigla en inglés) de huellas de fibra en el cerebro de un hombre de 58 años con trastorno por consumo de alcohol. DTI mapea las vías de la materia blanca en un cerebro vivo.<br>
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<em>Imagen cortesía de los doctores Adolf Pfefferbaum y Edith V. Sullivan.</em></figcaption>
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</figure>
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<p>El alcohol interfiere con las vías de comunicación del cerebro y puede afectar la forma en que este se ve y funciona. El alcohol hace que sea más difícil para las áreas del cerebro que controlan el equilibrio, la memoria, el habla y el juicio hacer su trabajo, lo que resulta en una mayor probabilidad de lesiones y otros resultados negativos. El consumo excesivo de alcohol a largo plazo provoca alteraciones en las neuronas, como reducciones en su tamaño. A continuación se presentan algunos temas clave relacionados con el alcohol y el cerebro.</p>
|
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|
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<h2>El cerebro de los adolescentes</h2>
|
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|
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<p>El <a href="https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/el-alcohol-y-el-cerebro-del-adolescente">cerebro de los adolescentes</a> es más vulnerable a los efectos negativos del alcohol que el cerebro de un adulto. El consumo indebido de alcohol durante la adolescencia puede alterar el desarrollo del cerebro, lo que podría resultar en cambios duraderos en la estructura y función del cerebro.</p>
|
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|
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<h2>Lagunas mentales inducidas por el alcohol</h2>
|
||
|
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<p>El consumo indebido de alcohol pueden causar las <a href="https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/recuerdos-interrumpidos-lagunas-mentales-inducidas-por-el-alcohol">lagunas mentales inducidas por el alcohol</a>. Las lagunas mentales son vacíos en la memoria de una persona de eventos que ocurrieron mientras estaba intoxicada. Estos vacíos ocurren cuando una persona bebe suficiente alcohol para bloquear temporalmente el paso de los recuerdos de la memoria a corto plazo a la memoria a largo plazo. Esto se conoce como consolidación de la memoria y sucede en un área del cerebro llamada el hipocampo.</p>
|
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|
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<h2>Sobredosis de alcohol</h2>
|
||
|
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<p>Continuar bebiendo incluso cuando existen señales claras deterioro significativo puede resultar en una <a href="https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/entender-los-riesgos-de-sobredosis-de-alcohol">sobredosis de alcohol</a>. Una sobredosis de alcohol ocurre cuando hay tanto alcohol en la sangre que las áreas del cerebro que controlan las funciones vitales como la respiración, la frecuencia cardíaca y el control de la temperatura, comienzan a inhibirse. Los síntomas de sobredosis de alcohol incluyen confusión mental, dificultad para permanecer consciente, vómitos, convulsiones, dificultad para respirar, frecuencia cardíaca lenta, piel húmeda, respuestas embotadas (como ausencia de reflejo nauseoso, que evita la asfixia) y temperatura corporal extremadamente baja. La sobredosis de alcohol puede provocar daño cerebral permanente o la muerte.</p>
|
||
|
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<h2>Trastorno por consumo de alcohol</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>A medida que las personas continúan bebiendo alcohol con el tiempo, pueden ocurrir cambios progresivos en la estructura y función de sus cerebros. Estos cambios pueden comprometer la función cerebral e impulsar la transición del consumo controlado y ocasional al consumo indebido crónico, lo que puede ser difícil de controlar y conducir al <a href="https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/comprension-del-trastorno-por-consumo-de-alcohol">trastorno por consumo de alcohol (AUD, por su sigla en inglés)</a>. Las personas con el AUD de moderado a grave pueden entrar en un <a href="https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/el-ciclo-de-la-adiccion-al-alcohol">ciclo de adicción al alcohol</a>. La capacidad del cerebro para volver a la normalidad después de sobriedad a largo plazo no se comprende completamente. Sin embargo un número creciente de estudios indica que al menos algunos cambios cerebrales inducidos por el AUD, y los cambios en el pensamiento, la sensación y el comportamiento que los acompañan, pueden mejorar y posiblemente revertir con meses de abstinencia a beber. Hay más detalles sobre la neurociencia del AUD en la sección <a href="https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/health-professionals-communities/core-resource-on-alcohol/neuroscience-brain-addiction-and-recovery">Neurociencia: El cerebro en la adicción y la recuperación</a> del <em>The Healthcare Professional’s Core Resource on Alcohol</em> (Recurso central sobre el alcohol para el profesional de la salud<strong>;</strong> disponible en inglés).</p>
|
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|
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<div class="pub-highlighted">
|
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<h2>Exposición prenatal al alcohol</h2>
|
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|
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<p>La <a href="https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/exposicion-fetal-al-alcohol">exposición prenatal al alcohol</a> puede causar daño cerebral lo que lleva a una variedad de problemas de desarrollo, cognitivos y de comportamiento, que pueden aparecer en cualquier momento durante la infancia. El alcohol puede afectar el desarrollo fetal en cualquier etapa durante un embarazo, incluso en las primeras etapas y antes de que una mujer sepa que está embarazada.</p>
|
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</div>
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|
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<h2>Para obtener más información sobre el alcohol y la salud del cerebro, visite la página: <a href="https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/health-topics-alcohol-and-brain"><strong>Alcohol and the Brain</strong></a><strong> (página disponible en inglés)</strong></h2>
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<strong>Updated:</strong>
|
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January 2023
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<div></div>
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<p class="h6 transaltion-header">This Fact Sheet is Also Available in the Following Languages</p>
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<div>
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<div><a href="/alcohols-effects-health/alcohol-and-brain-overview">English</a></div>
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<div><a href="/publications/yaalekole-mathathe-enaa-anegole-athaqaalaaye-eyetaa">Amharic / አማርኛ</a></div>
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<div><a href="/publications/alkhwl-waldmagh-nzrt-amt">Arabic / العربية </a></div>
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<div><a href="/publications/alcohol-and-brain-overview/jiujinghedanaogaishu">Chinese (simplified) / 中文(简体) </a></div>
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<div><a href="/publications/alcohol-and-brain-overview/jiujinghenaobugaishu">Chinese (traditional) / 中文(繁體)</a></div>
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