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<title>Reacción de rubor al alcohol: ¿por qué beber alcohol lo hace sonrojar? | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)</title>
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Reacción de rubor al alcohol: ¿por qué beber alcohol lo hace sonrojar?
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<!--pub-lead -->
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<div><p>Algunas personas que beben alcohol experimentan un fenómeno desagradable llamado reacción de rubor al alcohol (<em>alcohol flush reaction</em>). La característica principal de la reacción es enrojecimiento o rubor facial, pero también puede ir acompañada de urticaria, náuseas, presión arterial baja, empeoramiento del asma o un episodio de migraña. Es importante saber que la reacción de rubor al alcohol está relacionada con un mayor riesgo de presentar ciertos tipos de cáncer.</p>
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<h2>¿Qué causa el enrojecimiento por el alcohol?</h2>
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<p>La reacción de rubor al alcohol es un tipo de intolerancia al alcohol, no una “alergia al alcohol”, y es una afección que se debe principalmente a variaciones hereditarias en los genes de ciertas enzimas, lo que hace que las personas <a href="https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/el-metabolismo-del-alcohol">metabolicen el alcohol</a> de manera menos eficiente.</p>
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<p>Durante el metabolismo del alcohol, la enzima alcohol deshidrogenasa (ADH, por su sigla en inglés) convierte el alcohol en acetaldehído, que es una molécula tóxica. El acetaldehído resultante se metaboliza a moléculas no tóxicas por otra enzima llamada aldehído deshidrogenasa (ALDH, por su sigla en inglés). Si el acetaldehído no se metaboliza de manera eficiente, puede causar la liberación de histamina y, por lo tanto, provocar el rubor en la cara y otros síntomas desagradables.</p>
|
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|
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<p>Las variaciones en el gen del alcohol deshidrogenasa (ADH1B) y el gen del aldehído deshidrogenasa (ALDH2) son variaciones bien conocidas que conducen a niveles más altos de acetaldehído debido a la alteración del metabolismo del alcohol y son más comunes entre las personas de ascendencia asiática oriental. Sin embargo, las personas de otras razas y etnias pueden llevar estas variaciones.</p>
|
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|
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<p>Las personas que toman ciertos medicamentos que alteran el metabolismo del alcohol también pueden experimentar la reacción de rubor al alcohol. Tales medicamentos incluyen los que se usan para tratar la diabetes, el colesterol alto y las infecciones. Además, el disulfiram, un medicamento utilizado para tratar el trastorno por consumo de alcohol (AUD, por su sigla en inglés) altera el metabolismo del alcohol causando que el acetaldehído se acumule cuando una persona bebe alcohol. Esto produce síntomas desagradables como rubor y náuseas. El deseo de evitar esos efectos desagradables puede alentar a algunas personas a abstenerse de beber.</p>
|
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<h2>¿Qué problemas de salud están asociados con la reacción de rubor al alcohol?</h2>
|
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|
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<p>Las personas que experimentan reacción de rubor al alcohol y que beben alcohol tienen un mayor riesgo de cáncer, incluido el cáncer de esófago y de mama. La razón de este mayor riesgo es que la molécula acetaldehído es en sí misma cancerígena.</p>
|
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<h2>¿Se puede prevenir la reacción de rubor al alcohol?</h2>
|
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|
||
<p>Para las personas portadoras de variaciones genéticas que afectan el metabolismo del alcohol, la mejor manera de prevenir la reacción de rubor al alcohol es evitar beber o limitar la ingesta de alcohol. Existe información en el Internet que sugiere tomar antihistamínicos y ciertos medicamentos de venta libre para reducir o dificultar el rubor por alcohol, pero estos medicamentos no bloquean los efectos dañinos de la molécula acetaldehído. De hecho, obstaculizar el rubor por alcohol aumenta el riesgo de cáncer al permitir niveles más altos de consumo de alcohol y, por lo tanto, una mayor producción de acetaldehído.</p>
|
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<div class="pub-highlighted">
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<h2>Interacciones entre el alcohol y los medicamentos en general</h2>
|
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|
||
<p>Muchos medicamentos de venta libre y recetados pueden tener consecuencias adversas para la salud cuando <a href="https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/reacciones-adversas">se mezclan con alcohol</a>. Estos medicamentos incluyen muchos analgésicos populares como el paracetamol (Tylenol); medicamentos sedantes como diazepam (Valium); y remedios para la tos, el resfriado y la alergia. Las personas que toman medicamentos deben leer la etiqueta y los prospectos para detectar posibles interacciones con el alcohol u otras drogas, especialmente si toman varias bebidas en una ocasión. Las personas que consumen alcohol deben preguntar a su médico o farmacéutico sobre las interacciones con el alcohol y los medicamentos que están tomando.</p>
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|
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<p>Para obtener más información sobre el alcohol y su salud y opciones de tratamiento, visite la página de <a href="https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/">NIAAA</a> (página en inglés), la publicación <a href="https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/rethinking_drinking_6x9_24pg_book-spanish_v10.pdf">Piénselo antes de beber: el alcohol y su salud</a> y el <a href="https://alcoholtreatment.niaaa.nih.gov/">Navegador de tratamientos de alcohol de NIAAA</a> (página en inglés).</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Brooks, P.J.; Enoch, M.A.; Goldman, D.; Li, T.K.; Yokohama, A. The alcohol flushing response: An unrecognized risk factor for esophageal cancer from alcohol consumption. <em>PLoS Med </em>6(3): e50, 2009. PMID: 19320537</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Chen, C.H.; Ferreira, J.C.B.; Joshi, A.U.; Stevens, M.C.; Li, S.J.; Hsu, J.H.M.; Maclean, R.; Ferreira, N.D.; Cervantes, P.R.; Martinez, D.D.; Barrientos, F.L.; Quintanares, G.H.R.; Mochly-Rosena, D. Novel and prevalent non-East Asian ALDH2 variants; Implications for global susceptibility to aldehydes’ toxicity. <em>EBioMedicine</em> 55, 2020. PMID: 32403082</p>
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<p> </p>
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<strong>Updated:</strong>
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November 2022
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<a href="/publications/alcohol-flush-reaction-does-drinking-alcohol-make-your-face-red">In English</a>
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