1433 lines
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1433 lines
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Información sobre los trastornos del espectro alcohólico fetal
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<div> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_425/public/FASD_Fact_Sheet_SP_graphic.png?itok=CugsT_mK" width="425" height="425" alt="Los trastornos del espectro alcohólico fetal (FASD) afectan del 1% al 5% de los niños de primer grado en los Estados Unidos. Fuente: May PA, Chambers CD, Kalberg WO, et al. JAMA 2018 " loading="lazy">
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<h2>¿Qué son los trastornos del espectro alcohólico fetal?</h2>
|
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|
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<p>El término <strong>trastornos del espectro alcohólico fetal</strong> (FASD, por su sigla en inglés) se refiere a una variedad de condiciones físicas, conductuales y cognitivas causadas por la exposición al alcohol antes del nacimiento (también conocido como la exposición prenatal al alcohol). Estas condiciones pueden presentarse en cualquier momento en la niñez y durar toda la vida. Se estima que entre el 1% y el 5% de los estudiantes de primer grado en los Estados Unidos tienen FASD, según un estudio apoyado por el Instituto Nacional sobre el Abuso del Alcohol y Alcoholismo (NIAAA, por su sigla en inglés) y publicado en el <em>Journal of the American Medical Association.</em><sup>1</sup></p>
|
||
|
||
<h2>¿Qué causa los trastornos del espectro alcohólico fetal y cómo se previenen?</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>La exposición al alcohol durante el embarazo puede provocar FASD al interferir en el desarrollo del cerebro del bebé y de otros órganos y funciones fisiológicas críticas. Esto puede producir deficiencias después del nacimiento y más adelante.<sup>2,3</sup> El alcohol puede interrumpir cualquier etapa del desarrollo, aún antes de que la madre sepa que está en embarazada.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Los estudios demuestran que el <a href="https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/entendiendo-que-es-el-consumo-excesivo-y-peligroso-de-alcohol">consumo excesivo y peligroso de alcohol</a> (<em>binge drinking</em>) y el consumo excesivo de alcohol (<em>heavy drinking</em>) durante el embarazo exponen al bebé en desarrollo a mayor riesgo de tener problemas graves.<sup>4</sup> Sin embargo, incluso las cantidades más pequeñas de alcohol pueden causar daño.<sup>5,6</sup> De hecho, no se conoce alguna cantidad segura de consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo.</p>
|
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<div class="pub-highlighted">
|
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<h2><strong>¿Cuáles son los tipos de trastornos del espectro alcohólico fetal?</strong></h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>El término trastornos del espectro alcohólico fetal (FASD) se refiere a una variedad de condiciones físicas, conductuales y cognitivas causadas por la exposición prenatal al alcohol. Dependiendo de las señales identificadas, los trastornos reconocidos como FASD incluyen:<sup>15,16</sup> </p>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Síndrome alcohólico fetal</li>
|
||
<li>Síndrome alcohólico fetal parcial</li>
|
||
<li>Trastorno del desarrollo neurológico relacionado con el alcohol</li>
|
||
<li>Defectos congénitos relacionados con el alcohol</li>
|
||
<li>Trastorno neuroconductual asociado con la exposición prenatal al alcohol</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>La exposición prenatal al alcohol y la implicación del sistema nervioso central (SNC) son factores comunes a los trastornos que abarcan FASD. La evidencia de implicación del SNC puede ser estructural (por ejemplo, tamaño reducido del cerebro, alteraciones en regiones específicas del cerebro) o funcional (por ejemplo, deficiencias cognitivas y conductuales, problemas motores y de coordinación). En el caso del síndrome alcohólico fetal, que además de la implicación del SNC se caracteriza por deficiencias del crecimiento, rasgos faciales distintivos y otros factores físicos, no se requiere confirmación de la exposición prenatal al alcohol.</p>
|
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</div>
|
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|
||
<p>Una persona no puede presentar FASD si no ha sido expuesta al alcohol antes de nacer. Dado que aproximadamente la mitad de los embarazos en los Estados Unidos no son planificados, el Cirujano General de los EE. UU. recomienda que aquellas que estén embarazadas, puedan estarlo o estén pensando en quedar en embarazo no beban alcohol en absoluto.<sup>7</sup></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>La exposición prenatal al alcohol es una de las principales causas prevenibles de defectos de nacimiento y trastornos del desarrollo neurológico en los Estados Unidos. Las mujeres que necesitan ayuda para dejar de consumir alcohol pueden hablar con su proveedor de atención médica sobre las opciones de tratamiento. Hay una variedad de tratamientos disponibles para las mujeres embarazadas, incluyendo el tratamiento conductual y los grupos de apoyo mutuo. Visite el <a href="https://alcoholtreatment.niaaa.nih.gov/"><em>Navegador de tratamientos de alcohol del NIAAA<sup>®</sup></em> </a>(página disponible en inglés) para obtener más información sobre los tratamientos basados en la evidencia para los problemas relacionados con el alcohol. </p>
|
||
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<div class="pub-highlighted">
|
||
<h2><strong>¿Qué tan común es el consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo en los Estados Unidos?</strong></h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>Un estudio<sup>17</sup> que analizó los datos recopilados entre 2015 y 2018 en la <a href="https://www.samhsa.gov/data/data-we-collect/nsduh-national-survey-drug-use-and-health">Encuesta Nacional sobre la Salud y el Consumo de Drogas</a> (en inglés) indica que:</p>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Cerca de 1 de cada 10 mujeres embarazadas (el 9.8%) informan consumir alcohol actualmente.</li>
|
||
<li>Cerca de 1 de cada 22 mujeres embarazadas (el 4.5%) informan consumir alcohol de manera excesiva y peligrosa.</li>
|
||
<li>El consumo de alcohol es más alto entre las mujeres que están en el primer trimestre de embarazo, con aproximadamente 1 de cada 5 (el 19.6%) informando consumir alcohol actualmente y 1 de cada 10 (el 10.5%) informando consumir alcohol de manera excesiva y peligrosa.</li>
|
||
<li>Cerca del 40% de las mujeres embarazadas que informan consumir alcohol actualmente también informan consumir una o más sustancias, sobre todo tabaco y marihuana.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<h2>¿Cuáles son los síntomas de los trastornos del espectro alcohólico fetal?</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>A lo largo de su vida, las personas con FASD experimentan dificultades cotidianas, que pueden incluir impedimentos cognitivos y conductuales, así como discapacidades secundarias, como dificultades médicas, educativas, de salud mental y sociales. También están sujetos a la estigmatización por su trastorno. Las personas con FASD pueden tener dificultades en las áreas de:<sup>8,9,10</sup></p>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>aprendizaje y memoria,</li>
|
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<li>comprensión y seguimiento de indicaciones,</li>
|
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<li>cambio de la atención entre tareas,</li>
|
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<li>control de las emociones y los impulsos,</li>
|
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<li>comunicación y desarrollo de habilidades sociales,</li>
|
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<li>sensación de depresión y ansiedad, y</li>
|
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<li>realización de habilidades de la vida cotidiana, como alimentarse, bañarse, contar dinero, decir la hora y cuidar de la propia seguridad.</li>
|
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</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h2>¿Cómo se diagnostican los trastornos del espectro alcohólico fetal?</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>La identificación temprana de FASD es fundamental para el bienestar de las personas afectadas por la exposición prenatal al alcohol y sus familias. La identificación temprana puede maximizar la ayuda en el tratamiento de FASD y en la creación de redes de apoyo con otras personas y familias afectadas por FASD. Desafortunadamente, FASD a menudo no se diagnostica o se diagnostica erróneamente. Esto puede deberse, en parte, a la falta de información sobre la exposición prenatal al alcohol o a la dificultad para distinguir FASD de otros trastornos del desarrollo que pueden presentar síntomas cognitivos o conductuales similares.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>La Academia Americana de Pediatría (AAP, por su sigla en inglés) enfatiza la importancia de la detección universal de la exposición prenatal al alcohol para todos los niños.<sup>11</sup> Un diagnóstico de FASD puede incluir evidencia de problemas del SNC (consulte el recuadro “¿Cuáles son los tipos de trastornos del espectro alcohólico fetal?”), anomalías físicas (por ejemplo, deficiencias en el crecimiento o anomalías faciales específicas), problemas de salud y exposición prenatal al alcohol documentada. La AAP recomienda la evaluación inicial y el diagnóstico por parte del pediatra del niño.<sup>12</sup> Las derivaciones para evaluaciones y tratamientos adicionales se pueden realizar a otros médicos y profesionales de la salud o, cuando esté disponible, a un equipo multidisciplinar especializado para una evaluación y atención integrales.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2>¿Cuáles son las intervenciones o tratamientos para los trastornos del espectro alcohólico fetal?</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>Existen varios enfoques que pueden ayudar a reducir los síntomas de FASD y disminuir el impacto en las personas afectadas y sus familias. Estos incluyen intervenciones educativas y conductuales para personas con FASD y sus cuidadores, así como medicamentos, apoyo social, manejo de casos y otros servicios para niños y adultos con FASD.<sup>13,14</sup> Actualmente se desarrollan y evalúan nuevas intervenciones. Estos tratamientos incluyen:</p>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>suplementos nutricionales prenatales para mujeres embarazadas y suplementos postnatales para sus hijos,</li>
|
||
<li>intervenciones conductuales y de aprendizaje dirigidas a mejorar la cognición, las habilidades para la vida cotidiana y el comportamiento impulsivo,</li>
|
||
<li>enfoques basados en la escuela que se centran en estrategias de enseñanza especializadas y en juegos de la computadora, y</li>
|
||
<li>aplicaciones móviles de salud y otras intervenciones que apoyan a las familias y a los p0roveedores de cuidados para ayudarles a atender a los niños con FASD.</li>
|
||
</ul>
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<p><strong>Para obtener más información sobre </strong><a href="https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/el-alcohol-y-su-embarazo-alcohol-and-your-pregnancy"><strong>el alcohol y el embarazo</strong></a><strong>, </strong><a href="https://www.rethinkingdrinking.niaaa.nih.gov/"><strong>cómo dejar de consumir alcohol</strong></a><strong> (en inglés) y </strong><a href="https://alcoholtreatment.niaaa.nih.gov/"><strong>las opciones de tratamiento del alcohol</strong></a><strong> (en inglés)</strong><strong>, visite el sitio web del NIAAA: </strong><a href="https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/rethinking_drinking_6x9_24pg_book-spanish_v10.pdf"><strong>niaaa.nih.gov</strong></a></p>
|
||
|
||
<p><sup>1 </sup>May PA, Chambers CD, Kalberg WO, Zellner J, Feldman H, Buckley D, Kopald D, Hasken JM, Xu R, Honerkamp-Smith G, Taras H, Manning MA, Robinson LK, Adam MP, Abdul-Rahman O, Vaux K, Jewett T, Elliott AJ, Kable JA, Akshoomoff N, et al. Prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in 4 US communities. JAMA. 2018;319(5):474–82. PubMed PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29411031/">29411031</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<p><sup>2 </sup>Williams JF, Smith VC, Committee on Substance Abuse. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2015 Nov 1;136(5):e1395–e1406. PubMed PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26482673/">26482673</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<p><sup>3</sup> Wozniak JR, Riley EP, Charness ME. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(8):760–70. PubMed PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31160204/">31160204</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<p><sup>4 </sup>Maier SE, West JR. Drinking patterns and alcohol-related birth defects. Alcohol Res Health. 2001;25(3):168–74. PubMed PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11810954/">11810954</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<p><sup>5 </sup>Sundermann AC, Zhao S, Young CL, Lam L, Johns SH, Velez Edwards, DR, Harmann KE. Alcohol use in pregnancy and miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis<em>. </em>Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019;43(8):1606–16. PubMed PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31194258/">31194258</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<p><sup>6 </sup>Lees B, Mewton L, Jacobus J, Valadez EA, Stapinski LA, Teesson M, Tapert SF, Squeglia LM. Association of prenatal alcohol exposure with psychological, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children from the adolescent brain cognitive development study. Am J Psychiatry. 2020;177(11):1060–72. PubMed PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32972200/">32972200</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<p><sup>8 </sup>Mattson SN, Bernes, GA, Doyle LR. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a review of the neurobehavioral deficits associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019;43(6):1046–62. PubMed PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30964197/">3096419</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<p><sup>9 </sup>McLachlan K, Flannigan K, Temple V, Unsworth K, Cook JL. Difficulties in daily living experienced by adolescents, transition-aged youth, and adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2020;44(8):1609–24. PubMed PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32472600/">32472600</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<p><sup>10 </sup>O’Connor MJ. Mental health outcomes associated with prenatal alcohol exposure: genetic and environmental factors. Current Developmental Disorders Reports. 2014;1(3):181–8.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><sup>11 </sup>American Academy of Pediatrics [Internet]. Screening for prenatal alcohol exposure [actualizado 2021 Nov 29; citado 2023 May 22]. Disponible en: <a href="https://gcc02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aap.org%2Fen%2Fpatient-care%2Ffetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders%2Fscreening-for-prenatal-alcohol-exposure%2F&data=05%7C01%7Cmartinkim%40mail.nih.gov%7C4900fde9e4a646e313bf08db5ae4290f%7C14b77578977342d58507251ca2dc2b06%7C0%7C0%7C638203708230230716%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=9yly5zgKHE%2Fv49cUeu5%2FUHfK1ATHeY3mGe4%2FKx7Z%2BLU%3D&reserved=0">https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders/screening-for-prenatal-alcohol-exposure</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<p><sup>12 </sup>American Academy of Pediatrics [Internet]. Common diagnostic approaches in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder [actualizado 2021 Nov 29; citado 2023 May 22]. Disponible en: <a href="https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders/common-diagnostic-approaches-in-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder/">https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders/common-diagnostic-approaches-in-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<p><sup>13</sup> Reid N, Dawe S, Shelton D, Harnett P, Warner J, Armstrong E, LeGros K, O’Callaghan F. Systematic review of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder interventions across the life span. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2015;39(12):2283–95. PubMed PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26578111/">26578111</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<p><sup>14</sup> Petrenko CL, Alto ME. Interventions in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: an international perspective. Eur J Med Genet. 2017;60(1):79–91. PubMed PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27742482/">27742482</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<p><sup>15 </sup>Stratton K, Howe C, Battaglia F, editors. Fetal alcohol syndrome: diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, The National Academies Press; 1996. Executive Summary; p. 4-5.</p>
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<p><sup>16 </sup>American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013, p. 86, 708–801.</p>
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<p><sup>17</sup> England LJ, Bennett C, Denny CH, Honein MA, Gilboa SM, Kim SY, Guy GP, Tran EL, Rose CE, Bohm MK, Boyle CA. Alcohol use and co-use of other substances among pregnant females aged 12–44 years — United States, 2015–2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(31):1009–14. PubMed PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32759915/">32759915</a></p>
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