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El metabolismo del alcohol
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<span>El metabolismo del alcohol</span>
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<div><p>Beber demasiado pone a las personas en riesgo de presentar muchas consecuencias adversas para la salud, incluido el trastorno por consumo de alcohol (AUD, por su sigla en inglés), daño hepático y varios tipos de cáncer. Pero algunas personas parecen estar en mayor riesgo que otras de desarrollar estos problemas. ¿Por qué algunas personas beben más que otras? ¿Y por qué algunas personas que beben desarrollan problemas, mientras que otras no?</p>
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<p>Los estudios demuestran que el consumo indebido de alcohol y los problemas relacionados con el alcohol están influenciados por las variaciones individuales en el metabolismo del alcohol, o la forma en que el alcohol se descompone y es eliminado por el cuerpo. El metabolismo del alcohol está controlado por factores genéticos, como las variaciones en las enzimas que descomponen el alcohol, y factores ambientales, como la cantidad de alcohol que consume un individuo y su nutrición general. Las diferencias en el metabolismo del alcohol pueden poner a algunas personas en mayor riesgo de problemas con el alcohol, mientras que otras pueden estar al menos algo protegidas de los efectos nocivos del alcohol.</p>
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<h2>La descomposición química del alcohol</h2>
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<p>El alcohol es metabolizado por varios procesos o vías. La más común de estas vías involucra dos enzimas: alcohol deshidrogenasa (ADH) y aldehído deshidrogenasa (ALDH). Estas enzimas ayudan a romper la molécula de alcohol, lo que hace posible eliminarla del cuerpo. Primero, la ADH metaboliza el alcohol a acetaldehído, una sustancia altamente tóxica y carcinógeno conocido.<sup>1</sup> Luego, el acetaldehído se metaboliza aún más a otro subproducto menos activo llamado acetato,<sup>1</sup> que luego se descompone en agua y dióxido de carbono para una fácil eliminación.<sup>2</sup></p>
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<h3>Otras enzimas</h3>
|
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<p>Las enzimas citocromo P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) y catalasa también descomponen el alcohol en acetaldehído. Sin embargo, CYP2E1 solo está activo después de que una persona ha consumido grandes cantidades de alcohol, y la catalasa metaboliza solo una pequeña fracción de alcohol en el cuerpo.<sup>1</sup> Pequeñas cantidades de alcohol también se eliminan al interactuar con los ácidos grasos para formar compuestos llamados ésteres etílicos de ácidos grasos (FAEE, por su sigla en inglés). Se ha demostrado que estos compuestos contribuyen al daño al hígado y al páncreas.<sup>3</sup></p>
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<h3 class="text-align-center">La descomposición química del alcohol</h3>
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<div> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_extra_large_900w/public/Alcohol_Metabolism_Spanish_Formula.jpg?itok=sZfKurOj" width="900" height="100" alt="El etanol (CH3CH2OH) es descompuesto por el alcohol deshidrogenasa (ADH) en acetaldehído (CH3CHO). El acetaldehído es descompuesto entonces por aldehído deshidrogenasa (ALDH) en acetato (CH3COO-)." loading="lazy">
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<p>El nombre químico del alcohol es etanol (CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH). El cuerpo procesa y elimina el etanol en etapas separadas. Los químicos llamados enzimas ayudan a separar la molécula de etanol en otros compuestos (o metabolitos), que pueden ser procesados más fácilmente por el cuerpo. Algunos de estos metabolitos intermedios pueden tener efectos nocivos en el cuerpo.</p>
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<p>La mayor parte del etanol en el cuerpo se descompone en el hígado por una enzima llamada alcohol deshidrogenasa (ADH), que transforma el etanol en un compuesto tóxico llamado acetaldehído (CH<sub>3</sub>CHO), un carcinógeno conocido. Sin embargo, el acetaldehído es generalmente de corta duración; se descompone rápidamente en un compuesto menos tóxico llamado acetato (CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>-</sup>) por otra enzima llamada aldehído deshidrogenasa (ALDH). El acetato luego se descompone en dióxido de carbono y agua, principalmente en tejidos que no sean el hígado.</p>
|
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</div>
|
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|
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<h3>El acetaldehído: un subproducto tóxico</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>Gran parte de los estudios sobre el metabolismo del alcohol se ha centrado en un subproducto intermedio que ocurre temprano en el proceso de descomposición: el acetaldehído. Aunque el acetaldehído es de corta duración y por lo general existe en el cuerpo solo por un corto tiempo antes de descomponerse en acetato, tiene el potencial de causar un daño significativo. Esto es particularmente evidente en el hígado, donde tiene lugar la mayor parte del metabolismo del alcohol.<sup>4</sup> Parte del metabolismo del alcohol también ocurre en otros tejidos, incluyendo el páncreas<sup>3</sup> y el cerebro, causando daño a las células y tejidos.<sup>1</sup> Además, pequeñas cantidades de alcohol se metabolizan a acetaldehído en el tracto gastrointestinal, exponiendo estos tejidos a los efectos dañinos del acetaldehído.<sup>5</sup></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Además de los efectos tóxicos del acetaldehído, algunos investigadores creen que puede ser responsable de algunos de los efectos conductuales y fisiológicos previamente atribuidos al alcohol.<sup>6</sup> Por ejemplo, cuando se administra acetaldehído a animales de laboratorio, conduce a la incoordinación, el deterioro de la memoria y la somnolencia, efectos a menudo asociados con el alcohol.<sup>7</sup></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Por otro lado, otros investigadores informan que las concentraciones de acetaldehído en el cerebro no son lo suficientemente altas como para producir estos efectos.<sup>7</sup> Esto se debe a que el cerebro tiene una barrera única de células (la barrera hematoencefálica) que ayuda a protegerlo de los productos tóxicos que circulan en la sangre. Es posible, sin embargo, que el acetaldehído pueda producirse en el propio cerebro cuando el alcohol es metabolizado por las enzimas catalasa<sup>8,9 </sup>y CYP2E1.<sup>10</sup></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Para obtener más información, visite <a href="https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/">https://www.niaaa.nih.gov</a></h3>
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||
|
||
<p>1 Edenberg, H.J. The genetics of alcohol metabolism: Role of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase variants. <em>Alcohol Research & Health </em>30(1):5–13, 2007. PMID: 17718394</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><sup>2</sup> National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. <em>Alcohol Alert: Alcohol Metabolism</em>. No. 35, PH 371. Bethesda, MD: The Institute, 1997.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><sup>3 </sup>Vonlaufen, A.; Wilson, J.S.; Pirola, R.C.; and Apte, M.V. Role of alcohol metabolism in chronic pancreatitis. <em>Alcohol Research & Health </em>30(1):48–54, 2007. PMID: 17718401</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><sup>4 </sup>Zakhari, S. Overview: How is alcohol metabolized by the body? <em>Alcohol Research & Health </em>29(4):245–254, 2006. PMID: 17718403</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><sup>5</sup> Seitz, H.K.; and Becker, P. Alcohol metabolism and cancer risk. <em>Alcohol Research & Health </em>30(1):38–47, 2007. PMID: 17718399</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><sup>6 </sup>Deitrich, R.; Zimatkin, S.; and Pronko S. Oxidation of ethanol in the brain and its consequences. <em>Alcohol Research & Health </em>29(4):<br>
|
||
266–273, 2006. PMID: 17718405</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><sup>7</sup> Quertemont, E.; and Didone, V. Role of acetaldehyde in mediating the pharmacological and behavioral effects of alcohol. <em>Alcohol Research & Health </em>29(4):258–265, 2006. PMID: 17718404</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><sup>8</sup> Aragon, C.M.; Rogan, F.; and Amit, Z. Ethanol metabolism in rat brain homogenates by a catalase–H2O2 system. <em>Biochemical Pharmacology </em>44:93–98, 1992. PMID: 1632841</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><sup>9</sup> Gill, K.; Menez, J.F.; Lucas, D.; and Deitrich, R.A. Enzymatic production of acetaldehyde from ethanol in rat brain tissue. <em>Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research </em>16:910–915, 1992. PMID: 1443429</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><sup>10</sup> Warner, M.; and Gustafsson, J.A. Effect of ethanol on cytochrome P450 in the rat brain. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America </em>91:1019–1023, 1994. PMID: 8302826</p>
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</div>
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