nih-gov/www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-health/los-efectos-del-consumo-de-alcohol-en-el-cuerpo
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Los efectos del consumo de alcohol en el cuerpo
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<span>Los efectos del consumo de alcohol en el cuerpo</span>
</h1>
<!--pub-lead -->
<div class="content-river">
<div><div><a href="/sites/default/files/40137_NIAAA_Alcohol_Effects_on_the_Body_Webpage_Spanish_Release.svg"><img alt="Daño a los órganos asociado con el consumo de alcohol. En la figura de un cuerpo humano muestra los órganos que son afectados por el consumo de alcohol: corazón, cerebro, boca y garganta, pulmones, hígado, músculos, páncreas, sistema gastrointestinal y los huesos. Tipos de cánceres: hígado, colon, mama (seno), cavidad oral, recto." class="align-right max-w-600" src="/sites/default/files/40137_NIAAA_Alcohol_Effects_on_the_Body_Webpage_Spanish_Release.svg" width="400"></a></div>
<p>Beber demasiado, en una sola ocasión o con el tiempo, puede tener graves consecuencias para su salud. Así puede afectar el alcohol a su cuerpo:</p>
<p><strong>Cerebro:</strong><br>
El alcohol interfiere con las vías de comunicación del cerebro y puede afectar la forma en que el cerebro se ve y funciona. Estas <a href="https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/resaca">interrupciones pueden cambiar el estado de ánimo y el comportamiento, y hacer que sea más difícil pensar con claridad y moverse con coordinación</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Corazón:</strong><br>
Beber mucho durante mucho tiempo o demasiado en una sola ocasión puede dañar el corazón, causando problemas que incluyen:</p>
<ul>
<li>Miocardiopatía: estiramiento y caída del músculo cardíaco</li>
<li>Arritmias: latidos cardíacos irregulares</li>
<li>Accidente cerebrovascular</li>
<li>Presión arterial alta</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Hígado:</strong><br>
El consumo excesivo de alcohol afecta al hígado y puede provocar diversos problemas e inflamaciones hepáticas, que incluyen:</p>
<ul>
<li>Esteatosis, o hígado graso</li>
<li>Hepatitis alcohólica</li>
<li>Fibrosis</li>
<li>Cirrosis</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Páncreas:</strong><br>
El alcohol hace que el páncreas produzca sustancias tóxicas que eventualmente pueden conducir a la pancreatitis, una peligrosa inflamación e hinchazón de los vasos sanguíneos en el páncreas que impide la digestión adecuada.</p>
<p><strong>Cáncer:</strong><br>
Según el <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/cancer/causas-prevencion/riesgo/alcohol/hoja-informativa-alcohol">Instituto Nacional del Cáncer</a>: "Hay un firme consenso científico de que el consumo de alcohol causa varios tipos de cáncer. En el informe sobre carcinógenos del Programa Nacional de Toxicología del Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos de los Estados Unidos se confirma el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas como un carcinógeno humano.</p>
<p>"Las pruebas indican que mientras más alcohol beba una persona, sobre todo si es habitual y a lo largo del tiempo, tiene mayor riesgo de presentar un cáncer relacionado con el consumo de alcohol. Se produce un leve aumento del riesgo de algunos tipos de cáncer ya sea que las personas consuman alcohol de forma intensiva [es decir, de forma excesiva y peligrosa] o se limiten a no más de 1 trago al día. Según los datos de 2009, se calcula que el 3.5% de las muertes por cáncer en los Estados Unidos (cerca de 19,500 muertes) se relacionaron con el alcohol”.</p>
<p>Han surgido patrones claros entre el consumo de alcohol y el aumento de los riesgos de ciertos tipos de cáncer:</p>
<ul>
<li>Cáncer de cabeza y cuello, incluidos los cánceres de cavidad oral, faringe y laringe.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Cáncer de esófago, en particular carcinoma de células escamosas de esófago. Además, se ha encontrado que las personas que heredan una deficiencia en una enzima que metaboliza el alcohol tienen un riesgo sustancialmente mayor de carcinoma de células escamosas de esófago si consumen alcohol.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Cáncer de hígado.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Cáncer de mama: Las investigaciones demuestran una relación importante entre el consumo de alcohol y el cáncer de mama; incluso una bebida al día puede aumentar el riesgo de cáncer de mama entre un 5% y un 15% en comparación con las mujeres que no beben.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Cáncer colorrectal.</li>
</ul>
<p>Para obtener más información sobre el alcohol y el cáncer, visite la página web del Instituto Nacional del Cáncer "<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/cancer/causas-prevencion/riesgo/alcohol/hoja-informativa-alcohol">Alcohol y el riesgo de cáncer</a>" (último acceso: 6 de junio de 2024).</p>
<p><strong>Sistema inmune:</strong><br>
Beber demasiado puede debilitar su sistema inmune, haciendo que su cuerpo sea un objetivo mucho más fácil para la enfermedad. Los bebedores crónicos son más propensos a contraer enfermedades como la neumonía y la tuberculosis que las personas que no beben demasiado. Beber mucho en una sola ocasión disminuye la capacidad de su cuerpo para evitar las infecciones, incluso hasta 24 horas después de emborracharse.</p>
<p><em>Para obtener más información sobre los efectos del alcohol en el cuerpo, visite la página </em><a href="https://www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov/SpecialFeatures/interactiveBody.aspx"><em>Interactive Body Feature</em> [Herramienta interactiva del cuerpo]</a><em> en el sitio web de </em><a href="https://www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov"><em>College Drinking Prevention </em>[Prevención del consumo de alcohol en la universidad]</a><em> del NIAAA (páginas disponibles en inglés).</em></p>
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