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<title>Definición de niveles y patrones de consumo de alcohol | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)</title>
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Definición de niveles y patrones de consumo de alcohol
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<span>Definición de niveles y patrones de consumo de alcohol</span>
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<!--pub-lead -->
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<div class="content-river">
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<div><p>Posiblemente usted ha visto diferentes términos que describen distintos patrones de consumo de alcohol. Estos términos son útiles en la investigación y para ayudar a las personas a evaluar y tomar decisiones informadas sobre sus propios patrones de consumo de alcohol. Por ejemplo, el consumo indebido de alcohol (<em>alcohol misuse</em>), que incluye el consumo excesivo de alcohol (<em>heavy alcohol use</em>) y el <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="cbe7afdc-2c74-4648-b540-1f69b97c9b80" href="/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/entendiendo-que-es-el-consumo-excesivo-y-peligroso-de-alcohol">consumo excesivo y peligroso de alcohol</a> (<em>binge drinking</em>), con el tiempo aumenta el riesgo de presentar un<a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8d859bd0-59cf-4fcc-9b16-ed8b631b3409" href="/publications/comprension-del-trastorno-por-consumo-de-alcohol"> trastorno por consumo de alcohol</a> (AUD, por su sigla en inglés). Es importante saber que los daños pueden estar asociados a cualquier cantidad de consumo, y que a medida que aumenta la cantidad de consumo, también aumenta el nivel de daño.</p>
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<div> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_425/public/Drinking_Levels_US_Dietary_SPA.jpg?itok=uPKoLF6S" width="425" height="346" alt="Las Guías alimentarias para los estadounidenses, 2020-2025. Límite del consumo de alcohol en un día. 2 bebidas o menos para los hombres. 1 bebida o menos para las mujeres. O elija no beber." loading="lazy">
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</article>
|
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<h2>Consumo moderado</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>Según las <a href="https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/es/recursos">Guías alimentarias para estadounidenses, 2020-2025</a>, los adultos en edad legal de consumir alcohol pueden elegir no beber alcohol o, cuando beben, limitar el consumo a dos bebidas o menos en un día para los hombres y a una bebida o menos en un día para las mujeres. Beber menos es mejor para la salud que beber más.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Elaboradas por el Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos y el Departamento de Agricultura de EE. UU., las guías alimentarias ofrecen recomendaciones sobre lo que una persona promedio debe comer y beber para promover la salud y ayudar a prevenir enfermedades crónicas.</p>
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<div> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_425/public/Drinking_Levels_Binge_Drinking_SPA.jpg?itok=xpQ_IvK7" width="425" height="346" alt="El consumo excesivo y peligroso de alcohol (binge drinking). En aproximadamente 2 horas: en hombres 5 bebidas o más, en mujeres 4 bebidas o más." loading="lazy">
|
||
|
||
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||
</div>
|
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</div>
|
||
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||
</article>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<h2>El consumo excesivo y peligroso de alcohol</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>El Instituto Nacional sobre el Abuso del Alcohol y Alcoholismo (NIAAA, por su sigla en inglés) define el consumo excesivo y peligroso de alcohol como un patrón de consumo de alcohol que eleva el nivel de alcohol en la sangre (BAC, por su sigla en inglés) a 0.08%, es decir, 0.08 gramos de alcohol por decilitro, o más. Para un adulto de constitución normal, este patrón corresponde a consumir cinco o más bebidas (hombres), o cuatro o más bebidas (mujeres), en aproximadamente dos horas.<sup>1</sup> En Estados Unidos, una ‘bebida estándar’ se define como cualquier bebida que contenga 0,6 onzas líquidas o 14 gramos de alcohol puro. </li>
|
||
<li>La Administración de Salud Mental y Abuso de Sustancias (SAMHSA, por su sigla en inglés), que realiza anualmente la Encuesta Nacional sobre la Salud y el Consumo de Drogas (NSDUH, por su sigla en inglés), define el consumo excesivo y peligroso de alcohol como cinco o más bebidas que contienen alcohol para los hombres o cuatro o más bebidas que contienen alcohol para las mujeres en la misma ocasión (es decir, al mismo tiempo o con un par de horas de diferencia) al menos un día en el último mes.<sup>2</sup></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<h2>El consumo de alcohol en altas cantidades</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>El consumo de alcohol en altas cantidades (<em>high-intensity drinking</em>) es el consumo de dos o más veces los umbrales específicos de cada sexo para el consumo excesivo y peligroso de alcohol. Esto significa 10 o más bebidas estándar (o equivalentes de bebidas que contienen alcohol) para los hombres y ocho o más para las mujeres. El consumo en altas cantidades es consistente con el consumo excesivo y peligroso de alcohol en los niveles II y III. Los niveles corresponden a una o dos veces (I), dos o tres veces (II) y tres o más veces (III) los umbrales estándar de consumo excesivo y peligroso específicos de cada sexo.<sup>3</sup></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>La encuesta <em>Monitoring the Future</em> define el consumo de alcohol en altas cantidades entre los adolescentes como el consumo de 10 o más bebidas seguidas (en 8º, 10º y 12º grado) o 15 o más bebidas seguidas (sólo en 12º grado) en las últimas dos semanas.<sup>4</sup></p>
|
||
|
||
<article class="align-right media-image">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div>
|
||
<div class="visually-hidden">Image</div>
|
||
<div> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_425/public/Drinking_Levels_Heavy_Drinking_SPA.jpg?itok=_fossSlH" width="425" height="346" alt="Consumo excesivo de alcohol (heavy drinking). En hombres: 5 bebidas o más en cualquier día, 15 bebidas o más en la semana. En mujeres: 4 bebidas o más en cualquier día, 8 bebidas o más en la semana." loading="lazy">
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</article>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<h2>El consumo excesivo de alcohol</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Así define el NIAAA el consumo excesivo de alcohol <em>(heavy drinking)</em>:
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>para los hombres, consumir cinco o más bebidas alcohólicas en cualquier día o 15 o más bebidas alcohólicas a la semana;</li>
|
||
<li>para las mujeres, consumir de cuatro o más bebidas alcohólicas en cualquier día u ocho o más bebidas alcohólicas a la semana.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>SAMHSA define el alto consumo de alcohol como el consumo excesivo y peligroso de alcohol (<em>binge drinking)</em> en cinco o más días en el último mes.<sup>2</sup></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h2>El consumo indebido de alcohol</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>El consumo indebido de alcohol se refiere al consumo de alcohol de una manera, situación, cantidad o frecuencia que podría causar daño a la persona que bebe o a quienes lo rodean. El consumo indebido de alcohol incluye el el consumo excesivo de alcohol (<em>heavy drinking</em>) y el consumo excesivo y peligroso de alcohol (<em>binge drinking</em>).</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2>El trastorno por consumo de alcohol</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>El trastorno por consumo de alcohol (AUD, por su sigla en inglés) es una afección médica caracterizada por un deterioro de la capacidad para detener o controlar el consumo de alcohol a pesar de las consecuencias sociales, laborales o de salud adversas. Abarca las condiciones a las que algunas personas se refieren como consumo indebido de alcohol, dependencia del alcohol, adicción al alcohol y el término coloquial alcoholismo. El AUD puede ser leve, moderado o grave. Los cambios duraderos en el cerebro causados por el consumo indebido de alcohol perpetúan el AUD y conllevan a que las personas sean vulnerables a las recaídas.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2>Patrones de consumo de alcohol asociados con el trastorno por consumo de alcohol</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>El consumo indebido de alcohol, que incluye el consumo excesivo de alcohol y el consumo excesivo y peligroso de alcohol aumentan el riesgo de que, con el tiempo, un individuo presente AUD. Otros <a href="https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/comprension-del-trastorno-por-consumo-de-alcohol#:~:text=%C2%BFQu%C3%A9%20aumenta%20el%20riesgo%20de%20trastorno%20por%20consumo%20de%20alcohol%3F">factores</a> también aumentan el riesgo de AUD.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2>¿Cuáles son otros daños causados por el consumo indebido de alcohol?</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>Está demostrado que el consumo indebido de alcohol -incluidos el consumo excesivo de alcohol y el consumo excesivo y peligroso de alcohol- aumenta el riesgo de presentar <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="51724d92-0790-4a15-b4b3-b32211db42e1" href="/alcohols-effects-health/los-efectos-del-consumo-de-alcohol-en-el-cuerpo">consecuencias a corto y largo plazo</a>. Estas consecuencias van desde lesiones accidentales hasta el desmejoramiento de la salud mental y física, y la muerte. El riesgo de presentar daños suele ser más alto a medida que aumenta la cantidad de alcohol consumida.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Por ejemplo, cada vez hay más pruebas que indican que el consumo de alcohol conlleva riesgos de ciertos daños cuando los niveles de consumo son más bajos. Las investigaciones han demostrado una importante relación entre el consumo de alcohol y el cáncer de mama: incluso una bebida al día puede aumentar el riesgo de cáncer de mama entre un 5% y un 15% en comparación con las mujeres que no beben en absoluto.<sup>5-7</sup> Además, en el caso de las personas portadoras de determinadas variantes genéticas que alteran el metabolismo del alcohol, su riesgo de cáncer de esófago parece incrementar a medida que aumenta la cantidad de consumo de alcohol.<sup>8-10</sup></p>
|
||
|
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<p>Durante el embarazo, el consumo de alcohol aumenta el riesgo de <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="fffc16f6-6f5f-44ca-a22f-9de99895be6c" href="/publications/informacion-sobre-los-trastornos-del-espectro-alcoholico-fetal">trastornos del espectro alcohólico fetal</a> (FASD, por su sigla en inglés), que se refiere a las deficiencias físicas, conductuales y cognitivas colectivas permanentes que se producen debido a la exposición prenatal al alcohol.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Hay situaciones en las que algunas personas deben evitar el alcohol por completo, sobre todo si:</p>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>planean conducir o manejar maquinaria o participar en actividades que requieren habilidades, coordinación y atención;</li>
|
||
<li>toman ciertos medicamentos de venta libre o con receta;</li>
|
||
<li>presentan ciertas condiciones médicas;</li>
|
||
<li>se están recuperando del trastorno por consumo de alcohol o no pueden controlar la cantidad de alcohol que consumen;</li>
|
||
<li>son menores de 21 años;</li>
|
||
<li>están embarazadas o pueden quedarse embarazadas.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>Para saber si su patrón de consumo de alcohol le pone en riesgo de presentar AUD, descargue la publicación en español <a href="/sites/default/files/publications/rethinking_drinking_6x9_24pg_book-spanish_v10.pdf">Piénselo antes de beber: el alcohol y su salud</a> o visite la página en inglés <a href="https://rethinkingdrinking.niaaa.nih.gov/">RethinkingDrinking.niaaa.nih.gov</a>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2>Referencias</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p><br>
|
||
<sup>1 </sup>NIAAA. [Internet.] Defining binge drinking. What colleges need to know now. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health; 2007 Nov. [citado 2023 feb 20]. Disponible en: <a href="https://www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov/sites/cdp/files/documents/1College_Bulletin-508_361C4E.pdf">https://www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov/sites/cdp/files/documents/1College_Bulletin-508_361C4E.pdf</a><br>
|
||
<sup>2 </sup>SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Results from the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: detailed tables: appendix A: key definitions for the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. [citado 2024 sep 13]. Disponible en: <a href="https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-nsduh-detailed-tables">https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-nsduh-detailed-tables</a><br>
|
||
<sup>3 </sup>Hingson RW, Zha W, White AM. Drinking beyond the binge threshold: predictors, consequences, and changes in the U.S. Am J Prev Med. 2017;52(6):717-27. PubMed PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28526355/">28526355</a><br>
|
||
<sup>4 </sup>Miech RA, Johnston LD, Patrick ME, O’Malley PM. Monitoring the Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975–2023: Overview and Detailed Results for Secondary School Students. Available from: <a href="https://monitoringthefuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/mtfoverview2024.pdf">https://monitoringthefuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/mtfoverview2024.pdf</a><br>
|
||
<sup>5 </sup>Choi YJ, Myung SK, Lee JH. Light Alcohol Drinking and Risk of Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. Cancer Res Treat. 2018 Apr;50(2):474-487. doi: 10.4143/crt.2017.094. Epub 2017 May 22. PubMed PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28546524/">28546524</a><br>
|
||
<sup>6 </sup>Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E, Tramacere I, Islami F, Fedirko V, Scotti L, Jenab M, Turati F, Pasquali E, Pelucchi C, Galeone C, Bellocco R, Negri E, Corrao G, Boffetta P, La Vecchia C. Alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer risk: a comprehensive dose-response meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2015 Feb 3;112(3):580-93. Epub 2014 Nov 25. PubMed PMID: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4453639/">25422909</a><br>
|
||
<sup>7 </sup>Cao Y, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci EL. Light to moderate intake of alcohol, drinking patterns, and risk of cancer: results from two prospective US cohort studies. BMJ. 2015 Aug 18;351:h4238. PubMed PMID: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4540790/">26286216</a><br>
|
||
<sup>8 </sup>Brooks PJ, Enoch MA, Goldman D, Li TK, Yokoyama A. The Alcohol Flushing Response: An Unrecognized Risk Factor for Esophageal Cancer from Alcohol Consumption. PLoS Med. 2009;6(3):e1000050. PubMed PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19320537/">19320537</a><br>
|
||
<sup>9 </sup>Hurley TD, Edenberg HJ. Genes encoding enzymes involved in ethanol metabolism. Alcohol Res Curr Rev. 2012;34(3):339-344. PubMed PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23134050/">23134050</a><br>
|
||
<sup>10 </sup>Yang SJ, Yokoyama A, Yokoyama T, et al. Relationship between genetic polymorphisms of ALDH2 and ADH1B and esophageal cancer risk: A meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol WJG. 2010;16(33):4210-4220. PubMed PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20806441/">20806441</a></p>
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