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NIH-funded study shows children recycle brain regions when acquiring new skills
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During development the brain can repurpose parts when learning to recognize faces and to read.
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June 17, 2021
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<p>Scientists studied the brain activity of school-aged children during development and found that regions that activated upon seeing limbs (hands, legs, etc.) subsequently activated upon seeing faces or words when the children grew older. The research, by scientists at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, reveals new insights about vision development in the brain and could help inform prevention and treatment strategies for learning disorders. The study was funded by the National Eye Institute and is published in Nature Human Behaviour.</p><p>“Our study addresses how experiences, such as learning to read, shape the developing brain,” said Kalanit Grill-Spector, Ph.D., a professor at Stanford University’s Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute. “Further, it sheds light on the initial functional role of brain regions that later in development process written words, before they support this important skill of reading.”</p><figure role="group" class="align-left">
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<img alt="Five columns with two rows of images. Column 1, row 1 is the text “words. Column 1, row 2 are printed numbers. Column 2, row 1 is a body with no head. Column 2, row 2 is a hand. Column 3, row 1 is a woman’s face. Column 3, row 2 is a child’s face. Column 4, row 1 is a car. Column 4, row 2 is a guitar. Column 5, row 1 is a hallway. Column 5, row 2 is a house. " data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="f5106cb5-3799-403a-b459-90562c839f53" height="553" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/Sample%20stimuli.png" width="1314" loading="lazy">
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<figcaption>Sample images used for testing brain responses in children. To understand how the brain reacts to visual stimuli during development, the researchers grouped stimuli into five domains, each with two categories: characters (words, numbers), body parts (headless bodies, limbs), faces (adult faces, child faces), objects (cars, string instruments), and places (corridors, houses). They then used fMRI to measure activation in the ventral temporal cortex. Image courtesy of Kalanit Grill-Spector and Marisa Nordt.</figcaption>
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<p>Grill-Spector’s team used functional MRI to study areas in the ventral temporal cortex (VTC) that are stimulated by the recognition of images. About 30 children, ages 5 to 12 at their first MRI, participated in the study. While in the MRI scanner, the children viewed images from 10 different categories, including words, body parts, faces, objects, and places. The researchers mapped areas of VTC that exhibited stimulation and measured how they changed in intensity and volume on the children’s subsequent MRI tests over the next one to five years.</p><p><br>Results showed that VTC regions corresponding to face and word recognition increased with age. Compared to the 5-9-year-olds, teenagers had twice the volume of the word-selective region in VTC. Notably, as word-selective VTC volume doubled, limb-selective volume in the same region halved. According to the investigators, the decrease in limb-selectivity is directly linked to the increase in word- and face-selectivity, providing the first evidence for cortical recycling during childhood development.</p><p>“The loss of limb-selective volume surprised us,” said first author Marisa Nordt, Ph.D., a postdoctoral fellow in Grill-Spector’s lab. “This challenges a theory of cortical development, which states that new representations, like emerging regions involved in word recognition, are sculpted on previously uncommitted cortex. Our study suggests that during childhood, cortical selectivity can change from one category to another.”</p><figure role="group">
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<img alt="illustrations of three regions from within the ventral temporal cortex. " data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="613f6c8c-f2fd-435f-86fd-02fe70e51935" height="438" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/ROI%20changes.jpg" width="1477" loading="lazy">
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<figcaption>Developmental brain changes. A, B, and C represent three children who were evaluated with fMRI at two different ages. Solid regions indicate the region at the younger age, and the black outline at the older age. Note that the word (blue, A) and face (red, C) regions grow with age, but the limb-selective region (yellow, B) shrinks with age. Image courtesy of Kalanit Grill-Spector and Marisa Nordt.</figcaption>
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<p>The study authors suggest that cortical recycling in VTC likely reflects adjustments to changing visual demands during childhood. For example, infants tend to look at faces. As they grow into toddlers and learn language, they are exploring objects and deciphering gestures. Word recognition becomes increasingly important as children learn to read.</p><p>In future studies, Grill-Spector and colleagues will explore whether decreases in limb-selective VTC volume have behavioral implications, asking if deviations from observed trends have bearing on development disorders.</p><p>Funding: This research was supported by the National Eye Institute (EY022318, EY020485, and F31EY027201) with additional funding from the National Science Foundation (DGE-114747) and the German National Academic Foundation (NO 1448/1-1).</p><p>Reference: Nordt, M. et al. Cortical recycling in high-level visual cortex during childhood development. Nature Human Behaviour, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-021-01141-5#citeas">doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01141-5</a> (2021).</p><p>This press release describes a basic research finding. Basic research increases our understanding of human behavior and biology, which is foundational to advancing new and better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease. Science is an unpredictable and incremental process— each research advance builds on past discoveries, often in unexpected ways. Most clinical advances would not be possible without the knowledge of fundamental basic research. To learn more about basic research, visit https://www.nih.gov/news-events/basic-research-digital-media-kit.</p><p>NEI leads the federal government’s research on the visual system and eye diseases. NEI supports basic and clinical science programs to develop sight-saving treatments and address special needs of people with vision loss. For more information, visit https://www.nei.nih.gov.</p><p>About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation’s medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit https://www.nih.gov/.</p><p>NIH…Turning Discovery Into Health®</p><p>Contact:<br>Dustin Hays or Claudia Costabile<br><a href="mailto:neinews@nei.nih.gov">neinews@nei.nih.gov</a><br>301-496-5248</p>
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