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<title>
Entry
- #618484 - ARTHROGRYPOSIS MULTIPLEX CONGENITA 3, MYOGENIC TYPE; AMC3
- OMIM
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<span class="h4">#618484</span>
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<strong>Table of Contents</strong>
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<a href="#title"><strong>Title</strong></a>
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<a href="#phenotypeMap"><strong>Phenotype-Gene Relationships</strong></a>
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<a href="/clinicalSynopsis/618484"><strong>Clinical Synopsis</strong></a>
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<a href="/phenotypicSeries/PS617468"> <strong>Phenotypic Series</strong> </a>
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<a href="#text"><strong>Text</strong></a>
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<a href="#description">Description</a>
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<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
<a href="#clinicalFeatures">Clinical Features</a>
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<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
<a href="#inheritance">Inheritance</a>
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<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
<a href="#mapping">Mapping</a>
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<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
<a href="#molecularGenetics">Molecular Genetics</a>
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<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
<a href="#animalModel">Animal Model</a>
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<a href="#history">History</a>
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<a href="#references"><strong>References</strong></a>
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<a href="#mimClinicalResourcesLinksFold" id="mimClinicalResourcesLinksToggle" class=" mimSingletonTriangleToggle" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#mimExternalLinksAccordion">
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<div id="mimClinicalResourcesLinksToggleTriangle" class="small mimSingletonTriangle" style="color: #337CB5; display: table-cell;">&#9660;</div>
&nbsp;
<div style="display: table-cell;">Clinical Resources</div>
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<div id="mimClinicalResourcesLinksFold" class="panel-collapse collapse in mimLinksFold" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="clinicalResources">
<div class="panel-body small mim-panel-body">
<div><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=(ARTHROGRYPOSIS MULTIPLEX CONGENITA 3, MYOGENIC TYPE) OR (SYNE1)" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Clinical Trials" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Clinical Trials', 'domain': 'clinicaltrials.gov'})">Clinical Trials</a></div>
<div><a href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/ClinicalLabs_Search_Simple.php?lng=EN&LnkId=21649&Typ=Pat" class="mim-tip-hint" title="A list of European laboratories that offer genetic testing." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'EuroGentest', 'domain': 'orpha.net'})">EuroGentest</a></div>
<div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/all/tests/?term=618484[mim]" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Genetic Testing Registry." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'GTR', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">GTR</a></div>
<div><a href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=319332" class="mim-tip-hint" title="European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'OrphaNet', 'domain': 'orpha.net'})">OrphaNet</a></div>
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<div class="panel panel-default" style="margin-top: 0px; border-radius: 0px">
<div class="panel-heading mim-panel-heading" role="tab" id="mimAnimalModels">
<span class="panel-title">
<span class="small">
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<div id="mimAnimalModelsLinksToggleTriangle" class="small mimSingletonTriangle" style="color: #337CB5; display: table-cell;">&#9658;</div>
&nbsp;
<div style="display: table-cell;">Animal Models</div>
</div>
</a>
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</span>
</div>
<div id="mimAnimalModelsLinksFold" class="panel-collapse collapse mimLinksFold" role="tabpanel">
<div class="panel-body small mim-panel-body">
<div><a href="https://www.alliancegenome.org/disease/DOID:0080979" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Search Across Species; explore model organism and human comparative genomics." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Alliance Genome', 'domain': 'alliancegenome.org'})">Alliance Genome</a></div>
<div><a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/disease/618484" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Phenotypes, alleles, and disease models from Mouse Genome Informatics." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'MGI Mouse Phenotype', 'domain': 'informatics.jax.org'})">MGI Mouse Phenotype</a></div>
<div><a href="https://wormbase.org/resources/disease/DOID:0080979" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Database of the biology and genome of Caenorhabditis elegans and related nematodes." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Wormbase Disease Ontology', 'domain': 'wormbase.org'})">Wormbase Disease Ontology</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<span>
<span class="mim-tip-bottom" qtip_title="<strong>Looking for this gene or this phenotype in other resources?</strong>" qtip_text="Select a related resource from the dropdown menu and click for a targeted link to information directly relevant.">
&nbsp;
</span>
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</div>
<div class="col-lg-8 col-lg-pull-2 col-md-8 col-md-pull-2 col-sm-8 col-sm-pull-2 col-xs-12">
<div>
<a id="title" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<div>
<a id="number" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<div class="text-right">
<a href="#" class="mim-tip-icd" qtip_title="<strong>ICD+</strong>" qtip_text="
<strong>ORPHA:</strong> 319332<br />
<strong>DO:</strong> 0080979<br />
">ICD+</a>
</div>
<div>
<span class="h3">
<span class="mim-font mim-tip-hint" title="Phenotype description, molecular basis known">
<span class="text-danger"><strong>#</strong></span>
618484
</span>
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<a id="preferredTitle" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<h3>
<span class="mim-font">
ARTHROGRYPOSIS MULTIPLEX CONGENITA 3, MYOGENIC TYPE; AMC3
</span>
</h3>
</div>
<div>
<br />
</div>
<div>
<a id="alternativeTitles" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<div>
<p>
<span class="mim-font">
<em>Alternative titles; symbols</em>
</span>
</p>
</div>
<div>
<h4>
<span class="mim-font">
ARTHROGRYPOSIS MULTIPLEX CONGENITA, MYOGENIC TYPE; AMCM
</span>
</h4>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<br />
</div>
</div>
<div>
<a id="phenotypeMap" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<h4>
<span class="mim-font">
<strong>Phenotype-Gene Relationships</strong>
</span>
</h4>
<div>
<table class="table table-bordered table-condensed table-hover small mim-table-padding">
<thead>
<tr class="active">
<th>
Location
</th>
<th>
Phenotype
</th>
<th>
Phenotype <br /> MIM number
</th>
<th>
Inheritance
</th>
<th>
Phenotype <br /> mapping key
</th>
<th>
Gene/Locus
</th>
<th>
Gene/Locus <br /> MIM number
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/6/963?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=963">
6q25.2
</a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 3, myogenic type
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618484"> 618484 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
SYNE1
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/608441"> 608441 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="btn-group ">
<a href="/clinicalSynopsis/618484" class="btn btn-warning" role="button"> Clinical Synopsis </a>
<button type="button" id="mimPhenotypicSeriesToggle" class="btn btn-warning dropdown-toggle mimSingletonFoldToggle" data-toggle="collapse" href="#mimClinicalSynopsisFold" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Unfurl', 'ClinicalSynopsis', 'omim.org')">
<span class="caret"></span>
<span class="sr-only">Toggle Dropdown</span>
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</div>
&nbsp;
<div class="btn-group">
<a href="/phenotypicSeries/PS617468" class="btn btn-info" role="button"> Phenotypic Series </a>
<button type="button" id="mimPhenotypicSeriesToggle" class="btn btn-info dropdown-toggle mimSingletonFoldToggle" data-toggle="collapse" href="#mimPhenotypicSeriesFold" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Unfurl', 'PhenotypicSeries', 'omim.org')">
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<span class="sr-only">Toggle Dropdown</span>
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&nbsp;
<div class="btn-group">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-success dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
PheneGene Graphics <span class="caret"></span>
</button>
<ul class="dropdown-menu" style="width: 17em;">
<li><a href="/graph/linear/618484" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_graph', {'destination': 'Linear'})"> Linear </a></li>
<li><a href="/graph/radial/618484" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_graph', {'destination': 'Radial'})"> Radial </a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-question-sign mim-tip-hint" title="OMIM PheneGene graphics depict relationships between phenotypes, groups of related phenotypes (Phenotypic Series), and genes.<br /><a href='/static/omim/pdf/OMIM_Graphics.pdf' target='_blank'>A quick reference overview and guide (PDF)</a>"></span>
<div>
<p />
</div>
<div id="mimClinicalSynopsisFold" class="well well-sm collapse mimSingletonToggleFold">
<div class="small" style="margin: 5px">
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> INHERITANCE </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<span class="mim-font">
- Autosomal recessive <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/258211005" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">258211005</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0441748&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0441748</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000007</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000007</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> GROWTH </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Other </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Small for gestational age <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/267258002" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">267258002</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0235991&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0235991</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0302511&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0302511</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001518" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001518</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001518" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001518</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> HEAD & NECK </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Face </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Facial weakness <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/95666008" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">95666008</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/R29.810" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">R29.810</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/438.83" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">438.83</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/781.94" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">781.94</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0427055&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0427055</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0007209" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0007209</a>, <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0030319" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0030319</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0030319" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0030319</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Eyes </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Strabismus <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/22066006" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">22066006</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/H50.9" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">H50.9</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/H50.40" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">H50.40</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0038379&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0038379</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2020541&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2020541</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1423541&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1423541</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000486" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000486</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000486" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000486</a>]</span><br /> -
Hyperopia <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/38101003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">38101003</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/H52.0" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">H52.0</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/367.0" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">367.0</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0020490&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0020490</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000540" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000540</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000540" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000540</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> RESPIRATORY </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<span class="mim-font">
- Restrictive lung disease (in some patients) <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/36485005" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">36485005</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0085581&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0085581</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002091" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002091</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002091" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002091</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> GENITOURINARY </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> External Genitalia (Male) </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Cryptorchidism <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/204878001" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">204878001</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/Q53.9" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">Q53.9</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/752.51" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">752.51</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0010417&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0010417</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C5441920&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C5441920</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000028" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000028</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000028" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000028</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> SKELETAL </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<span class="mim-font">
- Arthrogryposis <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/111246005" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">111246005</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/205402004" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">205402004</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/Q74.3" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">Q74.3</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0003886&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0003886</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C5779613&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C5779613</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002804" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002804</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002804" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002804</a>]</span><br /> -
Contractures <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/57048009" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">57048009</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/55033002" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">55033002</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/M62.40" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">M62.40</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/M62.4" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">M62.4</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0009917&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0009917</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Spine </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Kyphosis <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/71311003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">71311003</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/414564002" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">414564002</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/413428007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">413428007</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/M40.20" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">M40.20</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/Q76.41" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">Q76.41</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/737.1" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">737.1</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0265673&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0265673</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0022821&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0022821</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2115817&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2115817</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0022822&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0022822</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002808" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002808</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002808" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002808</a>]</span><br /> -
Scoliosis <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/298382003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">298382003</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/20944008" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">20944008</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/111266001" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">111266001</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/M41.9" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">M41.9</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/M41" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">M41</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/Q67.5" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">Q67.5</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0559260&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0559260</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0036439&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0036439</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0700208&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0700208</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002650" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002650</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002650" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002650</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Hands </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Contractures of interphalangeal joints <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1853485&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1853485</a>]</span><br /> -
Adducted thumbs <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/205273005" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">205273005</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0431886&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0431886</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001181" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001181</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001181" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001181</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Feet </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Club foot <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/397932003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">397932003</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/203572004" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">203572004</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/1156475005" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">1156475005</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/M21.54" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">M21.54</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/Q66.0" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">Q66.0</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/Q66.89" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">Q66.89</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/754.51" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">754.51</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/736.71" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">736.71</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0158489&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0158489</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0009081&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0009081</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001762" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001762</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001762" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001762</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> MUSCLE, SOFT TISSUES </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<span class="mim-font">
- Hypotonia <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/398151007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">398151007</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/398152000" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">398152000</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0026827&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0026827</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1858120&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1858120</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001290" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001290</a>, <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001252" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001252</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001252" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001252</a>]</span><br /> -
Gowers sign <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/85905009" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">85905009</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0234182&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0234182</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003391" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003391</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003391" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003391</a>]</span><br /> -
Variation in fiber size seen on muscle biopsy <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3277220&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3277220</a>]</span><br /> -
Centralized nuclei <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1842170&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1842170</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003687" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003687</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003687" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003687</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> NEUROLOGIC </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Central Nervous System </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Delayed motor skills <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/430099007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">430099007</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1854301&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1854301</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1837658&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1837658</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002194" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002194</a>, <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001270" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001270</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002194" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002194</a>]</span><br /> -
Loss of ambulation <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1836843&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1836843</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002505" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002505</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002505" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002505</a>]</span><br /> -
Head lag <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/390789009" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">390789009</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1141883&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1141883</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0032988" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0032988</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0032988" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0032988</a>]</span><br /> -
Impaired intellectual development (in some patients) <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C4747273&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C4747273</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001249" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001249</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Peripheral Nervous System </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Hyporeflexia <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/835279003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">835279003</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/405946002" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">405946002</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0700078&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0700078</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0151888&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0151888</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001265" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001265</a>, <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001315" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001315</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001265" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001265</a>]</span><br />
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<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> PRENATAL MANIFESTATIONS </strong>
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<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Movement </em>
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<span class="mim-font">
- Decreased fetal movements <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/276369006" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">276369006</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/O36.8190" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">O36.8190</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/O36.81" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">O36.81</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0235659&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0235659</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001558" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001558</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001558" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001558</a>]</span><br />
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<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> LABORATORY ABNORMALITIES </strong>
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<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<span class="mim-font">
- Normal serum creatine kinase <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1850678&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1850678</a>]</span><br />
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<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> MISCELLANEOUS </strong>
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<span class="mim-font">
- Onset in utero <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2673646&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2673646</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0030674" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0030674</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0030674" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0030674</a>]</span><br /> -
Progressive disorder <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1864985&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1864985</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003676" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003676</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003676" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003676</a>]</span><br /> -
Three unrelated families have been reported (last curated July 2019)<br />
</span>
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<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> MOLECULAR BASIS </strong>
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<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<span class="mim-font">
- Caused by mutation in the spectrin repeat-containing nuclear envelope protein 1 gene (SYNE1, <a href="/entry/608441#0011">608441.0011</a>)<br />
</span>
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<h5>
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita
- <a href="/phenotypicSeries/PS617468">PS617468</a>
- 7 Entries
</h5>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row" style="margin-left: 0.125em; margin-right: 0.125em;">
<table class="table table-bordered table-condensed table-hover mim-table-padding">
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<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Location</strong>
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<th class="col-lg-5 col-md-5 col-sm-5 col-xs-6 text-nowrap">
<strong>Phenotype</strong>
</th>
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Inheritance</strong>
</th>
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Phenotype<br />mapping key</strong>
</th>
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Phenotype<br />MIM number</strong>
</th>
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Gene/Locus</strong>
</th>
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Gene/Locus<br />MIM number</strong>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/2/688?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=688"> 2q23.3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619334"> Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 6 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619334"> 619334 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/161650"> NEB </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/161650"> 161650 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/5/767?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=767"> 5q35.1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/208100"> ?Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 2, neurogenic type </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/208100"> 208100 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617946"> ERGIC1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617946"> 617946 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/6/963?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=963"> 6q25.2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618484"> Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 3, myogenic type </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618484"> 618484 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/608441"> SYNE1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/608441"> 608441 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/9/571?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=571"> 9q34.11 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618947"> Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 5 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618947"> 618947 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/605204"> TOR1A </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/605204"> 605204 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/12/718?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=718"> 12q23.1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618766"> Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 4, neurogenic, with agenesis of the corpus callosum </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618766"> 618766 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616365"> SCYL2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616365"> 616365 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/19/570?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=570"> 19q13.12 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617468"> Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 1, neurogenic, with myelin defect </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617468"> 617468 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/608303"> LGI4 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/608303"> 608303 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/X/651?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=651"> Xq25 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/301127"> Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 7, X-linked </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="X-linked">XL</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/301127"> 301127 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/300395"> THOC2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/300395"> 300395 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<strong>TEXT</strong>
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<p>A number sign (#) is used with this entry because of evidence that myogenic-type arthrogryposis multiplex congenita-3 (AMC3) is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the SYNE1 gene (<a href="/entry/608441">608441</a>) on chromosome 6q25.</p>
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<strong>Description</strong>
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<p>Myogenic-type arthrogryposis multiplex congenita-3 (AMC3) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by decreased fetal movements, hypotonia, variable skeletal defects, including clubfoot and scoliosis, and delayed motor milestones with difficulty walking (summary by <a href="#3" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Baumann, M., Steichen-Gersdorf, E., Krabichler, B., Petersen, B.-S., Weber, U., Schmidt, W. M., Zschocke, J., Muller, T., Bittner, R. E., Janecke, A. R. &lt;strong&gt;Homozygous SYNE1 mutation causes congenital onset of muscular weakness with distal arthrogryposis: a genotype-phenotype correlation.&lt;/strong&gt; Europ. J. Hum. Genet. 25: 262-266, 2017.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27782104/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;27782104&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=27782104[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2016.144&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="27782104">Baumann et al., 2017</a>). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=27782104" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<strong>Clinical Features</strong>
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<p><a href="#1" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Attali, R., Warwar, N., Israel, A., Gurt, I., McNally, E., Puckelwartz, M., Glick, B., Nevo, Y., Ben-Neriah, Z., Melki, J. &lt;strong&gt;Mutation of SYNE-1, encoding an essential component of the nuclear lamina, is responsible for autosomal recessive arthrogryposis.&lt;/strong&gt; Hum. Molec. Genet. 18: 3462-3469, 2009.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19542096/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;19542096&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddp290&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="19542096">Attali et al. (2009)</a> reported a consanguineous Palestinian family in which 2 sibs had a disorder characterized by decreased fetal movements, hypotonia, bilateral clubfoot, and delayed motor milestones. They had progressive motor decline with loss of ambulation after the first decade, and both developed kyphosis and/or scoliosis. One patient was noted to have normal intelligence. The older sib died of restrictive lung disease at age 22 years. Muscle biopsies in affected individuals revealed variation in size of muscle fibers without necrosis or fibrosis. Neither had cerebellar or pyramidal signs. A brother of these sibs married a cousin and had 2 affected pregnancies. Prenatal ultrasound showed clubfoot and decreased fetal movements; both pregnancies were terminated. <a href="#1" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Attali, R., Warwar, N., Israel, A., Gurt, I., McNally, E., Puckelwartz, M., Glick, B., Nevo, Y., Ben-Neriah, Z., Melki, J. &lt;strong&gt;Mutation of SYNE-1, encoding an essential component of the nuclear lamina, is responsible for autosomal recessive arthrogryposis.&lt;/strong&gt; Hum. Molec. Genet. 18: 3462-3469, 2009.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19542096/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;19542096&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddp290&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="19542096">Attali et al. (2009)</a> described the disorder as a myogenic arthrogryposis. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=19542096" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#4" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Laquerriere, A., Maluenda, J., Camus, A., Fontenas, L., Dieterich, K., Nolent, F., Zhou, J., Monnier, N., Latour, P., Gentil, D., Heron, D., Desguerres, I., and 48 others. &lt;strong&gt;Mutations in CNTNAP1 and ADCY6 are responsible for severe arthrogryposis multiplex congenita with axoglial defects.&lt;/strong&gt; Hum. Molec. Genet. 23: 2279-2289, 2014.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24319099/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;24319099&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddt618&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="24319099">Laquerriere et al. (2014)</a> identified 2 sibs, born of consanguineous parents (family K168) with AMC3. Clinical details were limited, but the proband was noted to have onset in utero; there were no additional features noted. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=24319099" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#3" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Baumann, M., Steichen-Gersdorf, E., Krabichler, B., Petersen, B.-S., Weber, U., Schmidt, W. M., Zschocke, J., Muller, T., Bittner, R. E., Janecke, A. R. &lt;strong&gt;Homozygous SYNE1 mutation causes congenital onset of muscular weakness with distal arthrogryposis: a genotype-phenotype correlation.&lt;/strong&gt; Europ. J. Hum. Genet. 25: 262-266, 2017.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27782104/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;27782104&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=27782104[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2016.144&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="27782104">Baumann et al. (2017)</a> reported an 8-year-old boy, born of consanguineous Turkish parents, with AMC3. There were reduced fetal movements during pregnancy and the infant was small for gestational age. At birth, he showed severe muscle weakness and arthrogryposis, including adducted thumbs, flexion contractures of fingers, and clubfeet; he also had cryptorchidism. He was able to walk unsupported at the age of 2 years, but showed the Gowers maneuver and had limited ability to walk long distances or climb stairs at age 8. He had marked proximal muscular weakness, reduced deep tendon reflexes, mild facial weakness, and flexion contractures of some proximal interphalangeal joints. There was neither pyramidal nor cerebellar involvement. Additional features included hyperopia, intermittent strabismus, and impaired intellectual development. Muscle ultrasound showed fibrosis and fatty replacement of muscle tissue; muscle biopsy showed variation in fiber size, centralized nuclei, and abnormalities of the nuclear membrane. There was no cardiac involvement and serum creatine kinase was normal. Family history revealed that an older brother had presented with severe muscular hypotonia at birth and died at the age of 4 months from respiratory failure. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=27782104" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<a id="inheritance" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<p>The transmission pattern of AMC3 in the family reported by <a href="#1" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Attali, R., Warwar, N., Israel, A., Gurt, I., McNally, E., Puckelwartz, M., Glick, B., Nevo, Y., Ben-Neriah, Z., Melki, J. &lt;strong&gt;Mutation of SYNE-1, encoding an essential component of the nuclear lamina, is responsible for autosomal recessive arthrogryposis.&lt;/strong&gt; Hum. Molec. Genet. 18: 3462-3469, 2009.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19542096/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;19542096&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddp290&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="19542096">Attali et al. (2009)</a> was consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=19542096" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<a id="mapping" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<p>By genomewide linkage analysis in a consanguineous Palestinian family segregating an autosomal recessive form of AMC, <a href="#1" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Attali, R., Warwar, N., Israel, A., Gurt, I., McNally, E., Puckelwartz, M., Glick, B., Nevo, Y., Ben-Neriah, Z., Melki, J. &lt;strong&gt;Mutation of SYNE-1, encoding an essential component of the nuclear lamina, is responsible for autosomal recessive arthrogryposis.&lt;/strong&gt; Hum. Molec. Genet. 18: 3462-3469, 2009.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19542096/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;19542096&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddp290&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="19542096">Attali et al. (2009)</a> found linkage to chromosome 6q25. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=19542096" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<a id="molecularGenetics" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<strong>Molecular Genetics</strong>
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<p>In affected members of a Palestinian family with AMC3, <a href="#1" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Attali, R., Warwar, N., Israel, A., Gurt, I., McNally, E., Puckelwartz, M., Glick, B., Nevo, Y., Ben-Neriah, Z., Melki, J. &lt;strong&gt;Mutation of SYNE-1, encoding an essential component of the nuclear lamina, is responsible for autosomal recessive arthrogryposis.&lt;/strong&gt; Hum. Molec. Genet. 18: 3462-3469, 2009.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19542096/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;19542096&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddp290&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="19542096">Attali et al. (2009)</a> identified a homozygous splice site mutation (<a href="/entry/608441#0011">608441.0011</a>) in the distal region of the SYNE1 gene. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=19542096" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>In 2 sibs, born of consanguineous parents (family K168) with AMC3, <a href="#4" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Laquerriere, A., Maluenda, J., Camus, A., Fontenas, L., Dieterich, K., Nolent, F., Zhou, J., Monnier, N., Latour, P., Gentil, D., Heron, D., Desguerres, I., and 48 others. &lt;strong&gt;Mutations in CNTNAP1 and ADCY6 are responsible for severe arthrogryposis multiplex congenita with axoglial defects.&lt;/strong&gt; Hum. Molec. Genet. 23: 2279-2289, 2014.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24319099/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;24319099&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddt618&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="24319099">Laquerriere et al. (2014)</a> identified a homozygous nonsense mutation in the SYNE1 gene (R8193X; <a href="/entry/608441#0018">608441.0018</a>). The mutation, which was found by a combination of genetic mapping and whole-exome sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing, segregated with the disorder in the family. The authors suggested that the disorder was due to skeletal muscle involvement rather than axoglial. The family was ascertained from a cohort of 63 patients from 31 multiplex and/or consanguineous families with unexplained nonsyndromic AMC who underwent exome sequencing. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=24319099" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>In an 8-year-old boy, born of consanguineous Turkish parents, with AMC3, <a href="#3" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Baumann, M., Steichen-Gersdorf, E., Krabichler, B., Petersen, B.-S., Weber, U., Schmidt, W. M., Zschocke, J., Muller, T., Bittner, R. E., Janecke, A. R. &lt;strong&gt;Homozygous SYNE1 mutation causes congenital onset of muscular weakness with distal arthrogryposis: a genotype-phenotype correlation.&lt;/strong&gt; Europ. J. Hum. Genet. 25: 262-266, 2017.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27782104/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;27782104&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=27782104[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2016.144&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="27782104">Baumann et al. (2017)</a> identified a homozygous truncating mutation at the C terminus of the SYNE1 gene (R8746X; <a href="/entry/608441#0019">608441.0019</a>). The mutation affected both the short muscle-specific KASH-containing isoform nesprin-1-alpha-2 and the CNS-expressed giant isoform. The mutation, which was found by a combination of homozygosity mapping and exome sequencing, segregated with the disorder in the family. Analysis of patient cells showed that the mutant mRNA was expressed at normal levels, suggesting that normal levels of the truncated protein were expressed. <a href="#3" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Baumann, M., Steichen-Gersdorf, E., Krabichler, B., Petersen, B.-S., Weber, U., Schmidt, W. M., Zschocke, J., Muller, T., Bittner, R. E., Janecke, A. R. &lt;strong&gt;Homozygous SYNE1 mutation causes congenital onset of muscular weakness with distal arthrogryposis: a genotype-phenotype correlation.&lt;/strong&gt; Europ. J. Hum. Genet. 25: 262-266, 2017.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27782104/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;27782104&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=27782104[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2016.144&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="27782104">Baumann et al. (2017)</a> suggested that loss of the KASH domain in SYNE1 is sufficient to cause AMC3. <a href="#3" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Baumann, M., Steichen-Gersdorf, E., Krabichler, B., Petersen, B.-S., Weber, U., Schmidt, W. M., Zschocke, J., Muller, T., Bittner, R. E., Janecke, A. R. &lt;strong&gt;Homozygous SYNE1 mutation causes congenital onset of muscular weakness with distal arthrogryposis: a genotype-phenotype correlation.&lt;/strong&gt; Europ. J. Hum. Genet. 25: 262-266, 2017.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27782104/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;27782104&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=27782104[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2016.144&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="27782104">Baumann et al. (2017)</a> noted that the few reported SYNE1 nonsense or splice site mutations identified in patients with AMC3 all terminate in the C-terminal KASH domain and would be expected to affect at least the major muscle-specific nesprin-1-alpha-2 isoform. Thus, loss of this KASH domain is sufficient to cause AMC3. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=27782104" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<a id="animalModel" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<h4 href="#mimAnimalModelFold" id="mimAnimalModelToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
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<strong>Animal Model</strong>
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<p><a href="#6" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Puckelwartz, M. J., Kessler, E., Zhang, Y., Hodzic, D., Randles, K. N., Morris, G., Earley, J. U., Hadhazy, M., Holaska, J. M., Mewborn, S. K., Pytel, P., McNally, E. M. &lt;strong&gt;Disruption of nesprin-1 produces an Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy-like phenotype in mice.&lt;/strong&gt; Hum. Molec. Genet. 18: 607-620, 2009.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19008300/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;19008300&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=19008300[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddn386&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="19008300">Puckelwartz et al. (2009)</a> generated mice with C-terminal deletion of Syne1, including the KASH domain. Mice homozygous for this mutation died at or near birth from respiratory failure, whereas surviving mice displayed hindlimb weakness and an abnormal gait. With increasing age, kyphoscoliosis, muscle pathology, and cardiac conduction defects developed. The protein components of the LINC complex, including mutant nesprin-1-alpha-2, lamin A/C, and Sun2 (Unc84b), were localized at the nuclear membrane in mutant mouse skeletal muscle myofibers; however, mutant nesprin-1 interaction with Sun2 was disrupted in primary myoblasts, resulting from loss of the C-terminal KASH domain. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=19008300" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<a id="history" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<h4 href="#mimHistoryFold" id="mimHistoryToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
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<strong>History</strong>
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<p><a href="#5" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Pearson, C. M., Fowler, W. M., Jr. &lt;strong&gt;Hereditary non-progressive muscular dystrophy inducing arthrogryposis syndrome.&lt;/strong&gt; Brain 86: 75-88, 1963.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13942250/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;13942250&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/86.1.75&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="13942250">Pearson and Fowler (1963)</a> reported 2 sibs with a skeletal muscle disorder leading to arthrogryposis in early childhood. The proband was a 10-year-old boy born with bilateral clubfeet and dislocation of the right hip. He showed delayed motor development with swallowing difficulties and progressive muscle weakness until about age 7, when the muscle weakness stabilized. He had poor head control, contractures of the limbs, and was unable to stand without support. His 6-year-old sister had a similar disease course and could not run, although she could walk with a waddling gait. Skeletal muscle biopsy in both sibs showed marked fiber size variation, internalized nuclei, and presence of vacuoles. The maternal grandparents were first cousins, suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance. The findings were consistent with myogenic arthrogryposis. A similar situation may have existed in 2 sibs reported by <a href="#2" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Banker, B. Q., Victor, M., Adams, R. D. &lt;strong&gt;Arthrogryposis multiplex due to progressive muscular dystrophy.&lt;/strong&gt; Brain 80: 319-334, 1957.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13471804/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;13471804&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/80.3.319&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="13471804">Banker et al. (1957)</a> who both died in infancy. One sibs had arthrogryposis, whereas the younger sib had flaccid hypotonia without contractures. Postmortem examination was consistent with a primary myopathy with features of a progressive muscular dystrophy. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=13471804+13942250" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<strong>REFERENCES</strong>
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<a id="1" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<a id="Attali2009" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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Attali, R., Warwar, N., Israel, A., Gurt, I., McNally, E., Puckelwartz, M., Glick, B., Nevo, Y., Ben-Neriah, Z., Melki, J.
<strong>Mutation of SYNE-1, encoding an essential component of the nuclear lamina, is responsible for autosomal recessive arthrogryposis.</strong>
Hum. Molec. Genet. 18: 3462-3469, 2009.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19542096/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">19542096</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=19542096" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddp290" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="Banker1957" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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Banker, B. Q., Victor, M., Adams, R. D.
<strong>Arthrogryposis multiplex due to progressive muscular dystrophy.</strong>
Brain 80: 319-334, 1957.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13471804/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">13471804</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=13471804" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/80.3.319" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="Baumann2017" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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Baumann, M., Steichen-Gersdorf, E., Krabichler, B., Petersen, B.-S., Weber, U., Schmidt, W. M., Zschocke, J., Muller, T., Bittner, R. E., Janecke, A. R.
<strong>Homozygous SYNE1 mutation causes congenital onset of muscular weakness with distal arthrogryposis: a genotype-phenotype correlation.</strong>
Europ. J. Hum. Genet. 25: 262-266, 2017.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27782104/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">27782104</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=27782104[PMID]&report=imagesdocsum" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Image', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">images</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=27782104" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2016.144" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="Laquerriere2014" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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Laquerriere, A., Maluenda, J., Camus, A., Fontenas, L., Dieterich, K., Nolent, F., Zhou, J., Monnier, N., Latour, P., Gentil, D., Heron, D., Desguerres, I., and 48 others.
<strong>Mutations in CNTNAP1 and ADCY6 are responsible for severe arthrogryposis multiplex congenita with axoglial defects.</strong>
Hum. Molec. Genet. 23: 2279-2289, 2014.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24319099/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">24319099</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=24319099" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddt618" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="Pearson1963" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<div class="">
<p class="mim-text-font">
Pearson, C. M., Fowler, W. M., Jr.
<strong>Hereditary non-progressive muscular dystrophy inducing arthrogryposis syndrome.</strong>
Brain 86: 75-88, 1963.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13942250/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">13942250</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=13942250" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/86.1.75" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="Puckelwartz2009" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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Puckelwartz, M. J., Kessler, E., Zhang, Y., Hodzic, D., Randles, K. N., Morris, G., Earley, J. U., Hadhazy, M., Holaska, J. M., Mewborn, S. K., Pytel, P., McNally, E. M.
<strong>Disruption of nesprin-1 produces an Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy-like phenotype in mice.</strong>
Hum. Molec. Genet. 18: 607-620, 2009.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19008300/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">19008300</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=19008300[PMID]&report=imagesdocsum" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Image', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">images</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=19008300" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddn386" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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Cassandra L. Kniffin : 06/25/2019
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carol : 08/03/2022
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ckniffin : 08/02/2022<br>carol : 07/30/2020<br>carol : 07/12/2019<br>carol : 07/11/2019<br>ckniffin : 07/01/2019
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<strong>#</strong> 618484
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ARTHROGRYPOSIS MULTIPLEX CONGENITA 3, MYOGENIC TYPE; AMC3
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<em>Alternative titles; symbols</em>
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ARTHROGRYPOSIS MULTIPLEX CONGENITA, MYOGENIC TYPE; AMCM
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<strong>ORPHA:</strong> 319332; &nbsp;
<strong>DO:</strong> 0080979; &nbsp;
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<strong>Phenotype-Gene Relationships</strong>
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Location
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Phenotype
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Phenotype <br /> MIM number
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Inheritance
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Phenotype <br /> mapping key
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Gene/Locus
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6q25.2
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Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 3, myogenic type
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618484
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Autosomal recessive
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3
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SYNE1
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608441
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<strong>TEXT</strong>
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<p>A number sign (#) is used with this entry because of evidence that myogenic-type arthrogryposis multiplex congenita-3 (AMC3) is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the SYNE1 gene (608441) on chromosome 6q25.</p>
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<strong>Description</strong>
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<p>Myogenic-type arthrogryposis multiplex congenita-3 (AMC3) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by decreased fetal movements, hypotonia, variable skeletal defects, including clubfoot and scoliosis, and delayed motor milestones with difficulty walking (summary by Baumann et al., 2017). </p>
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<strong>Clinical Features</strong>
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<p>Attali et al. (2009) reported a consanguineous Palestinian family in which 2 sibs had a disorder characterized by decreased fetal movements, hypotonia, bilateral clubfoot, and delayed motor milestones. They had progressive motor decline with loss of ambulation after the first decade, and both developed kyphosis and/or scoliosis. One patient was noted to have normal intelligence. The older sib died of restrictive lung disease at age 22 years. Muscle biopsies in affected individuals revealed variation in size of muscle fibers without necrosis or fibrosis. Neither had cerebellar or pyramidal signs. A brother of these sibs married a cousin and had 2 affected pregnancies. Prenatal ultrasound showed clubfoot and decreased fetal movements; both pregnancies were terminated. Attali et al. (2009) described the disorder as a myogenic arthrogryposis. </p><p>Laquerriere et al. (2014) identified 2 sibs, born of consanguineous parents (family K168) with AMC3. Clinical details were limited, but the proband was noted to have onset in utero; there were no additional features noted. </p><p>Baumann et al. (2017) reported an 8-year-old boy, born of consanguineous Turkish parents, with AMC3. There were reduced fetal movements during pregnancy and the infant was small for gestational age. At birth, he showed severe muscle weakness and arthrogryposis, including adducted thumbs, flexion contractures of fingers, and clubfeet; he also had cryptorchidism. He was able to walk unsupported at the age of 2 years, but showed the Gowers maneuver and had limited ability to walk long distances or climb stairs at age 8. He had marked proximal muscular weakness, reduced deep tendon reflexes, mild facial weakness, and flexion contractures of some proximal interphalangeal joints. There was neither pyramidal nor cerebellar involvement. Additional features included hyperopia, intermittent strabismus, and impaired intellectual development. Muscle ultrasound showed fibrosis and fatty replacement of muscle tissue; muscle biopsy showed variation in fiber size, centralized nuclei, and abnormalities of the nuclear membrane. There was no cardiac involvement and serum creatine kinase was normal. Family history revealed that an older brother had presented with severe muscular hypotonia at birth and died at the age of 4 months from respiratory failure. </p>
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<strong>Inheritance</strong>
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<p>The transmission pattern of AMC3 in the family reported by Attali et al. (2009) was consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. </p>
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<strong>Mapping</strong>
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</h4>
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<span class="mim-text-font">
<p>By genomewide linkage analysis in a consanguineous Palestinian family segregating an autosomal recessive form of AMC, Attali et al. (2009) found linkage to chromosome 6q25. </p>
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<span class="mim-font">
<strong>Molecular Genetics</strong>
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<span class="mim-text-font">
<p>In affected members of a Palestinian family with AMC3, Attali et al. (2009) identified a homozygous splice site mutation (608441.0011) in the distal region of the SYNE1 gene. </p><p>In 2 sibs, born of consanguineous parents (family K168) with AMC3, Laquerriere et al. (2014) identified a homozygous nonsense mutation in the SYNE1 gene (R8193X; 608441.0018). The mutation, which was found by a combination of genetic mapping and whole-exome sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing, segregated with the disorder in the family. The authors suggested that the disorder was due to skeletal muscle involvement rather than axoglial. The family was ascertained from a cohort of 63 patients from 31 multiplex and/or consanguineous families with unexplained nonsyndromic AMC who underwent exome sequencing. </p><p>In an 8-year-old boy, born of consanguineous Turkish parents, with AMC3, Baumann et al. (2017) identified a homozygous truncating mutation at the C terminus of the SYNE1 gene (R8746X; 608441.0019). The mutation affected both the short muscle-specific KASH-containing isoform nesprin-1-alpha-2 and the CNS-expressed giant isoform. The mutation, which was found by a combination of homozygosity mapping and exome sequencing, segregated with the disorder in the family. Analysis of patient cells showed that the mutant mRNA was expressed at normal levels, suggesting that normal levels of the truncated protein were expressed. Baumann et al. (2017) suggested that loss of the KASH domain in SYNE1 is sufficient to cause AMC3. Baumann et al. (2017) noted that the few reported SYNE1 nonsense or splice site mutations identified in patients with AMC3 all terminate in the C-terminal KASH domain and would be expected to affect at least the major muscle-specific nesprin-1-alpha-2 isoform. Thus, loss of this KASH domain is sufficient to cause AMC3. </p>
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<strong>Animal Model</strong>
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<p>Puckelwartz et al. (2009) generated mice with C-terminal deletion of Syne1, including the KASH domain. Mice homozygous for this mutation died at or near birth from respiratory failure, whereas surviving mice displayed hindlimb weakness and an abnormal gait. With increasing age, kyphoscoliosis, muscle pathology, and cardiac conduction defects developed. The protein components of the LINC complex, including mutant nesprin-1-alpha-2, lamin A/C, and Sun2 (Unc84b), were localized at the nuclear membrane in mutant mouse skeletal muscle myofibers; however, mutant nesprin-1 interaction with Sun2 was disrupted in primary myoblasts, resulting from loss of the C-terminal KASH domain. </p>
</span>
<div>
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</div>
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<h4>
<span class="mim-font">
<strong>History</strong>
</span>
</h4>
</div>
<span class="mim-text-font">
<p>Pearson and Fowler (1963) reported 2 sibs with a skeletal muscle disorder leading to arthrogryposis in early childhood. The proband was a 10-year-old boy born with bilateral clubfeet and dislocation of the right hip. He showed delayed motor development with swallowing difficulties and progressive muscle weakness until about age 7, when the muscle weakness stabilized. He had poor head control, contractures of the limbs, and was unable to stand without support. His 6-year-old sister had a similar disease course and could not run, although she could walk with a waddling gait. Skeletal muscle biopsy in both sibs showed marked fiber size variation, internalized nuclei, and presence of vacuoles. The maternal grandparents were first cousins, suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance. The findings were consistent with myogenic arthrogryposis. A similar situation may have existed in 2 sibs reported by Banker et al. (1957) who both died in infancy. One sibs had arthrogryposis, whereas the younger sib had flaccid hypotonia without contractures. Postmortem examination was consistent with a primary myopathy with features of a progressive muscular dystrophy. </p>
</span>
<div>
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<h4>
<span class="mim-font">
<strong>REFERENCES</strong>
</span>
</h4>
<div>
<p />
</div>
<div>
<ol>
<li>
<p class="mim-text-font">
Attali, R., Warwar, N., Israel, A., Gurt, I., McNally, E., Puckelwartz, M., Glick, B., Nevo, Y., Ben-Neriah, Z., Melki, J.
<strong>Mutation of SYNE-1, encoding an essential component of the nuclear lamina, is responsible for autosomal recessive arthrogryposis.</strong>
Hum. Molec. Genet. 18: 3462-3469, 2009.
[PubMed: 19542096]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddp290]
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="mim-text-font">
Banker, B. Q., Victor, M., Adams, R. D.
<strong>Arthrogryposis multiplex due to progressive muscular dystrophy.</strong>
Brain 80: 319-334, 1957.
[PubMed: 13471804]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/80.3.319]
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="mim-text-font">
Baumann, M., Steichen-Gersdorf, E., Krabichler, B., Petersen, B.-S., Weber, U., Schmidt, W. M., Zschocke, J., Muller, T., Bittner, R. E., Janecke, A. R.
<strong>Homozygous SYNE1 mutation causes congenital onset of muscular weakness with distal arthrogryposis: a genotype-phenotype correlation.</strong>
Europ. J. Hum. Genet. 25: 262-266, 2017.
[PubMed: 27782104]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2016.144]
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="mim-text-font">
Laquerriere, A., Maluenda, J., Camus, A., Fontenas, L., Dieterich, K., Nolent, F., Zhou, J., Monnier, N., Latour, P., Gentil, D., Heron, D., Desguerres, I., and 48 others.
<strong>Mutations in CNTNAP1 and ADCY6 are responsible for severe arthrogryposis multiplex congenita with axoglial defects.</strong>
Hum. Molec. Genet. 23: 2279-2289, 2014.
[PubMed: 24319099]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddt618]
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="mim-text-font">
Pearson, C. M., Fowler, W. M., Jr.
<strong>Hereditary non-progressive muscular dystrophy inducing arthrogryposis syndrome.</strong>
Brain 86: 75-88, 1963.
[PubMed: 13942250]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/86.1.75]
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="mim-text-font">
Puckelwartz, M. J., Kessler, E., Zhang, Y., Hodzic, D., Randles, K. N., Morris, G., Earley, J. U., Hadhazy, M., Holaska, J. M., Mewborn, S. K., Pytel, P., McNally, E. M.
<strong>Disruption of nesprin-1 produces an Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy-like phenotype in mice.</strong>
Hum. Molec. Genet. 18: 607-620, 2009.
[PubMed: 19008300]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddn386]
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