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Entry
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- #615938 - MEGALENCEPHALY-POLYMICROGYRIA-POLYDACTYLY-HYDROCEPHALUS SYNDROME 3; MPPH3
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- OMIM
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<p>
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<span class="h4">#615938</span>
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<br />
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<strong>Table of Contents</strong>
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<a href="#title"><strong>Title</strong></a>
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<a href="#phenotypeMap"><strong>Phenotype-Gene Relationships</strong></a>
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<li role="presentation">
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<a href="/clinicalSynopsis/615938"><strong>Clinical Synopsis</strong></a>
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<li role="presentation">
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<a href="/phenotypicSeries/PS603387"> <strong>Phenotypic Series</strong> </a>
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<a href="#text"><strong>Text</strong></a>
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<a href="#description">Description</a>
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<a href="#clinicalFeatures">Clinical Features</a>
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<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
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<a href="#inheritance">Inheritance</a>
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<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
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<a href="#molecularGenetics">Molecular Genetics</a>
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<li role="presentation">
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<a href="#references"><strong>References</strong></a>
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<li role="presentation">
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<a href="#creationDate"><strong>Creation Date</strong></a>
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<li role="presentation">
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<a href="#editHistory"><strong>Edit History</strong></a>
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<div style="display: table-cell;">External Links</div>
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</a>
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</h4>
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<a href="#mimClinicalResourcesLinksFold" id="mimClinicalResourcesLinksToggle" class=" mimSingletonTriangleToggle" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#mimExternalLinksAccordion">
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<div style="display: table-row">
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<div id="mimClinicalResourcesLinksToggleTriangle" class="small mimSingletonTriangle" style="color: #337CB5; display: table-cell;">▼</div>
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<div style="display: table-cell;">Clinical Resources</div>
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<div><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=MEGALENCEPHALY-POLYMICROGYRIA-POLYDACTYLY-HYDROCEPHALUS SYNDROME" class="mim-tip-hint" title="A registry of federally and privately supported clinical trials conducted in the United States and around the world." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Clinical Trials', 'domain': 'clinicaltrials.gov'})">Clinical Trials</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/ClinicalLabs_Search_Simple.php?lng=EN&LnkId=11582&Typ=Pat" class="mim-tip-hint" title="A list of European laboratories that offer genetic testing." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'EuroGentest', 'domain': 'orpha.net'})">EuroGentest</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK396098/" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Expert-authored, peer-reviewed descriptions of inherited disorders including the uses of genetic testing in diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Gene Reviews', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">Gene Reviews</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus-syndrome" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Consumer-friendly information about the effects of genetic variation on human health." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'MedlinePlus Genetics', 'domain': 'medlineplus.gov'})">MedlinePlus Genetics</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/all/tests/?term=615938[mim]" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Genetic Testing Registry." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'GTR', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">GTR</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=83473" class="mim-tip-hint" title="European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'OrphaNet', 'domain': 'orpha.net'})">OrphaNet</a></div>
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<span>
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<span class="mim-tip-bottom" qtip_title="<strong>Looking for this gene or this phenotype in other resources?</strong>" qtip_text="Select a related resource from the dropdown menu and click for a targeted link to information directly relevant.">
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<div>
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<a id="title" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div>
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<a id="number" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div class="text-right">
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<a href="#" class="mim-tip-icd" qtip_title="<strong>ICD+</strong>" qtip_text="
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<strong>ORPHA:</strong> 83473<br />
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">ICD+</a>
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<div>
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<span class="h3">
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<span class="mim-font mim-tip-hint" title="Phenotype description, molecular basis known">
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<span class="text-danger"><strong>#</strong></span>
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615938
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</span>
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</span>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<a id="preferredTitle" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<h3>
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<span class="mim-font">
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MEGALENCEPHALY-POLYMICROGYRIA-POLYDACTYLY-HYDROCEPHALUS SYNDROME 3; MPPH3
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</span>
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</h3>
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</div>
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<div>
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<br />
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<div>
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<a id="phenotypeMap" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<h4>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>Phenotype-Gene Relationships</strong>
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</span>
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</h4>
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<div>
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<table class="table table-bordered table-condensed table-hover small mim-table-padding">
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<thead>
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<tr class="active">
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<th>
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Location
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</th>
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<th>
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Phenotype
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</th>
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<th>
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Phenotype <br /> MIM number
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</th>
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<th>
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Inheritance
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</th>
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<th>
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Phenotype <br /> mapping key
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</th>
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<th>
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Gene/Locus
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</th>
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<th>
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Gene/Locus <br /> MIM number
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<tbody>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<a href="/geneMap/12/30?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=30">
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12p13.32
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</a>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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Megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome 3
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<a href="/entry/615938"> 615938 </a>
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</abbr>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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CCND2
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<a href="/entry/123833"> 123833 </a>
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</span>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<div>
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<div class="btn-group ">
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<a href="/clinicalSynopsis/615938" class="btn btn-warning" role="button"> Clinical Synopsis </a>
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<button type="button" id="mimPhenotypicSeriesToggle" class="btn btn-warning dropdown-toggle mimSingletonFoldToggle" data-toggle="collapse" href="#mimClinicalSynopsisFold" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Unfurl', 'ClinicalSynopsis', 'omim.org')">
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<span class="caret"></span>
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<span class="sr-only">Toggle Dropdown</span>
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</button>
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<div class="btn-group">
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<a href="/phenotypicSeries/PS603387" class="btn btn-info" role="button"> Phenotypic Series </a>
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<button type="button" id="mimPhenotypicSeriesToggle" class="btn btn-info dropdown-toggle mimSingletonFoldToggle" data-toggle="collapse" href="#mimPhenotypicSeriesFold" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Unfurl', 'PhenotypicSeries', 'omim.org')">
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<span class="caret"></span>
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<span class="sr-only">Toggle Dropdown</span>
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</button>
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<div class="btn-group">
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<button type="button" class="btn btn-success dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
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PheneGene Graphics <span class="caret"></span>
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</button>
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<ul class="dropdown-menu" style="width: 17em;">
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<li><a href="/graph/linear/615938" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_graph', {'destination': 'Linear'})"> Linear </a></li>
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<li><a href="/graph/radial/615938" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_graph', {'destination': 'Radial'})"> Radial </a></li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-question-sign mim-tip-hint" title="OMIM PheneGene graphics depict relationships between phenotypes, groups of related phenotypes (Phenotypic Series), and genes.<br /><a href='/static/omim/pdf/OMIM_Graphics.pdf' target='_blank'>A quick reference overview and guide (PDF)</a>"></span>
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<p />
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<div class="small" style="margin: 5px">
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<div>
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<span class="h5 mim-font">
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<strong> INHERITANCE </strong>
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</span>
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</div>
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<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
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<div>
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<span class="mim-font">
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- Autosomal dominant <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/263681008" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">263681008</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/771269000" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">771269000</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0443147&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0443147</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1867440&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1867440</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000006" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000006</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000006" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000006</a>]</span><br />
|
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|
</span>
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|
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<strong> HEAD & NECK </strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
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<div>
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<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<em> Head </em>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
- Enlarged head circumference (up to 7.5+) <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C4014743&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C4014743</a>]</span> <a href="https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/index.cgi?tid=dd989bb153739761147ef05dc870b050" target="_blank" class="small mim-tip-eom" title="<img src="https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/images/terms/Macrocephaly-small.jpg"> <br/>Further Information: <a href="https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/index.cgi?tid=dd989bb153739761147ef05dc870b050" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'EOM\', \'domain\': \'elementsofmorphology.nih.gov\'})">Elements of Morphology</a>"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-user" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><br /> -
|
|
Macrocephaly <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/12138000" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">12138000</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/1145403003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">1145403003</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/Q75.3" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">Q75.3</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0221355&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0221355</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2243051&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2243051</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000256" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000256</a>, <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001355" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001355</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000256" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000256</a>]</span> <a href="https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/index.cgi?tid=dd989bb153739761147ef05dc870b050" target="_blank" class="small mim-tip-eom" title="<img src="https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/images/terms/Macrocephaly-small.jpg"> <br/>Further Information: <a href="https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/index.cgi?tid=dd989bb153739761147ef05dc870b050" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'EOM\', \'domain\': \'elementsofmorphology.nih.gov\'})">Elements of Morphology</a>"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-user" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><br />
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</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
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<div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<em> Face </em>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
- Prominent forehead <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1837260&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1837260</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0011220" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0011220</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0011220" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0011220</a>]</span> <a href="https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/index.cgi?tid=a2091161c29564b62e12b608022a4044" target="_blank" class="small mim-tip-eom" title="<img src="https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/images/terms/Forehead,Prominent-small.jpg"> <br/>Further Information: <a href="https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/index.cgi?tid=a2091161c29564b62e12b608022a4044" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'EOM\', \'domain\': \'elementsofmorphology.nih.gov\'})">Elements of Morphology</a>"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-user" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><br />
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</span>
|
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</div>
|
|
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<strong> SKELETAL </strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
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<div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<em> Hands </em>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
- Polydactyly, postaxial <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0220697&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0220697</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0100259" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0100259</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0100259" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0100259</a>]</span><br />
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<em> Feet </em>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
- Polydactyly, postaxial <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0220697&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0220697</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0100259" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0100259</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0100259" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0100259</a>]</span><br />
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
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|
|
<div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<strong> NEUROLOGIC </strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<em> Central Nervous System </em>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
- Delayed development, severe <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1837330&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1837330</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/248290002" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">248290002</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/224958001" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">224958001</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/F88" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">F88</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/315.9" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">315.9</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001263" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001263</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Poor or absent speech <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3278212&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3278212</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000750" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000750</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Megalencephaly <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/9740002" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">9740002</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/12138000" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">12138000</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/Q04.5" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">Q04.5</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/Q75.3" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">Q75.3</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0221355&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0221355</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2720434&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2720434</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001355" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001355</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001355" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001355</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Ventriculomegaly <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/413808003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">413808003</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1531647&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1531647</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3278923&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3278923</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002119" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002119</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002119" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002119</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Hydrocephalus <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/230745008" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">230745008</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/G91" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">G91</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/G91.9" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">G91.9</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0020255&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0020255</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000238" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000238</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000238" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000238</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Polymicrogyria <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/4945003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">4945003</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0266464&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0266464</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002126" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002126</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002126" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002126</a>]</span><br />
|
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|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
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|
|
</div>
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</div>
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<div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<strong> MISCELLANEOUS </strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
- Onset at birth <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1836142&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1836142</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003577" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003577</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003577" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003577</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Most mutations occur de novo<br />
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<strong> MOLECULAR BASIS </strong>
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- Caused by mutation in the cyclin D2 gene (CCND2, <a href="/entry/123833#0001">123833.0001</a>)<br />
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<h5>
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Megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome
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- <a href="/phenotypicSeries/PS603387">PS603387</a>
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- 3 Entries
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<strong>Location</strong>
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<strong>Phenotype</strong>
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<strong>Inheritance</strong>
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<strong>Phenotype<br />mapping key</strong>
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<strong>Phenotype<br />MIM number</strong>
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<strong>Gene/Locus<br />MIM number</strong>
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<a href="/geneMap/1/1845?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=1845"> 1q43-q44 </a>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<a href="/entry/615937"> Megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome 2 </a>
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<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</abbr>
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<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
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<a href="/entry/615937"> 615937 </a>
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<a href="/entry/611223"> AKT3 </a>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<a href="/entry/611223"> 611223 </a>
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<a href="/geneMap/12/30?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=30"> 12p13.32 </a>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<a href="/entry/615938"> Megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome 3 </a>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</abbr>
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<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<a href="/entry/615938"> 615938 </a>
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<a href="/entry/123833"> CCND2 </a>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<a href="/entry/123833"> 123833 </a>
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<a href="/geneMap/19/453?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=453"> 19p13.11 </a>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<a href="/entry/603387"> Megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome 1 </a>
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</abbr>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<a href="/entry/603387"> 603387 </a>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<a href="/entry/603157"> PIK3R2 </a>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<a href="/entry/603157"> 603157 </a>
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<a href="#mimPhenotypicSeriesFold" data-toggle="collapse">▲ Close</a>
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<a id="text" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<h4 href="#mimTextFold" id="mimTextToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
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<span id="mimTextToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">▼</span>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<span class="mim-tip-floating" qtip_title="<strong>Looking For More References?</strong>" qtip_text="Click the 'reference plus' icon <span class='glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign'></span> at the end of each OMIM text paragraph to see more references related to the content of the preceding paragraph.">
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<strong>TEXT</strong>
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</span>
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</span>
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</h4>
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<p>A number sign (#) is used with this entry because megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome-3 (MPPH3) is caused by heterozygous mutation in the CCND2 gene (<a href="/entry/123833">123833</a>) on chromosome 12p13.</p>
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<br />
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<a id="description" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<strong>Description</strong>
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<p>This disorder comprises macrocephaly, megalencephaly, ventriculomegaly, polymicrogyria, and polydactyly. Most affected individuals have severely delayed psychomotor development (summary by <a href="#2" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Mirzaa, G. M., Parry, D. A., Fry, A. E., Giamanco, K. A., Schwartzentruber, J., Vanstone, M., Logan, C. V., Roberts, N., Johnson, C. A., Singh, S., Kholmanskikh, S. S., Adams, C., and 22 others. <strong>De novo CCND2 mutations leading to stabilization of cyclin D2 cause megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome.</strong> Nature Genet. 46: 510-515, 2014.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24705253/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">24705253</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=24705253[PMID]&report=imagesdocsum" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Image', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">images</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2948" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="24705253">Mirzaa et al., 2014</a>). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=24705253" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of MPPH, see MPPH1 (<a href="/entry/603387">603387</a>).</p>
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<strong>Clinical Features</strong>
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<p><a href="#2" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Mirzaa, G. M., Parry, D. A., Fry, A. E., Giamanco, K. A., Schwartzentruber, J., Vanstone, M., Logan, C. V., Roberts, N., Johnson, C. A., Singh, S., Kholmanskikh, S. S., Adams, C., and 22 others. <strong>De novo CCND2 mutations leading to stabilization of cyclin D2 cause megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome.</strong> Nature Genet. 46: 510-515, 2014.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24705253/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">24705253</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=24705253[PMID]&report=imagesdocsum" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Image', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">images</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2948" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="24705253">Mirzaa et al. (2014)</a> reported 12 unrelated patients with an enlarged head circumference (up to +4.5 SD) associated with ventriculomegaly or hydrocephalus and megalencephaly apparent at birth or in early infancy. Brain imaging showed bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria or frontoparietal polymicrogyria. All but 1 patient had severely delayed psychomotor development, and many had no language acquisition. One patient, age 13 years at the time of the report, was more mildly affected. All except 1 had postaxial polydactyly of the hands and/or feet. Only 1 patient had a thick corpus callosum. In several patients, head circumference increased with age (up to +7.5 SD). Several of the patients had previously been reported by <a href="#1" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Mirzaa, G. M., Conway, R. L., Gripp, K. W., Lerman-Sagie, T., Siegel, D. H., deVries, L. S., Lev, D., Kramer, N., Hopkins, E., Graham, J. M., Jr., Dobyns, W. B. <strong>Megalencephaly-capillary malformation (MCAP) and megalencephaly-polydactyly-polymicrogyria-hydrocephalus (MPPH) syndromes: two closely related disorders of brain overgrowth and abnormal brain and body morphogenesis.</strong> Am. J. Med. Genet. 158A: 269-291, 2012.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22228622/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">22228622</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.34402" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="22228622">Mirzaa et al. (2012)</a>. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=24705253+22228622" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<a id="inheritance" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<p>Almost all patients with MPPH3 have de novo mutations. However, <a href="#2" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Mirzaa, G. M., Parry, D. A., Fry, A. E., Giamanco, K. A., Schwartzentruber, J., Vanstone, M., Logan, C. V., Roberts, N., Johnson, C. A., Singh, S., Kholmanskikh, S. S., Adams, C., and 22 others. <strong>De novo CCND2 mutations leading to stabilization of cyclin D2 cause megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome.</strong> Nature Genet. 46: 510-515, 2014.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24705253/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">24705253</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=24705253[PMID]&report=imagesdocsum" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Image', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">images</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2948" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="24705253">Mirzaa et al. (2014)</a> reported 1 severely affected child whose mother appeared to carry the same mutation as a mosaic. The mother had a large head circumference, hypertelorism, and borderline intelligence, but did not undergo brain imaging. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=24705253" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<strong>Molecular Genetics</strong>
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<p>In 12 probands with MPPH, <a href="#2" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Mirzaa, G. M., Parry, D. A., Fry, A. E., Giamanco, K. A., Schwartzentruber, J., Vanstone, M., Logan, C. V., Roberts, N., Johnson, C. A., Singh, S., Kholmanskikh, S. S., Adams, C., and 22 others. <strong>De novo CCND2 mutations leading to stabilization of cyclin D2 cause megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome.</strong> Nature Genet. 46: 510-515, 2014.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24705253/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">24705253</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=24705253[PMID]&report=imagesdocsum" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Image', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">images</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2948" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="24705253">Mirzaa et al. (2014)</a> identified 7 different heterozygous mutations in the CCND2 gene (e.g., <a href="/entry/123833#0001">123833.0001</a>-<a href="/entry/123833#0006">123833.0006</a>). The mutations in the first 3 patients were found by whole-exome sequencing; the mutations in 9 additional patients were found by conventional Sanger sequencing. All of the mutations either altered conserved residues surrounding thr280, a GSK3B (<a href="/entry/605004">605004</a>) phosphorylation target necessary for subsequent protein degradation, or truncated the mutation before this phosphorylation site. Transfection of the CCND2 mutations into HEK293 cells resulted in abnormal accumulation of unphosphorylated, degradation-resistant cyclin D2. In utero electroporation of the T280A (<a href="/entry/123833#0001">123833.0001</a>) or P281R (<a href="/entry/123833#0005">123833.0005</a>) mutations into mouse embryos resulted in increased numbers of actively dividing cells in the cortical plate compared to wildtype. These phosphodeficient mutants were more effective in promoting mitosis and were associated with decreased exit from the cell cycle compared to wildtype. Cells from individuals with megalencephaly due to PIK3CA (<a href="/entry/171834">171834</a>), PIK3R2 (<a href="/entry/603157">603157</a>), or AKT3 (<a href="/entry/611223">611223</a>) mutations showed similar CCND2 accumulation, which indicated that activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway resulting in increased CCND2 is a unifying mechanism in these related disorders. The findings were consistent with a gain-of-function effect of the CCND2 mutations, and <a href="#2" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Mirzaa, G. M., Parry, D. A., Fry, A. E., Giamanco, K. A., Schwartzentruber, J., Vanstone, M., Logan, C. V., Roberts, N., Johnson, C. A., Singh, S., Kholmanskikh, S. S., Adams, C., and 22 others. <strong>De novo CCND2 mutations leading to stabilization of cyclin D2 cause megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome.</strong> Nature Genet. 46: 510-515, 2014.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24705253/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">24705253</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=24705253[PMID]&report=imagesdocsum" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Image', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">images</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2948" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="24705253">Mirzaa et al. (2014)</a> suggested that the expansion of neuronal progenitor populations underlies the megalencephaly as well as the polymicrogyria observed in the disorder. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=24705253" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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Mirzaa, G. M., Conway, R. L., Gripp, K. W., Lerman-Sagie, T., Siegel, D. H., deVries, L. S., Lev, D., Kramer, N., Hopkins, E., Graham, J. M., Jr., Dobyns, W. B.
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<strong>Megalencephaly-capillary malformation (MCAP) and megalencephaly-polydactyly-polymicrogyria-hydrocephalus (MPPH) syndromes: two closely related disorders of brain overgrowth and abnormal brain and body morphogenesis.</strong>
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Am. J. Med. Genet. 158A: 269-291, 2012.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22228622/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">22228622</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=22228622" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.34402" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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Mirzaa, G. M., Parry, D. A., Fry, A. E., Giamanco, K. A., Schwartzentruber, J., Vanstone, M., Logan, C. V., Roberts, N., Johnson, C. A., Singh, S., Kholmanskikh, S. S., Adams, C., and 22 others.
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<strong>De novo CCND2 mutations leading to stabilization of cyclin D2 cause megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome.</strong>
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Nature Genet. 46: 510-515, 2014.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24705253/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">24705253</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=24705253[PMID]&report=imagesdocsum" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Image', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">images</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=24705253" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2948" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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Creation Date:
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Cassandra L. Kniffin : 8/12/2014
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carol : 08/20/2014
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alopez : 8/19/2014<br>ckniffin : 8/12/2014
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MEGALENCEPHALY-POLYMICROGYRIA-POLYDACTYLY-HYDROCEPHALUS SYNDROME 3; MPPH3
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<strong>ORPHA:</strong> 83473;
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12p13.32
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Megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome 3
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615938
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Autosomal dominant
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CCND2
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123833
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<p>A number sign (#) is used with this entry because megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome-3 (MPPH3) is caused by heterozygous mutation in the CCND2 gene (123833) on chromosome 12p13.</p>
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<p>This disorder comprises macrocephaly, megalencephaly, ventriculomegaly, polymicrogyria, and polydactyly. Most affected individuals have severely delayed psychomotor development (summary by Mirzaa et al., 2014). </p><p>For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of MPPH, see MPPH1 (603387).</p>
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<p>Mirzaa et al. (2014) reported 12 unrelated patients with an enlarged head circumference (up to +4.5 SD) associated with ventriculomegaly or hydrocephalus and megalencephaly apparent at birth or in early infancy. Brain imaging showed bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria or frontoparietal polymicrogyria. All but 1 patient had severely delayed psychomotor development, and many had no language acquisition. One patient, age 13 years at the time of the report, was more mildly affected. All except 1 had postaxial polydactyly of the hands and/or feet. Only 1 patient had a thick corpus callosum. In several patients, head circumference increased with age (up to +7.5 SD). Several of the patients had previously been reported by Mirzaa et al. (2012). </p>
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<p>Almost all patients with MPPH3 have de novo mutations. However, Mirzaa et al. (2014) reported 1 severely affected child whose mother appeared to carry the same mutation as a mosaic. The mother had a large head circumference, hypertelorism, and borderline intelligence, but did not undergo brain imaging. </p>
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<strong>Molecular Genetics</strong>
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<p>In 12 probands with MPPH, Mirzaa et al. (2014) identified 7 different heterozygous mutations in the CCND2 gene (e.g., 123833.0001-123833.0006). The mutations in the first 3 patients were found by whole-exome sequencing; the mutations in 9 additional patients were found by conventional Sanger sequencing. All of the mutations either altered conserved residues surrounding thr280, a GSK3B (605004) phosphorylation target necessary for subsequent protein degradation, or truncated the mutation before this phosphorylation site. Transfection of the CCND2 mutations into HEK293 cells resulted in abnormal accumulation of unphosphorylated, degradation-resistant cyclin D2. In utero electroporation of the T280A (123833.0001) or P281R (123833.0005) mutations into mouse embryos resulted in increased numbers of actively dividing cells in the cortical plate compared to wildtype. These phosphodeficient mutants were more effective in promoting mitosis and were associated with decreased exit from the cell cycle compared to wildtype. Cells from individuals with megalencephaly due to PIK3CA (171834), PIK3R2 (603157), or AKT3 (611223) mutations showed similar CCND2 accumulation, which indicated that activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway resulting in increased CCND2 is a unifying mechanism in these related disorders. The findings were consistent with a gain-of-function effect of the CCND2 mutations, and Mirzaa et al. (2014) suggested that the expansion of neuronal progenitor populations underlies the megalencephaly as well as the polymicrogyria observed in the disorder. </p>
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<strong>REFERENCES</strong>
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Mirzaa, G. M., Conway, R. L., Gripp, K. W., Lerman-Sagie, T., Siegel, D. H., deVries, L. S., Lev, D., Kramer, N., Hopkins, E., Graham, J. M., Jr., Dobyns, W. B.
|
|
<strong>Megalencephaly-capillary malformation (MCAP) and megalencephaly-polydactyly-polymicrogyria-hydrocephalus (MPPH) syndromes: two closely related disorders of brain overgrowth and abnormal brain and body morphogenesis.</strong>
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Am. J. Med. Genet. 158A: 269-291, 2012.
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[PubMed: 22228622]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.34402]
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Mirzaa, G. M., Parry, D. A., Fry, A. E., Giamanco, K. A., Schwartzentruber, J., Vanstone, M., Logan, C. V., Roberts, N., Johnson, C. A., Singh, S., Kholmanskikh, S. S., Adams, C., and 22 others.
|
|
<strong>De novo CCND2 mutations leading to stabilization of cyclin D2 cause megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome.</strong>
|
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Nature Genet. 46: 510-515, 2014.
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[PubMed: 24705253]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2948]
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Cassandra L. Kniffin : 8/12/2014
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carol : 08/20/2014<br>alopez : 8/19/2014<br>ckniffin : 8/12/2014
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