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- #615355 - NOONAN SYNDROME 8; NS8
- OMIM
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<span class="h4">#615355</span>
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<strong>Table of Contents</strong>
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<a href="#title"><strong>Title</strong></a>
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<a href="#phenotypeMap"><strong>Phenotype-Gene Relationships</strong></a>
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<a href="/clinicalSynopsis/615355"><strong>Clinical Synopsis</strong></a>
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<a href="/phenotypicSeries/PS163950"> <strong>Phenotypic Series</strong> </a>
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<a href="#text"><strong>Text</strong></a>
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<a href="#description">Description</a>
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<a href="#clinicalFeatures">Clinical Features</a>
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<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
<a href="#inheritance">Inheritance</a>
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<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
<a href="#molecularGenetics">Molecular Genetics</a>
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<a href="#references"><strong>References</strong></a>
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<a href="#contributors"><strong>Contributors</strong></a>
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<a href="#creationDate"><strong>Creation Date</strong></a>
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<div><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=NOONAN SYNDROME" class="mim-tip-hint" title="A registry of federally and privately supported clinical trials conducted in the United States and around the world." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Clinical Trials', 'domain': 'clinicaltrials.gov'})">Clinical Trials</a></div>
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<span class="mim-tip-bottom" qtip_title="<strong>Looking for this gene or this phenotype in other resources?</strong>" qtip_text="Select a related resource from the dropdown menu and click for a targeted link to information directly relevant.">
&nbsp;
</span>
</span>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-8 col-lg-pull-2 col-md-8 col-md-pull-2 col-sm-8 col-sm-pull-2 col-xs-12">
<div>
<a id="title" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<div>
<a id="number" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<div class="text-right">
<a href="#" class="mim-tip-icd" qtip_title="<strong>ICD+</strong>" qtip_text="
<strong>ORPHA:</strong> 648<br />
<strong>DO:</strong> 0060586<br />
">ICD+</a>
</div>
<div>
<span class="h3">
<span class="mim-font mim-tip-hint" title="Phenotype description, molecular basis known">
<span class="text-danger"><strong>#</strong></span>
615355
</span>
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<a id="preferredTitle" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<h3>
<span class="mim-font">
NOONAN SYNDROME 8; NS8
</span>
</h3>
</div>
<div>
<br />
</div>
</div>
<div>
<a id="phenotypeMap" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<h4>
<span class="mim-font">
<strong>Phenotype-Gene Relationships</strong>
</span>
</h4>
<div>
<table class="table table-bordered table-condensed table-hover small mim-table-padding">
<thead>
<tr class="active">
<th>
Location
</th>
<th>
Phenotype
</th>
<th>
Phenotype <br /> MIM number
</th>
<th>
Inheritance
</th>
<th>
Phenotype <br /> mapping key
</th>
<th>
Gene/Locus
</th>
<th>
Gene/Locus <br /> MIM number
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/1/1231?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=1231">
1q22
</a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
Noonan syndrome 8
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615355"> 615355 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
RIT1
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/609591"> 609591 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="btn-group ">
<a href="/clinicalSynopsis/615355" class="btn btn-warning" role="button"> Clinical Synopsis </a>
<button type="button" id="mimPhenotypicSeriesToggle" class="btn btn-warning dropdown-toggle mimSingletonFoldToggle" data-toggle="collapse" href="#mimClinicalSynopsisFold" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Unfurl', 'ClinicalSynopsis', 'omim.org')">
<span class="caret"></span>
<span class="sr-only">Toggle Dropdown</span>
</button>
</div>
&nbsp;
<div class="btn-group">
<a href="/phenotypicSeries/PS163950" class="btn btn-info" role="button"> Phenotypic Series </a>
<button type="button" id="mimPhenotypicSeriesToggle" class="btn btn-info dropdown-toggle mimSingletonFoldToggle" data-toggle="collapse" href="#mimPhenotypicSeriesFold" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Unfurl', 'PhenotypicSeries', 'omim.org')">
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&nbsp;
<div class="btn-group">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-success dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
PheneGene Graphics <span class="caret"></span>
</button>
<ul class="dropdown-menu" style="width: 17em;">
<li><a href="/graph/linear/615355" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_graph', {'destination': 'Linear'})"> Linear </a></li>
<li><a href="/graph/radial/615355" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_graph', {'destination': 'Radial'})"> Radial </a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-question-sign mim-tip-hint" title="OMIM PheneGene graphics depict relationships between phenotypes, groups of related phenotypes (Phenotypic Series), and genes.<br /><a href='/static/omim/pdf/OMIM_Graphics.pdf' target='_blank'>A quick reference overview and guide (PDF)</a>"></span>
<div>
<p />
</div>
<div id="mimClinicalSynopsisFold" class="well well-sm collapse mimSingletonToggleFold">
<div class="small" style="margin: 5px">
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> INHERITANCE </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<span class="mim-font">
- Autosomal dominant <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/263681008" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">263681008</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/771269000" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">771269000</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0443147&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0443147</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1867440&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1867440</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000006" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000006</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000006" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000006</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> GROWTH </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Height </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Short stature <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/422065006" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">422065006</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/237836003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">237836003</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/237837007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">237837007</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/E34.31" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">E34.31</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/R62.52" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">R62.52</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/783.43" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">783.43</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0349588&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0349588</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0013336&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0013336</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003510" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003510</a>, <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0004322" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0004322</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0004322" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0004322</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Other </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Failure to thrive <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/432788009" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">432788009</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/54840006" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">54840006</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/783.41" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">783.41</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0015544&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0015544</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2315100&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2315100</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001508" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001508</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001508" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001508</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> HEAD & NECK </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Head </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Relative macrocephaly <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/3961000119101" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">3961000119101</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1849075&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1849075</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0004482" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0004482</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0004482" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0004482</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Ears </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Low-set ears <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/95515009" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">95515009</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/Q17.4" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">Q17.4</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0239234&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0239234</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000369" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000369</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000369" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000369</a>]</span> <a href="https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/index.cgi?tid=9f0956aaa4fd45c34f94336afbbdc931" target="_blank" class="small mim-tip-eom" title="&lt;img src=&quot;https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/images/terms/Ear,Low-Set-small.jpg&quot;&gt; &lt;br/&gt;Further Information: &lt;a href=&quot;https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/index.cgi?tid=9f0956aaa4fd45c34f94336afbbdc931&quot target=&quot;_blank&quot onclick=&quot;gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'EOM\', \'domain\': \'elementsofmorphology.nih.gov\'})&quot;&gt;Elements of Morphology&lt;/a&gt;"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-user" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Eyes </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Hypertelorism <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/22006008" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">22006008</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/Q75.2" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">Q75.2</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/376.41" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">376.41</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0020534&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0020534</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000316" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000316</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000316" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000316</a>]</span> <a href="https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/index.cgi?tid=593a4d488f00bb03351a0ddffaf4ac9a" target="_blank" class="small mim-tip-eom" title="&lt;img src=&quot;https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/images/terms/Eyes,Widely_Spaced-small.jpg&quot;&gt; &lt;br/&gt;Further Information: &lt;a href=&quot;https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/index.cgi?tid=593a4d488f00bb03351a0ddffaf4ac9a&quot target=&quot;_blank&quot onclick=&quot;gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'EOM\', \'domain\': \'elementsofmorphology.nih.gov\'})&quot;&gt;Elements of Morphology&lt;/a&gt;"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-user" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><br /> -
Epicanthal folds <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/74824007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">74824007</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0678230&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0678230</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0229249&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0229249</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000286" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000286</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000286" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000286</a>]</span><br /> -
Downslanting palpebral fissures <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/246800008" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">246800008</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0423110&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0423110</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000494" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000494</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000494" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000494</a>]</span><br /> -
Ptosis <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/11934000" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">11934000</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/29696001" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">29696001</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/H02.409" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">H02.409</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/H02.40" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">H02.40</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/H02.4" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">H02.4</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/374.3" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">374.3</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/374.30" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">374.30</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0005745&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0005745</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0033377&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0033377</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000508" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000508</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000508" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000508</a>]</span> <a href="https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/index.cgi?tid=76abf29563d4adc64d21da86221224b1" target="_blank" class="small mim-tip-eom" title="&lt;img src=&quot;https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/images/terms/Ptosis-small.jpg&quot;&gt; &lt;br/&gt;Further Information: &lt;a href=&quot;https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/index.cgi?tid=76abf29563d4adc64d21da86221224b1&quot target=&quot;_blank&quot onclick=&quot;gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'EOM\', \'domain\': \'elementsofmorphology.nih.gov\'})&quot;&gt;Elements of Morphology&lt;/a&gt;"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-user" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Neck </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Short neck <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/95427009" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">95427009</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0521525&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0521525</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000470" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000470</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000470" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000470</a>]</span> <a href="https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/index.cgi?tid=5edf45ce6835f32360d28d26249e2531" target="_blank" class="small mim-tip-eom" title="&lt;img src=&quot;https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/images/terms/Neck,Short-small.jpg&quot;&gt; &lt;br/&gt;Further Information: &lt;a href=&quot;https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/index.cgi?tid=5edf45ce6835f32360d28d26249e2531&quot target=&quot;_blank&quot onclick=&quot;gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'EOM\', \'domain\': \'elementsofmorphology.nih.gov\'})&quot;&gt;Elements of Morphology&lt;/a&gt;"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-user" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><br /> -
Webbed neck <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/11731003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">11731003</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/Q18.3" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">Q18.3</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/744.5" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">744.5</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0221217&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0221217</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000465" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000465</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000465" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000465</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> CARDIOVASCULAR </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Heart </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/195020003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">195020003</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/233873004" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">233873004</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/45227007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">45227007</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/I42.1" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">I42.1</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/I42.2" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">I42.2</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/425.1" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">425.1</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/425.11" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">425.11</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C4551472&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C4551472</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0340425&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0340425</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0007194&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0007194</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001639" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001639</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001639" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001639</a>]</span><br /> -
Atrial septal defect <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/253366007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">253366007</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/405752007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">405752007</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/70142008" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">70142008</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/Q21.1" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">Q21.1</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/Q21.10" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">Q21.10</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0018817&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0018817</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001631" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001631</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001631" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001631</a>]</span><br /> -
Ventricular septal defect <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/30288003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">30288003</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/253549006" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">253549006</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/768552007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">768552007</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/Q21.0" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">Q21.0</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/745.4" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">745.4</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0018818&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0018818</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001629" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001629</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001629" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001629</a>]</span><br /> -
Pulmonic stenosis <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/56786000" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">56786000</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1956257&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1956257</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0034089&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0034089</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001642" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001642</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001642" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001642</a>]</span><br /> -
Valvular insufficiency <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/10337008" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">10337008</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/708024004" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">708024004</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/40445007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">40445007</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/I38" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">I38</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0264879&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0264879</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0042300&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0042300</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> GENITOURINARY </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Internal Genitalia (Male) </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Cryptorchidism <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/204878001" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">204878001</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/Q53.9" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">Q53.9</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/752.51" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">752.51</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0010417&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0010417</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C5441920&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C5441920</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000028" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000028</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000028" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000028</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> SKIN, NAILS, & HAIR </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Skin </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Hyperelastic skin <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0241074&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0241074</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000974" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000974</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000974" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000974</a>]</span><br /> -
Hyperkeratosis <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/254666005" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">254666005</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/399955009" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">399955009</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/26996000" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">26996000</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0870082&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0870082</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0022593&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0022593</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000962" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000962</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000962" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000962</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Hair </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Curly hair <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/225570000" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">225570000</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0558165&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0558165</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002212" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002212</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002212" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002212</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> NEUROLOGIC </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Central Nervous System </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Intellectual disability (in some patients) <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/228156007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">228156007</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/110359009" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">110359009</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/317-319.99" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">317-319.99</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3714756&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3714756</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001249" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001249</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001249" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001249</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> PRENATAL MANIFESTATIONS </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Amniotic Fluid </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Polyhydramnios <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/86203003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">86203003</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/O40" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">O40</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/657.0" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">657.0</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/657" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">657</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0020224&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0020224</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001561" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001561</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001561" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001561</a>]</span><br /> -
Fetal pleural effusion <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/462163003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">462163003</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3532164&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3532164</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0025676" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0025676</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0025676" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0025676</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> MISCELLANEOUS </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<span class="mim-font">
- Onset in utero or at birth<br /> -
Most mutations occur de novo<br /> -
Features are variable<br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> MOLECULAR BASIS </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<span class="mim-font">
- Caused by mutation in the RIC-like protein without CAAX motif 1 gene (RIT1, <a href="/entry/609591#0001">609591.0001</a>)<br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="text-right">
<a href="#mimClinicalSynopsisFold" data-toggle="collapse">&#9650;&nbsp;Close</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="mimPhenotypicSeriesFold" class="well well-sm collapse mimSingletonToggleFold">
<div class="small">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12">
<h5>
Noonan syndrome
- <a href="/phenotypicSeries/PS163950">PS163950</a>
- 16 Entries
</h5>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row" style="margin-left: 0.125em; margin-right: 0.125em;">
<table class="table table-bordered table-condensed table-hover mim-table-padding">
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Location</strong>
</th>
<th class="col-lg-5 col-md-5 col-sm-5 col-xs-6 text-nowrap">
<strong>Phenotype</strong>
</th>
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Inheritance</strong>
</th>
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Phenotype<br />mapping key</strong>
</th>
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Phenotype<br />MIM number</strong>
</th>
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Gene/Locus</strong>
</th>
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Gene/Locus<br />MIM number</strong>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/1/943?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=943"> 1p13.2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/613224"> Noonan syndrome 6 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/613224"> 613224 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/164790"> NRAS </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/164790"> 164790 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/1/1231?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=1231"> 1q22 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615355"> Noonan syndrome 8 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615355"> 615355 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/609591"> RIT1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/609591"> 609591 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/2/151?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=151"> 2p23.2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617506"> Noonan syndrome-like disorder with loose anagen hair 2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617506"> 617506 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/600590"> PPP1CB </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/600590"> 600590 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/2/200?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=200"> 2p22.1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/610733"> Noonan syndrome 4 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/610733"> 610733 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/182530"> SOS1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/182530"> 182530 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/2/304?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=304"> 2p14 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619745"> Noonan syndrome 14 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619745"> 619745 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/609292"> SPRED2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/609292"> 609292 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/3/70?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=70"> 3p25.2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611553"> Noonan syndrome 5 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611553"> 611553 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/164760"> RAF1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/164760"> 164760 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/3/718?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=718"> 3q22.3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618499"> Noonan syndrome 11 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618499"> 618499 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/608435"> MRAS </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/608435"> 608435 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/7/742?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=742"> 7q34 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/613706"> Noonan syndrome 7 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/613706"> 613706 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/164757"> BRAF </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/164757"> 164757 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/10/563?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=563"> 10q25.2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/607721"> Noonan syndrome-like with loose anagen hair 1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/607721"> 607721 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/602775"> SHOC2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/602775"> 602775 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/11/193?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=193"> 11p15.2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618624"> Noonan syndrome 12 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618624"> 618624 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/600098"> RRAS2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/600098"> 600098 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/12/240?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=240"> 12p12.1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/609942"> Noonan syndrome 3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/609942"> 609942 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/190070"> KRAS </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/190070"> 190070 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/12/823?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=823"> 12q24.13 </a>
</span>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/163950"> Noonan syndrome 1 </a>
</span>
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<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</abbr>
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<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/163950"> 163950 </a>
</span>
</td>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/176876"> PTPN11 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/176876"> 176876 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/14/218?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=218"> 14q21.3 </a>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616559"> Noonan syndrome 9 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616559"> 616559 </a>
</span>
</td>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/601247"> SOS2 </a>
</span>
</td>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/601247"> 601247 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/22/71?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=71"> 22q11.21 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616564"> Noonan syndrome 10 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616564"> 616564 </a>
</span>
</td>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/600574"> LZTR1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/600574"> 600574 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/22/71?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=71"> 22q11.21 </a>
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</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/605275"> Noonan syndrome 2 </a>
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<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
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<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/605275"> 605275 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/600574"> LZTR1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/600574"> 600574 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/22/85?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=85"> 22q11.22 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619087"> Noonan syndrome 13 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619087"> 619087 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/176948"> MAPK1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/176948"> 176948 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="text-right small">
<a href="#mimPhenotypicSeriesFold" data-toggle="collapse">&#9650;&nbsp;Close</a>
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<strong>TEXT</strong>
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<p>A number sign (#) is used with this entry because of evidence that Noonan syndrome-8 (NS8) is caused by heterozygous mutation in the RIT1 gene (<a href="/entry/609591">609591</a>) on chromosome 1q22.</p>
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<a id="description" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<strong>Description</strong>
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<p>Noonan syndrome-8 (NS8) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by short stature, distinctive facial features, and a high incidence of congenital heart defects and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A subset of patients show intellectual disabilities (summary by <a href="#1" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Aoki, Y., Niihori, T., Banjo, T., Okamoto, N., Mizuno, S., Kurosawa, K., Ogata, T., Takada, F., Yano, M., Ando, T., Hoshika, T., Barnett, C., and 13 others. &lt;strong&gt;Gain-of-function mutations in RIT1 cause Noonan syndrome, a RAS/MAPK pathway syndrome.&lt;/strong&gt; Am. J. Hum. Genet. 93: 173-180, 2013.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23791108/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;23791108&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=23791108[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.05.021&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="23791108">Aoki et al., 2013</a>). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=23791108" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Noonan syndrome, see NS1 (<a href="/entry/163950">163950</a>).</p>
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<strong>Clinical Features</strong>
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<p><a href="#1" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Aoki, Y., Niihori, T., Banjo, T., Okamoto, N., Mizuno, S., Kurosawa, K., Ogata, T., Takada, F., Yano, M., Ando, T., Hoshika, T., Barnett, C., and 13 others. &lt;strong&gt;Gain-of-function mutations in RIT1 cause Noonan syndrome, a RAS/MAPK pathway syndrome.&lt;/strong&gt; Am. J. Hum. Genet. 93: 173-180, 2013.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23791108/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;23791108&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=23791108[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.05.021&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="23791108">Aoki et al. (2013)</a> reported 17 unrelated individuals with Noonan syndrome-8 who ranged in age from a few months to 15 years. Patients had a distinctive facial appearance with relative macrocephaly, hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, ptosis, epicanthal folds, and low-set ears. Many had skin and hair anomalies, such as curly hair, hyperelastic skin, and hyperkeratosis. Other features included short stature and short or webbed neck. Twelve individuals (71%) developed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 11 (65%) had pulmonic stenosis, and 5 (29%) had atrial septal defects. At least 4 patients had documented intellectual disability. Nine patients showed perinatal abnormalities, including polyhydramnios, nuchal translucency, and chylothorax. One infant with cardiomyopathy and pleural effusion died at age 53 days, and 1 child developed acute lymphoblastic leukemia at age 5 years. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=23791108" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#2" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Bertola, D. R., Yamamoto, G. L., Almeida, T. F., Buscarilli, M., Jorge, A. A. L., Malaquias, A. C., Kim, C. A., Takahashi, V. N. V., Passos-Bueno, M. R., Pereira, A. C. &lt;strong&gt;Further evidence of the importance of RIT1 in Noonan syndrome.&lt;/strong&gt; Am. J. Med. Genet. 164A: 2952-2957, 2014.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25124994/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;25124994&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.36722&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="25124994">Bertola et al. (2014)</a> reported 6 unrelated Brazilian patients with Noonan syndrome-8. The patients had a high frequency of abnormal findings on prenatal ultrasound, mainly polyhydramnios and fetal hydrops, high birthweight (mean of 4,342 g), relative macrocephaly, left ventricular hypertrophy, and ectodermal findings such as curly hair, hyperpigmentation, and wrinkled palms and soles. Short stature and pectus deformity were less frequent than in patients with other forms of Noonan syndrome. The majority of patients did not show apparent intellectual disability, but formal testing was not performed. One patient developed severe and progressive scoliosis; another patient, who also had factor XI deficiency (<a href="/entry/612416">612416</a>), developed aggressive giant cell lesions in the mandible at age 15 years. Two other patients had autoimmune disorders, Graves disease and systemic lupus erythematosus, respectively. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=25124994" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#5" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Gos, M., Fahiminiya, S., Poznanski, J., Klapecki, J., Obersztyn, E., Piotrowicz, M., Wierzba, J., Posmyk, R., Bal, J., Majewski, J. &lt;strong&gt;Contribution of RIT1 mutations to the pathogenesis of Noonan syndrome: four new cases and further evidence of heterogeneity.&lt;/strong&gt; Am. J. Med. Genet. 164A: 2310-2316, 2014.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24939608/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;24939608&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.36646&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="24939608">Gos et al. (2014)</a> reported 4 unrelated Polish patients with Noonan syndrome-8. Dysmorphic craniofacial features included hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, low-set ears with thickened helix, and short neck with low posterior hairline. All patients had pulmonary valve stenosis, 3 had septal defects, and 2 had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Only 1 patient had short stature. All had mild cognitive impairment manifest as learning difficulties or delayed speech. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=24939608" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>Using a standardized form, <a href="#6" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Kouz, K., Lissewski, C., Spranger, S., Mitter, D., Riess, A., Lopez-Gonzalez, V., Luttgen, S., Aydin, H., von Deimling, F., Evers, C., Hahn, A., Hempel, M., and 14 others. &lt;strong&gt;Genotype and phenotype in patients with Noonan syndrome and a RIT1 mutation.&lt;/strong&gt; Genet. Med. 18: 1226-1234, 2016.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27101134/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;27101134&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2016.32&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="27101134">Kouz et al. (2016)</a> recorded clinical features of all 33 RIT1 mutation-positive patients from 28 families. Clinical and genotype data from 36 individuals with RIT1 mutation reported previously were reviewed. In relation to Noonan syndrome of other genetic etiologies, prenatal abnormalities, cardiovascular disease, and lymphatic abnormalities were common in individuals with RIT1 mutation, whereas short stature, intellectual problems, pectus anomalies, and ectodermal findings were less frequent. RIT1 is one of the major genes for Noonan syndrome. The RIT1-associated phenotype differs from other Noonan syndrome subtypes, with a high prevalence of cardiovascular manifestations, especially hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and lymphatic problems. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=27101134" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#3" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Calcagni, G., Baban, A., Lepri, F. R., Marino, B., Tartaglia, M., Digilio, M. C. &lt;strong&gt;Congenital heart defects in Noonan syndrome and RIT1 mutation.&lt;/strong&gt; Genet. Med. 18: 1320 only, 2016.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27684039/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;27684039&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2016.137&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="27684039">Calcagni et al. (2016)</a> concurred with the observations of <a href="#6" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Kouz, K., Lissewski, C., Spranger, S., Mitter, D., Riess, A., Lopez-Gonzalez, V., Luttgen, S., Aydin, H., von Deimling, F., Evers, C., Hahn, A., Hempel, M., and 14 others. &lt;strong&gt;Genotype and phenotype in patients with Noonan syndrome and a RIT1 mutation.&lt;/strong&gt; Genet. Med. 18: 1226-1234, 2016.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27101134/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;27101134&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2016.32&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="27101134">Kouz et al. (2016)</a> and reported that the RIT1 gene was responsible for Noonan syndrome in 6% of the patients they sequenced. All 9 of their Noonan syndrome patients with RIT1 mutations had congenital cardiac defects. Four also had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which in 1 case was severe. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=27101134+27684039" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#8" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Zenker, M., Kutsche, K. &lt;strong&gt;Response to Calgani [sic] et al.&lt;/strong&gt; Genet. Med. 18: 1321 only, 2016.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27684038/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;27684038&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2016.138&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="27684038">Zenker and Kutsche (2016)</a> replied and added observations from <a href="#4" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Cave, H., Caye, A., Ghedira, N., Capri, Y., Pouvreau, N., Fillot, N., Trimouille, A., Vignal, C., Fenneteau, O., Alembik, Y., Alessandri, J.-L., Blanchet, P., and 21 others. &lt;strong&gt;Mutations in RIT1 cause Noonan syndrome with possible juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia but are not involved in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.&lt;/strong&gt; Europ. J. Hum. Genet. 24: 1124-1131, 2016.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26757980/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;26757980&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=26757980[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2015.273&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="26757980">Cave et al. (2016)</a> and <a href="#7" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Yaoita, M., Niihori, T., Mizuno, S., Okamoto, N., Hayashi, S., Watanabe, A., Yokozawa, M., Suzumura, H., Nakahara, A., Nakano, Y., Hokosaki, T., Ohmori, A., and 14 others. &lt;strong&gt;Spectrum of mutations and genotype-phenotype analysis in Noonan syndrome patients with RIT1 mutations.&lt;/strong&gt; Hum. Genet. 135: 209-222, 2016.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26714497/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;26714497&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-015-1627-5&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="26714497">Yaoita et al. (2016)</a>, noting that 94% of the more than 120 RIT1 mutation-positive patients had cardiac abnormalities, with pulmonic stenosis (64%), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (45%), and septal defects (39%) being the most frequent. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=26714497+27684038+26757980" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<div>
<a id="inheritance" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<h4 href="#mimInheritanceFold" id="mimInheritanceToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
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<strong>Inheritance</strong>
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<p>The RIT1 mutations identified by <a href="#1" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Aoki, Y., Niihori, T., Banjo, T., Okamoto, N., Mizuno, S., Kurosawa, K., Ogata, T., Takada, F., Yano, M., Ando, T., Hoshika, T., Barnett, C., and 13 others. &lt;strong&gt;Gain-of-function mutations in RIT1 cause Noonan syndrome, a RAS/MAPK pathway syndrome.&lt;/strong&gt; Am. J. Hum. Genet. 93: 173-180, 2013.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23791108/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;23791108&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=23791108[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.05.021&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="23791108">Aoki et al. (2013)</a> in 16 patients with NS8 occurred de novo, consistent with sporadic occurrence of the disorder. One additional patient inherited a heterozygous mutation from a mother with a similar phenotype, suggesting rare autosomal dominant inheritance. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=23791108" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>DNA was available from the parents of only 2 of the 6 patients with NS8 reported by <a href="#2" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Bertola, D. R., Yamamoto, G. L., Almeida, T. F., Buscarilli, M., Jorge, A. A. L., Malaquias, A. C., Kim, C. A., Takahashi, V. N. V., Passos-Bueno, M. R., Pereira, A. C. &lt;strong&gt;Further evidence of the importance of RIT1 in Noonan syndrome.&lt;/strong&gt; Am. J. Med. Genet. 164A: 2952-2957, 2014.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25124994/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;25124994&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.36722&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="25124994">Bertola et al. (2014)</a>; study showed that it was an apparently de novo event in both. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=25124994" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<div>
<a id="molecularGenetics" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<h4 href="#mimMolecularGeneticsFold" id="mimMolecularGeneticsToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
<span id="mimMolecularGeneticsToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">&#9660;</span>
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<strong>Molecular Genetics</strong>
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<p>In 17 (9%) of 180 unrelated patients suspected of having Noonan syndrome but without mutation in selected exons of any known Noonan syndrome-causing genes, <a href="#1" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Aoki, Y., Niihori, T., Banjo, T., Okamoto, N., Mizuno, S., Kurosawa, K., Ogata, T., Takada, F., Yano, M., Ando, T., Hoshika, T., Barnett, C., and 13 others. &lt;strong&gt;Gain-of-function mutations in RIT1 cause Noonan syndrome, a RAS/MAPK pathway syndrome.&lt;/strong&gt; Am. J. Hum. Genet. 93: 173-180, 2013.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23791108/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;23791108&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=23791108[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.05.021&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="23791108">Aoki et al. (2013)</a> identified heterozygous mutations in the RIT1 gene (see, e.g., <a href="/entry/609591#0001">609591.0001</a>-<a href="/entry/609591#0004">609591.0004</a>). The first mutations were found by exome sequencing, and subsequent mutations were identified from a larger cohort of patients screened for the RIT1 gene. A total of 9 missense mutations were found. The mutations tended to cluster in the switch II region, and in vitro functional expression studies of 3 of the mutations showed that they resulted in a gain of function. Transfection of 2 of the mutations into zebrafish embryos resulted in a variety of developmental defects, including gastrulation defects, craniofacial abnormalities, pericardial edema, and elongated yolk sac. A smaller percentage of mutant embryos showed even more disorganized growth and abnormal cardiogenesis. The findings were similar to those observed with mutations in other RAS genes (see, e.g., PTPN11, <a href="/entry/176876">176876</a>; SOS1, <a href="/entry/182530">182530</a>; NRAS, <a href="/entry/164790">164790</a>) causing other forms of Noonan syndrome. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=23791108" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>In 6 (9%) of 70 Brazilian patients with Noonan syndrome but without mutation in selected exons of any known Noonan syndrome-causing genes, <a href="#2" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Bertola, D. R., Yamamoto, G. L., Almeida, T. F., Buscarilli, M., Jorge, A. A. L., Malaquias, A. C., Kim, C. A., Takahashi, V. N. V., Passos-Bueno, M. R., Pereira, A. C. &lt;strong&gt;Further evidence of the importance of RIT1 in Noonan syndrome.&lt;/strong&gt; Am. J. Med. Genet. 164A: 2952-2957, 2014.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25124994/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;25124994&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.36722&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="25124994">Bertola et al. (2014)</a> identified 4 heterozygous missense mutations in the RIT1 gene, all of which had previously been identified in patients with NS8 by <a href="#1" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Aoki, Y., Niihori, T., Banjo, T., Okamoto, N., Mizuno, S., Kurosawa, K., Ogata, T., Takada, F., Yano, M., Ando, T., Hoshika, T., Barnett, C., and 13 others. &lt;strong&gt;Gain-of-function mutations in RIT1 cause Noonan syndrome, a RAS/MAPK pathway syndrome.&lt;/strong&gt; Am. J. Hum. Genet. 93: 173-180, 2013.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23791108/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;23791108&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=23791108[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.05.021&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="23791108">Aoki et al. (2013)</a>. The mutations were identified by exome sequencing. <a href="#2" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Bertola, D. R., Yamamoto, G. L., Almeida, T. F., Buscarilli, M., Jorge, A. A. L., Malaquias, A. C., Kim, C. A., Takahashi, V. N. V., Passos-Bueno, M. R., Pereira, A. C. &lt;strong&gt;Further evidence of the importance of RIT1 in Noonan syndrome.&lt;/strong&gt; Am. J. Med. Genet. 164A: 2952-2957, 2014.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25124994/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;25124994&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.36722&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="25124994">Bertola et al. (2014)</a> suggested possible hotspots at residues 57 and 95 of the protein due to recurrent mutations, and recommended that RIT1 be added to gene panels for the molecular diagnosis of Noonan syndrome. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=23791108+25124994" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>In 4 unrelated Polish girls with NS8, <a href="#5" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Gos, M., Fahiminiya, S., Poznanski, J., Klapecki, J., Obersztyn, E., Piotrowicz, M., Wierzba, J., Posmyk, R., Bal, J., Majewski, J. &lt;strong&gt;Contribution of RIT1 mutations to the pathogenesis of Noonan syndrome: four new cases and further evidence of heterogeneity.&lt;/strong&gt; Am. J. Med. Genet. 164A: 2310-2316, 2014.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24939608/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;24939608&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.36646&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="24939608">Gos et al. (2014)</a> identified 3 different heterozygous missense mutations in the RIT1 gene (<a href="/entry/609591#0004">609591.0004</a>-<a href="/entry/609591#0006">609591.0006</a>). The mutations in the first 2 patients were found by whole-exome sequencing after mutations in common Noonan syndrome genes were excluded. The mutations in the second 2 patients were found by direct sequencing of the RIT1 gene in 64 patients with Noonan syndrome. Functional studies of the variants were not performed. The RIT1 mutation rate in this study was estimated at 3.8% (4 of 106 Noonan syndrome patients). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=24939608" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#6" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Kouz, K., Lissewski, C., Spranger, S., Mitter, D., Riess, A., Lopez-Gonzalez, V., Luttgen, S., Aydin, H., von Deimling, F., Evers, C., Hahn, A., Hempel, M., and 14 others. &lt;strong&gt;Genotype and phenotype in patients with Noonan syndrome and a RIT1 mutation.&lt;/strong&gt; Genet. Med. 18: 1226-1234, 2016.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27101134/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;27101134&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2016.32&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="27101134">Kouz et al. (2016)</a> sequenced RIT1 in 310 mutation-negative individuals with a suspected RASopathy and prospectively in individuals who underwent genetic testing for Noonan syndrome. Eleven different RIT1 missense mutations, 3 of which were novel, were identified in 33 subjects from 28 families; codons 57, 82, and 95 represent mutation hotspots. RIT1 is 1 of the 4 most common genes mutated in Noonan syndrome. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=27101134" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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</div>
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</div>
<div>
<a id="references"class="mim-anchor"></a>
<h4 href="#mimReferencesFold" id="mimReferencesToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
<span class="mim-font">
<span id="mimReferencesToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">&#9660;</span>
<strong>REFERENCES</strong>
</span>
</h4>
<div>
<p />
</div>
<div id="mimReferencesFold" class="collapse in mimTextToggleFold">
<ol>
<li>
<a id="1" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<a id="Aoki2013" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<div class="">
<p class="mim-text-font">
Aoki, Y., Niihori, T., Banjo, T., Okamoto, N., Mizuno, S., Kurosawa, K., Ogata, T., Takada, F., Yano, M., Ando, T., Hoshika, T., Barnett, C., and 13 others.
<strong>Gain-of-function mutations in RIT1 cause Noonan syndrome, a RAS/MAPK pathway syndrome.</strong>
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 93: 173-180, 2013.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23791108/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">23791108</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=23791108[PMID]&report=imagesdocsum" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Image', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">images</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=23791108" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.05.021" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<a id="2" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<a id="Bertola2014" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<div class="">
<p class="mim-text-font">
Bertola, D. R., Yamamoto, G. L., Almeida, T. F., Buscarilli, M., Jorge, A. A. L., Malaquias, A. C., Kim, C. A., Takahashi, V. N. V., Passos-Bueno, M. R., Pereira, A. C.
<strong>Further evidence of the importance of RIT1 in Noonan syndrome.</strong>
Am. J. Med. Genet. 164A: 2952-2957, 2014.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25124994/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">25124994</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=25124994" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.36722" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
</p>
</div>
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<a id="3" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<a id="Calcagni2016" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<p class="mim-text-font">
Calcagni, G., Baban, A., Lepri, F. R., Marino, B., Tartaglia, M., Digilio, M. C.
<strong>Congenital heart defects in Noonan syndrome and RIT1 mutation.</strong>
Genet. Med. 18: 1320 only, 2016.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27684039/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">27684039</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=27684039" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2016.137" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
</p>
</div>
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<a id="4" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<a id="Cave2016" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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Cave, H., Caye, A., Ghedira, N., Capri, Y., Pouvreau, N., Fillot, N., Trimouille, A., Vignal, C., Fenneteau, O., Alembik, Y., Alessandri, J.-L., Blanchet, P., and 21 others.
<strong>Mutations in RIT1 cause Noonan syndrome with possible juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia but are not involved in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.</strong>
Europ. J. Hum. Genet. 24: 1124-1131, 2016.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26757980/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">26757980</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=26757980[PMID]&report=imagesdocsum" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Image', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">images</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=26757980" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2015.273" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
</p>
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<a id="5" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<a id="Gos2014" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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Gos, M., Fahiminiya, S., Poznanski, J., Klapecki, J., Obersztyn, E., Piotrowicz, M., Wierzba, J., Posmyk, R., Bal, J., Majewski, J.
<strong>Contribution of RIT1 mutations to the pathogenesis of Noonan syndrome: four new cases and further evidence of heterogeneity.</strong>
Am. J. Med. Genet. 164A: 2310-2316, 2014.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24939608/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">24939608</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=24939608" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.36646" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
</p>
</div>
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<a id="6" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<a id="Kouz2016" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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Kouz, K., Lissewski, C., Spranger, S., Mitter, D., Riess, A., Lopez-Gonzalez, V., Luttgen, S., Aydin, H., von Deimling, F., Evers, C., Hahn, A., Hempel, M., and 14 others.
<strong>Genotype and phenotype in patients with Noonan syndrome and a RIT1 mutation.</strong>
Genet. Med. 18: 1226-1234, 2016.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27101134/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">27101134</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=27101134" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2016.32" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
</p>
</div>
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<a id="7" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<a id="Yaoita2016" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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Yaoita, M., Niihori, T., Mizuno, S., Okamoto, N., Hayashi, S., Watanabe, A., Yokozawa, M., Suzumura, H., Nakahara, A., Nakano, Y., Hokosaki, T., Ohmori, A., and 14 others.
<strong>Spectrum of mutations and genotype-phenotype analysis in Noonan syndrome patients with RIT1 mutations.</strong>
Hum. Genet. 135: 209-222, 2016.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26714497/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">26714497</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=26714497" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-015-1627-5" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
</p>
</div>
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<a id="8" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<a id="Zenker2016" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<div class="">
<p class="mim-text-font">
Zenker, M., Kutsche, K.
<strong>Response to Calgani [sic] et al.</strong>
Genet. Med. 18: 1321 only, 2016.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27684038/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">27684038</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=27684038" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2016.138" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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Ada Hamosh - updated : 03/03/2017
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Cassandra L. Kniffin - updated : 5/12/2015<br>Ingrid M. Wentzensen - updated : 12/12/2014
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Cassandra L. Kniffin : 8/1/2013
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carol : 04/25/2024
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alopez : 03/16/2022<br>carol : 11/22/2019<br>alopez : 03/03/2017<br>carol : 10/24/2016<br>carol : 05/14/2015<br>mcolton : 5/13/2015<br>ckniffin : 5/12/2015<br>carol : 12/16/2014<br>carol : 12/15/2014<br>mcolton : 12/12/2014<br>mcolton : 12/12/2014<br>mcolton : 12/12/2014<br>carol : 8/2/2013<br>ckniffin : 8/1/2013
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<h3>
<span class="mim-font">
<strong>#</strong> 615355
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NOONAN SYNDROME 8; NS8
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<strong>ORPHA:</strong> 648; &nbsp;
<strong>DO:</strong> 0060586; &nbsp;
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<strong>Phenotype-Gene Relationships</strong>
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Location
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Phenotype
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Phenotype <br /> MIM number
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Inheritance
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Phenotype <br /> mapping key
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Gene/Locus
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Gene/Locus <br /> MIM number
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1q22
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Noonan syndrome 8
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615355
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Autosomal dominant
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3
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RIT1
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609591
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<strong>TEXT</strong>
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<p>A number sign (#) is used with this entry because of evidence that Noonan syndrome-8 (NS8) is caused by heterozygous mutation in the RIT1 gene (609591) on chromosome 1q22.</p>
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<strong>Description</strong>
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<p>Noonan syndrome-8 (NS8) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by short stature, distinctive facial features, and a high incidence of congenital heart defects and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A subset of patients show intellectual disabilities (summary by Aoki et al., 2013). </p><p>For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Noonan syndrome, see NS1 (163950).</p>
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<strong>Clinical Features</strong>
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<p>Aoki et al. (2013) reported 17 unrelated individuals with Noonan syndrome-8 who ranged in age from a few months to 15 years. Patients had a distinctive facial appearance with relative macrocephaly, hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, ptosis, epicanthal folds, and low-set ears. Many had skin and hair anomalies, such as curly hair, hyperelastic skin, and hyperkeratosis. Other features included short stature and short or webbed neck. Twelve individuals (71%) developed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 11 (65%) had pulmonic stenosis, and 5 (29%) had atrial septal defects. At least 4 patients had documented intellectual disability. Nine patients showed perinatal abnormalities, including polyhydramnios, nuchal translucency, and chylothorax. One infant with cardiomyopathy and pleural effusion died at age 53 days, and 1 child developed acute lymphoblastic leukemia at age 5 years. </p><p>Bertola et al. (2014) reported 6 unrelated Brazilian patients with Noonan syndrome-8. The patients had a high frequency of abnormal findings on prenatal ultrasound, mainly polyhydramnios and fetal hydrops, high birthweight (mean of 4,342 g), relative macrocephaly, left ventricular hypertrophy, and ectodermal findings such as curly hair, hyperpigmentation, and wrinkled palms and soles. Short stature and pectus deformity were less frequent than in patients with other forms of Noonan syndrome. The majority of patients did not show apparent intellectual disability, but formal testing was not performed. One patient developed severe and progressive scoliosis; another patient, who also had factor XI deficiency (612416), developed aggressive giant cell lesions in the mandible at age 15 years. Two other patients had autoimmune disorders, Graves disease and systemic lupus erythematosus, respectively. </p><p>Gos et al. (2014) reported 4 unrelated Polish patients with Noonan syndrome-8. Dysmorphic craniofacial features included hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, low-set ears with thickened helix, and short neck with low posterior hairline. All patients had pulmonary valve stenosis, 3 had septal defects, and 2 had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Only 1 patient had short stature. All had mild cognitive impairment manifest as learning difficulties or delayed speech. </p><p>Using a standardized form, Kouz et al. (2016) recorded clinical features of all 33 RIT1 mutation-positive patients from 28 families. Clinical and genotype data from 36 individuals with RIT1 mutation reported previously were reviewed. In relation to Noonan syndrome of other genetic etiologies, prenatal abnormalities, cardiovascular disease, and lymphatic abnormalities were common in individuals with RIT1 mutation, whereas short stature, intellectual problems, pectus anomalies, and ectodermal findings were less frequent. RIT1 is one of the major genes for Noonan syndrome. The RIT1-associated phenotype differs from other Noonan syndrome subtypes, with a high prevalence of cardiovascular manifestations, especially hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and lymphatic problems. </p><p>Calcagni et al. (2016) concurred with the observations of Kouz et al. (2016) and reported that the RIT1 gene was responsible for Noonan syndrome in 6% of the patients they sequenced. All 9 of their Noonan syndrome patients with RIT1 mutations had congenital cardiac defects. Four also had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which in 1 case was severe. </p><p>Zenker and Kutsche (2016) replied and added observations from Cave et al. (2016) and Yaoita et al. (2016), noting that 94% of the more than 120 RIT1 mutation-positive patients had cardiac abnormalities, with pulmonic stenosis (64%), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (45%), and septal defects (39%) being the most frequent. </p>
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<strong>Inheritance</strong>
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<p>The RIT1 mutations identified by Aoki et al. (2013) in 16 patients with NS8 occurred de novo, consistent with sporadic occurrence of the disorder. One additional patient inherited a heterozygous mutation from a mother with a similar phenotype, suggesting rare autosomal dominant inheritance. </p><p>DNA was available from the parents of only 2 of the 6 patients with NS8 reported by Bertola et al. (2014); study showed that it was an apparently de novo event in both. </p>
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<strong>Molecular Genetics</strong>
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<p>In 17 (9%) of 180 unrelated patients suspected of having Noonan syndrome but without mutation in selected exons of any known Noonan syndrome-causing genes, Aoki et al. (2013) identified heterozygous mutations in the RIT1 gene (see, e.g., 609591.0001-609591.0004). The first mutations were found by exome sequencing, and subsequent mutations were identified from a larger cohort of patients screened for the RIT1 gene. A total of 9 missense mutations were found. The mutations tended to cluster in the switch II region, and in vitro functional expression studies of 3 of the mutations showed that they resulted in a gain of function. Transfection of 2 of the mutations into zebrafish embryos resulted in a variety of developmental defects, including gastrulation defects, craniofacial abnormalities, pericardial edema, and elongated yolk sac. A smaller percentage of mutant embryos showed even more disorganized growth and abnormal cardiogenesis. The findings were similar to those observed with mutations in other RAS genes (see, e.g., PTPN11, 176876; SOS1, 182530; NRAS, 164790) causing other forms of Noonan syndrome. </p><p>In 6 (9%) of 70 Brazilian patients with Noonan syndrome but without mutation in selected exons of any known Noonan syndrome-causing genes, Bertola et al. (2014) identified 4 heterozygous missense mutations in the RIT1 gene, all of which had previously been identified in patients with NS8 by Aoki et al. (2013). The mutations were identified by exome sequencing. Bertola et al. (2014) suggested possible hotspots at residues 57 and 95 of the protein due to recurrent mutations, and recommended that RIT1 be added to gene panels for the molecular diagnosis of Noonan syndrome. </p><p>In 4 unrelated Polish girls with NS8, Gos et al. (2014) identified 3 different heterozygous missense mutations in the RIT1 gene (609591.0004-609591.0006). The mutations in the first 2 patients were found by whole-exome sequencing after mutations in common Noonan syndrome genes were excluded. The mutations in the second 2 patients were found by direct sequencing of the RIT1 gene in 64 patients with Noonan syndrome. Functional studies of the variants were not performed. The RIT1 mutation rate in this study was estimated at 3.8% (4 of 106 Noonan syndrome patients). </p><p>Kouz et al. (2016) sequenced RIT1 in 310 mutation-negative individuals with a suspected RASopathy and prospectively in individuals who underwent genetic testing for Noonan syndrome. Eleven different RIT1 missense mutations, 3 of which were novel, were identified in 33 subjects from 28 families; codons 57, 82, and 95 represent mutation hotspots. RIT1 is 1 of the 4 most common genes mutated in Noonan syndrome. </p>
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<h4>
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<strong>REFERENCES</strong>
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Aoki, Y., Niihori, T., Banjo, T., Okamoto, N., Mizuno, S., Kurosawa, K., Ogata, T., Takada, F., Yano, M., Ando, T., Hoshika, T., Barnett, C., and 13 others.
<strong>Gain-of-function mutations in RIT1 cause Noonan syndrome, a RAS/MAPK pathway syndrome.</strong>
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 93: 173-180, 2013.
[PubMed: 23791108]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.05.021]
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="mim-text-font">
Bertola, D. R., Yamamoto, G. L., Almeida, T. F., Buscarilli, M., Jorge, A. A. L., Malaquias, A. C., Kim, C. A., Takahashi, V. N. V., Passos-Bueno, M. R., Pereira, A. C.
<strong>Further evidence of the importance of RIT1 in Noonan syndrome.</strong>
Am. J. Med. Genet. 164A: 2952-2957, 2014.
[PubMed: 25124994]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.36722]
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</li>
<li>
<p class="mim-text-font">
Calcagni, G., Baban, A., Lepri, F. R., Marino, B., Tartaglia, M., Digilio, M. C.
<strong>Congenital heart defects in Noonan syndrome and RIT1 mutation.</strong>
Genet. Med. 18: 1320 only, 2016.
[PubMed: 27684039]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2016.137]
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="mim-text-font">
Cave, H., Caye, A., Ghedira, N., Capri, Y., Pouvreau, N., Fillot, N., Trimouille, A., Vignal, C., Fenneteau, O., Alembik, Y., Alessandri, J.-L., Blanchet, P., and 21 others.
<strong>Mutations in RIT1 cause Noonan syndrome with possible juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia but are not involved in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.</strong>
Europ. J. Hum. Genet. 24: 1124-1131, 2016.
[PubMed: 26757980]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2015.273]
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="mim-text-font">
Gos, M., Fahiminiya, S., Poznanski, J., Klapecki, J., Obersztyn, E., Piotrowicz, M., Wierzba, J., Posmyk, R., Bal, J., Majewski, J.
<strong>Contribution of RIT1 mutations to the pathogenesis of Noonan syndrome: four new cases and further evidence of heterogeneity.</strong>
Am. J. Med. Genet. 164A: 2310-2316, 2014.
[PubMed: 24939608]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.36646]
</p>
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<li>
<p class="mim-text-font">
Kouz, K., Lissewski, C., Spranger, S., Mitter, D., Riess, A., Lopez-Gonzalez, V., Luttgen, S., Aydin, H., von Deimling, F., Evers, C., Hahn, A., Hempel, M., and 14 others.
<strong>Genotype and phenotype in patients with Noonan syndrome and a RIT1 mutation.</strong>
Genet. Med. 18: 1226-1234, 2016.
[PubMed: 27101134]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2016.32]
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="mim-text-font">
Yaoita, M., Niihori, T., Mizuno, S., Okamoto, N., Hayashi, S., Watanabe, A., Yokozawa, M., Suzumura, H., Nakahara, A., Nakano, Y., Hokosaki, T., Ohmori, A., and 14 others.
<strong>Spectrum of mutations and genotype-phenotype analysis in Noonan syndrome patients with RIT1 mutations.</strong>
Hum. Genet. 135: 209-222, 2016.
[PubMed: 26714497]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-015-1627-5]
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="mim-text-font">
Zenker, M., Kutsche, K.
<strong>Response to Calgani [sic] et al.</strong>
Genet. Med. 18: 1321 only, 2016.
[PubMed: 27684038]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2016.138]
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Contributors:
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<div class="col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-6">
<span class="mim-text-font">
Ada Hamosh - updated : 03/03/2017<br>Cassandra L. Kniffin - updated : 5/12/2015<br>Ingrid M. Wentzensen - updated : 12/12/2014
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Creation Date:
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<span class="mim-text-font">
Cassandra L. Kniffin : 8/1/2013
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Edit History:
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carol : 04/25/2024<br>alopez : 03/16/2022<br>carol : 11/22/2019<br>alopez : 03/03/2017<br>carol : 10/24/2016<br>carol : 05/14/2015<br>mcolton : 5/13/2015<br>ckniffin : 5/12/2015<br>carol : 12/16/2014<br>carol : 12/15/2014<br>mcolton : 12/12/2014<br>mcolton : 12/12/2014<br>mcolton : 12/12/2014<br>carol : 8/2/2013<br>ckniffin : 8/1/2013
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