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<title>
Entry
- #614946 - COMBINED OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION DEFICIENCY 14; COXPD14
- OMIM
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<span class="h4">#614946</span>
<br />
<strong>Table of Contents</strong>
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<a href="#title"><strong>Title</strong></a>
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<a href="#phenotypeMap"><strong>Phenotype-Gene Relationships</strong></a>
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<a href="/clinicalSynopsis/614946"><strong>Clinical Synopsis</strong></a>
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<a href="/phenotypicSeries/PS609060"> <strong>Phenotypic Series</strong> </a>
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<a href="#text"><strong>Text</strong></a>
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<a href="#description">Description</a>
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<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
<a href="#clinicalFeatures">Clinical Features</a>
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<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
<a href="#inheritance">Inheritance</a>
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<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
<a href="#molecularGenetics">Molecular Genetics</a>
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<li role="presentation">
<a href="#references"><strong>References</strong></a>
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<a href="#contributors"><strong>Contributors</strong></a>
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<li role="presentation">
<a href="#creationDate"><strong>Creation Date</strong></a>
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<div><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=COMBINED OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION DEFICIENCY" class="mim-tip-hint" title="A registry of federally and privately supported clinical trials conducted in the United States and around the world." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Clinical Trials', 'domain': 'clinicaltrials.gov'})">Clinical Trials</a></div>
<div><a href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/ClinicalLabs_Search_Simple.php?lng=EN&LnkId=21666&Typ=Pat" class="mim-tip-hint" title="A list of European laboratories that offer genetic testing." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'EuroGentest', 'domain': 'orpha.net'})">EuroGentest</a></div>
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<span class="mim-tip-bottom" qtip_title="<strong>Looking for this gene or this phenotype in other resources?</strong>" qtip_text="Select a related resource from the dropdown menu and click for a targeted link to information directly relevant.">
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<div class="col-lg-8 col-lg-pull-2 col-md-8 col-md-pull-2 col-sm-8 col-sm-pull-2 col-xs-12">
<div>
<a id="title" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<div>
<a id="number" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<div class="text-right">
<a href="#" class="mim-tip-icd" qtip_title="<strong>ICD+</strong>" qtip_text="
<strong>SNOMEDCT:</strong> 778065005<br />
<strong>ORPHA:</strong> 319519<br />
<strong>DO:</strong> 0111477<br />
">ICD+</a>
</div>
<div>
<span class="h3">
<span class="mim-font mim-tip-hint" title="Phenotype description, molecular basis known">
<span class="text-danger"><strong>#</strong></span>
614946
</span>
</span>
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<div>
<a id="preferredTitle" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<h3>
<span class="mim-font">
COMBINED OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION DEFICIENCY 14; COXPD14
</span>
</h3>
</div>
<div>
<br />
</div>
</div>
<div>
<a id="phenotypeMap" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<h4>
<span class="mim-font">
<strong>Phenotype-Gene Relationships</strong>
</span>
</h4>
<div>
<table class="table table-bordered table-condensed table-hover small mim-table-padding">
<thead>
<tr class="active">
<th>
Location
</th>
<th>
Phenotype
</th>
<th>
Phenotype <br /> MIM number
</th>
<th>
Inheritance
</th>
<th>
Phenotype <br /> mapping key
</th>
<th>
Gene/Locus
</th>
<th>
Gene/Locus <br /> MIM number
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/6/33?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=33">
6p25.1
</a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 14
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614946"> 614946 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
FARS2
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611592"> 611592 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<a href="/clinicalSynopsis/614946" class="btn btn-warning" role="button"> Clinical Synopsis </a>
<button type="button" id="mimPhenotypicSeriesToggle" class="btn btn-warning dropdown-toggle mimSingletonFoldToggle" data-toggle="collapse" href="#mimClinicalSynopsisFold" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Unfurl', 'ClinicalSynopsis', 'omim.org')">
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<a href="/phenotypicSeries/PS609060" class="btn btn-info" role="button"> Phenotypic Series </a>
<button type="button" id="mimPhenotypicSeriesToggle" class="btn btn-info dropdown-toggle mimSingletonFoldToggle" data-toggle="collapse" href="#mimPhenotypicSeriesFold" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Unfurl', 'PhenotypicSeries', 'omim.org')">
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<button type="button" class="btn btn-success dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
PheneGene Graphics <span class="caret"></span>
</button>
<ul class="dropdown-menu" style="width: 17em;">
<li><a href="/graph/linear/614946" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_graph', {'destination': 'Linear'})"> Linear </a></li>
<li><a href="/graph/radial/614946" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_graph', {'destination': 'Radial'})"> Radial </a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-question-sign mim-tip-hint" title="OMIM PheneGene graphics depict relationships between phenotypes, groups of related phenotypes (Phenotypic Series), and genes.<br /><a href='/static/omim/pdf/OMIM_Graphics.pdf' target='_blank'>A quick reference overview and guide (PDF)</a>"></span>
<div>
<p />
</div>
<div id="mimClinicalSynopsisFold" class="well well-sm collapse mimSingletonToggleFold">
<div class="small" style="margin: 5px">
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> INHERITANCE </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<span class="mim-font">
- Autosomal recessive <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/258211005" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">258211005</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0441748&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0441748</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000007</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000007</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> GROWTH </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Other </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Poor growth <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1837385&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1837385</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001510" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001510</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001510" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001510</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> HEAD & NECK </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Head </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Microcephaly <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/1148757008" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">1148757008</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/Q02" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">Q02</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/742.1" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">742.1</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C4551563&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C4551563</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0025958&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0025958</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000252" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000252</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000252" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000252</a>]</span> <a href="https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/index.cgi?tid=0584d323b99dcd7001cc50e224947aca" target="_blank" class="small mim-tip-eom" title="&lt;img src=&quot;https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/images/terms/Microcephaly-small.jpg&quot;&gt; &lt;br/&gt;Further Information: &lt;a href=&quot;https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/index.cgi?tid=0584d323b99dcd7001cc50e224947aca&quot target=&quot;_blank&quot onclick=&quot;gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'EOM\', \'domain\': \'elementsofmorphology.nih.gov\'})&quot;&gt;Elements of Morphology&lt;/a&gt;"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-user" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Ears </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Hearing impairment (rare) <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/103276001" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">103276001</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/15188001" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">15188001</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/H91.9" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">H91.9</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/389.9" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">389.9</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/389" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">389</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1384666&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1384666</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1550444&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1550444</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000365" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000365</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000365" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000365</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Eyes </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Coarse retinal pigmentation (rare) <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3554176&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3554176</a>]</span><br /> -
Visual impairment (rare) <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/246635007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">246635007</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/7973008" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">7973008</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/397540003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">397540003</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0042798&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0042798</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3665347&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3665347</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000505" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000505</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000505" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000505</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> ABDOMEN </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Liver </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Enlarged hepatocytes (rare) <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3554174&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3554174</a>]</span><br /> -
Increased glycogen content (rare) <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3554175&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3554175</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Gastrointestinal </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Poor feeding <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/299698007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">299698007</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/78164000" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">78164000</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/R63.3" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">R63.3</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0576456&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0576456</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0232466&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0232466</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0011968" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0011968</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0011968" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0011968</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> MUSCLE, SOFT TISSUES </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<span class="mim-font">
- Hypotonia <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/398151007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">398151007</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/398152000" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">398152000</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0026827&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0026827</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1858120&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1858120</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001290" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001290</a>, <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001252" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001252</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001252" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001252</a>]</span><br /> -
Deficiency of mitochondrial respiratory enzymes seen on muscle biopsy <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3554785&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3554785</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> NEUROLOGIC </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Central Nervous System </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Global developmental delay, profound <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3553450&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3553450</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0012736" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0012736</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0012736" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0012736</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/224958001" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">224958001</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/F88" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">F88</a>]</span><br /> -
Seizures, refractory <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2676167&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2676167</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/91175000" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">91175000</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001250" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001250</a>]</span><br /> -
Myoclonus <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/17450006" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">17450006</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/G25.3" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">G25.3</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/333.2" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">333.2</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0027066&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0027066</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001336" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001336</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001336" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001336</a>]</span><br /> -
Abnormal EEG <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/274521009" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">274521009</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/R94.01" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">R94.01</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0151611&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0151611</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002353" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002353</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002353" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002353</a>]</span><br /> -
Diffuse cerebral atrophy seen on MRI <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3554169&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3554169</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002506" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002506</a>]</span><br /> -
Enlarged ventricles <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3278923&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3278923</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002119" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002119</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002119" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002119</a>]</span><br /> -
T2-weighted hyperintensities in the basal ganglia <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3554170&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3554170</a>]</span><br /> -
Leigh syndrome <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/29570005" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">29570005</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/G31.82" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">G31.82</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0023264&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0023264</a>]</span><br /> -
Cerebral atrophy <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/278849000" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">278849000</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0235946&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0235946</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002059" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002059</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002059" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002059</a>]</span><br /> -
Cortical degeneration <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3554171&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3554171</a>]</span><br /> -
Decreased pyramidal cells <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3554172&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3554172</a>]</span><br /> -
Laminar necrosis <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/74573007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">74573007</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0333517&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0333517</a>]</span><br /> -
Microcystic degeneration <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3554173&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3554173</a>]</span><br /> -
Reactive gliosis <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3550269&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3550269</a>]</span><br /> -
Cerebellar atrophy <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0740279&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0740279</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001272" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001272</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001272" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001272</a>]</span><br /> -
Brainstem atrophy <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C4024900&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C4024900</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0007366" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0007366</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0007366" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0007366</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> METABOLIC FEATURES </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<span class="mim-font">
- Lactic acidosis <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/91273001" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">91273001</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/E87.20" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">E87.20</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0001125&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0001125</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003128" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003128</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003128" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003128</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> HEMATOLOGY </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<span class="mim-font">
- Anemia (rare) <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/271737000" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">271737000</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/D64.9" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">D64.9</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/285.9" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">285.9</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0002871&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0002871</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1000483&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1000483</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001903" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001903</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001903" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001903</a>]</span><br /> -
Thrombocytopenia (rare) <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/415116008" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">415116008</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/302215000" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">302215000</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/D69.6" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">D69.6</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/287.5" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">287.5</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0392386&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0392386</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0040034&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0040034</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001873" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001873</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001873" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001873</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> LABORATORY ABNORMALITIES </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<span class="mim-font">
- Increased serum lactate <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C5888306&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C5888306</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1836440&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1836440</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002151" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002151</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002151" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002151</a>]</span><br /> -
Aminoaciduria (rare) <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/35912001" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">35912001</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0238621&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0238621</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003355" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003355</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003355" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003355</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> MISCELLANEOUS </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<span class="mim-font">
- Onset in early infancy<br /> -
Death in infancy (in some patients) <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1858430&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1858430</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001522" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001522</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001522" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001522</a>]</span><br /> -
Variable severity <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1861403&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1861403</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003828" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003828</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003828" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003828</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> MOLECULAR BASIS </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<span class="mim-font">
- Caused by mutation in the mitochondrial phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase 2 gene (FARS2, <a href="/entry/611592#0001">611592.0001</a>)<br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<a href="#mimClinicalSynopsisFold" data-toggle="collapse">&#9650;&nbsp;Close</a>
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<h5>
Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency
- <a href="/phenotypicSeries/PS609060">PS609060</a>
- 59 Entries
</h5>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row" style="margin-left: 0.125em; margin-right: 0.125em;">
<table class="table table-bordered table-condensed table-hover mim-table-padding">
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Location</strong>
</th>
<th class="col-lg-5 col-md-5 col-sm-5 col-xs-6 text-nowrap">
<strong>Phenotype</strong>
</th>
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Inheritance</strong>
</th>
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Phenotype<br />mapping key</strong>
</th>
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Phenotype<br />MIM number</strong>
</th>
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Gene/Locus</strong>
</th>
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Gene/Locus<br />MIM number</strong>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/1/480?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=480"> 1p34.2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617873"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 35 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617873"> 617873 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617840"> TRIT1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617840"> 617840 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/1/1068?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=1068"> 1q21.2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615918"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 21 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615918"> 615918 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/612805"> TARS2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/612805"> 612805 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/1/1445?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=1445"> 1q25.1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618378"> ?Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 38 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618378"> 618378 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611978"> MRPS14 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611978"> 611978 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/2/269?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=269"> 2p16.1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614932"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 13 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614932"> 614932 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/610316"> PNPT1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/610316"> 610316 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/2/437?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=437"> 2p11.2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619057"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 51 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619057"> 619057 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614918"> PTCD3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614918"> 614918 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/2/895?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=895"> 2q33.1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616430"> ?Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 25 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616430"> 616430 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/609728"> MARS2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/609728"> 609728 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/2/900?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=900"> 2q33.1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619423"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 53 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619423"> 619423 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619219"> C2orf69 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619219"> 619219 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/2/947?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=947"> 2q33.3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618855"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 44 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618855"> 618855 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/612322"> FASTKD2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/612322"> 612322 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/2/1062?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=1062"> 2q36.1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615395"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 16 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615395"> 615395 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611849"> MRPL44 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611849"> 611849 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/3/64?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=64"> 3p25.2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/620139"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 56 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/620139"> 620139 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614948"> TAMM41 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614948"> 614948 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/3/88?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=88"> 3p25.1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619025"> ?Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 50 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619025"> 619025 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611987"> MRPS25 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611987"> 611987 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/3/442?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=442"> 3p14.1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616794"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 28 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616794"> 616794 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611037"> SLC25A26 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611037"> 611037 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/3/486?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=486"> 3q11.2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619012"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 48 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619012"> 619012 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617491"> NSUN3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617491"> 617491 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/3/509?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=509"> 3q12.3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616974"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 30 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616974"> 616974 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615423"> TRMT10C </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615423"> 615423 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/3/682?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=682"> 3q22.1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614582"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 9 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614582"> 614582 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/607118"> MRPL3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/607118"> 607118 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/3/726?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=726"> 3q23 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611719"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 5 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611719"> 611719 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/605810"> MRPS22 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/605810"> 605810 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/3/815?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=815"> 3q25.32 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/609060"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/609060"> 609060 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/606639"> GFM1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/606639"> 606639 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/4/607?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=607"> 4q31.3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618838"> ?Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 41 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618838"> 618838 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/603645"> GATB </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/603645"> 603645 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/5/254?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=254"> 5q13.3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618397"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 39 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618397"> 618397 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/606544"> GFM2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/606544"> 606544 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/6/31?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=31"> 6p25.1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615595"> ?Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 19 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615595"> 615595 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/613311"> LYRM4 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/613311"> 613311 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/6/33?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=33"> 6p25.1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614946"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 14 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614946"> 614946 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611592"> FARS2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611592"> 611592 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/6/288?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=288"> 6p21.33 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615917"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 20 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615917"> 615917 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/612802"> VARS2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/612802"> 612802 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/6/545?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=545"> 6p21.1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614096"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 8 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614096"> 614096 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/612035"> AARS2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/612035"> 612035 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/6/646?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=646"> 6q13 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614702"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 10 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614702"> 614702 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614667"> MTO1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614667"> 614667 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/6/750?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=750"> 6q21 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618835"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 40 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618835"> 618835 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617209"> QRSL1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617209"> 617209 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/6/960?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=960"> 6q25.1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614922"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 11 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614922"> 614922 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614917"> RMND1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614917"> 614917 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/8/361?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=361"> 8q21.13 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618958"> ?Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 47 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618958"> 618958 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611990"> MRPS28 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611990"> 611990 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/9/635?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=635"> 9q34.3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617950"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 36 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617950"> 617950 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611971"> MRPS2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611971"> 611971 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/10/299?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=299"> 10q22.2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/610498"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/610498"> 610498 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/609204"> MRPS16 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/609204"> 609204 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/10/608?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=608"> 10q26.11 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615578"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 18 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615578"> 615578 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615564"> SFXN4 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615564"> 615564 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/11/792?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=792"> 11q14.1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616239"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 24 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616239"> 616239 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/612803"> NARS2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/612803"> 612803 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/12/562?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=562"> 12q14.1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/610505"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/610505"> 610505 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/604723"> TSFM </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/604723"> 604723 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/12/875?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=875"> 12q24.31 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618839"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 42 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618839"> 618839 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617210"> GATC </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617210"> 617210 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/12/922?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=922"> 12q24.31 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/613559"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 7 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/613559"> 613559 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/613541"> MTRFR </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/613541"> 613541 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/13/33?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=33"> 13q12.12 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617228"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 31 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617228"> 617228 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/602241"> MIPEP </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/602241"> 602241 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/13/314?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=314"> 13q34 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616672"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 27 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616672"> 616672 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/612800"> CARS2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/612800"> 612800 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/14/169?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=169"> 14q13.2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619737"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 54 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619737"> 619737 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/609947"> PRORP </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/609947"> 609947 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/14/290?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=290"> 14q23.1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616539"> Peripheral neuropathy with variable spasticity, exercise intolerance, and developmental delay </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616539"> 616539 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611023"> TRMT5 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611023"> 611023 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/15/290?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=290"> 15q22.31 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614947"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 15 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614947"> 614947 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611766"> MTFMT </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611766"> 611766 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/16/72?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=72"> 16p13.3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617664"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 32 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617664"> 617664 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611994"> MRPS34 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611994"> 611994 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/16/275?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=275"> 16p12.2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614924"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 12 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/614924"> 614924 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/612799"> EARS2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/612799"> 612799 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/16/314?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=314"> 16p11.2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/610678"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 4 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/610678"> 610678 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/602389"> TUFM </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/602389"> 602389 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/17/19?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=19"> 17p13.3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618851"> ?Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 43 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618851"> 618851 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/607251"> TIMM22 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/607251"> 607251 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/17/109?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=109"> 17p13.2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617713"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 33 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617713"> 617713 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/601269"> C1QBP </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/601269"> 601269 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/17/240?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=240"> 17p12 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615440"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 17 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615440"> 615440 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/605367"> ELAC2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/605367"> 605367 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/17/282?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=282"> 17p11.2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619024"> ?Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 49 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619024"> 619024 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615498"> MIEF2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615498"> 615498 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/17/377?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=377"> 17q11.2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/620451"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 58 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/620451"> 620451 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616422"> TEFM </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616422"> 616422 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/17/775?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=775"> 17q22 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618952"> ?Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 46 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618952"> 618952 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611985"> MRPS23 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611985"> 611985 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/17/937?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=937"> 17q25.1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617872"> ?Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 34 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/617872"> 617872 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611974"> MRPS7 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611974"> 611974 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/17/1039?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=1039"> 17q25.3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618951"> ?Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 45 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618951"> 618951 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/602375"> MRPL12 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/602375"> 602375 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/18/160?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=160"> 18q21.1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616045"> ?Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 22 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616045"> 616045 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/164360"> ATP5F1A </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/164360"> 164360 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/19/22?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=22"> 19p13.3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619743"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 55 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</abbr>, <abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619743"> 619743 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/601778"> POLRMT </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/601778"> 601778 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/19/159?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=159"> 19p13.3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618329"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 37 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618329"> 618329 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616658"> MICOS13 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616658"> 616658 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/19/434?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=434"> 19p13.11 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616198"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 23 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616198"> 616198 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/608536"> GTPBP3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/608536"> 608536 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/20/86?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=86"> 20p12.3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/620167"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 57 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/620167"> 620167 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/608188"> CRLS1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/608188"> 608188 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/20/248?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=248"> 20q11.22 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619386"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 52 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/619386"> 619386 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/603485"> NFS1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/603485"> 603485 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/21/28?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=28"> 21q21.3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/620646"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 59 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/620646"> 620646 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611845"> MRPL39 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/611845"> 611845 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/22/223?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=223"> 22q12.3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616811"> ?Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 29 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/616811"> 616811 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/609063"> TXN2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/609063"> 609063 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/X/675?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=675"> Xq26.1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/300816"> Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 6 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="X-linked recessive">XLR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/300816"> 300816 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/300169"> AIFM1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/300169"> 300169 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="text-right small">
<a href="#mimPhenotypicSeriesFold" data-toggle="collapse">&#9650;&nbsp;Close</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<br />
</div>
<div>
<a id="text" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<h4 href="#mimTextFold" id="mimTextToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
<span id="mimTextToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">&#9660;</span>
<span class="mim-font">
<span class="mim-tip-floating" qtip_title="<strong>Looking For More References?</strong>" qtip_text="Click the 'reference plus' icon &lt;span class='glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign'&gt;&lt;/span&gt at the end of each OMIM text paragraph to see more references related to the content of the preceding paragraph.">
<strong>TEXT</strong>
</span>
</span>
</h4>
<div id="mimTextFold" class="collapse in ">
<span class="mim-text-font">
<p>A number sign (#) is used with this entry because combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency-14 (COXPD14) is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the FARS2 gene (<a href="/entry/611592">611592</a>) on chromosome 6p25.</p><p>Biallelic mutation in the FARS2 gene can also cause SPG77 (<a href="/entry/617046">617046</a>), a much less severe disorder.</p>
</span>
<div>
<br />
</div>
</div>
<div>
<a id="description" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<h4 href="#mimDescriptionFold" id="mimDescriptionToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
<span id="mimDescriptionToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">&#9660;</span>
<span class="mim-font">
<strong>Description</strong>
</span>
</h4>
</div>
<div id="mimDescriptionFold" class="collapse in ">
<span class="mim-text-font">
<p>Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency-14 (COXPD14) is a severe multisystemic autosomal recessive disorder characterized by neonatal onset of global developmental delay, refractory seizures, and lactic acidosis. Biochemical studies show deficiencies of multiple mitochondrial respiratory enzymes. Neuropathologic studies in 1 patient showed laminar cortical necrosis, characteristic of Alpers syndrome (<a href="/entry/203700">203700</a>) (summary by <a href="#3" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Elo, J. M., Yadavalli, S. S., Euro, L., Isohanni, P., Gotz, A., Carroll, C. J., Valanne, L., Alkuraya, F. S., Uusimaa, J., Paetau, A., Caruso, E. M., Pihko, H., Ibba, M., Tyynismaa, H., Suomalainen, A. &lt;strong&gt;Mitochondrial phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase mutations underlie fatal infantile Alpers encephalopathy.&lt;/strong&gt; Hum. Molec. Genet. 21: 4521-4529, 2012.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22833457/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;22833457&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/dds294&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="22833457">Elo et al., 2012</a>). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=22833457" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency, see COXPD1 (<a href="/entry/609060">609060</a>).</p>
</span>
<div>
<br />
</div>
</div>
<div>
<a id="clinicalFeatures" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<h4 href="#mimClinicalFeaturesFold" id="mimClinicalFeaturesToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
<span id="mimClinicalFeaturesToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">&#9660;</span>
<span class="mim-font">
<strong>Clinical Features</strong>
</span>
</h4>
</div>
<div id="mimClinicalFeaturesFold" class="collapse in mimTextToggleFold">
<span class="mim-text-font">
<p><a href="#4" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Shamseldin, H. E., Alshammari, M., Al-Sheddi, T., Salih, M. A., Alkhalidi, H., Kentab, A., Repetto, G. M., Hashem, M., Alkuraya, F. S. &lt;strong&gt;Genomic analysis of mitochondrial diseases in a consanguineous population reveals novel candidate disease genes.&lt;/strong&gt; J. Med. Genet. 49: 234-241, 2012.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22499341/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;22499341&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-100836&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="22499341">Shamseldin et al. (2012)</a> reported a consanguineous Saudi Arabian family in which 3 sibs had a severe mitochondrial encephalopathy. The proband was a 1.9-year-old girl with significant global developmental delay, lactic acidosis, and onset of uncontrolled seizures at age 35 days. Other features included poor feeding, poor physical growth with microcephaly (-2.4 SD), visual and hearing impairment, hypotonia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Laboratory studies showed high lactate, and muscle biopsy showed scattered fibers with intense NADH and SDH activity without ragged-red fibers or cytochrome c oxidase (COX)-negative fibers. Electron microscopy showed subtle mitochondrial abnormalities, but there was no deletion or depletion of mitochondrial DNA. Brain MRI showed diffuse cerebral atrophy, enlarged ventricles, and bilateral hyperintense T2-weighted lesions in the basal ganglia, consistent with Leigh syndrome (<a href="/entry/256000">256000</a>). There was no evidence of liver impairment. The overall picture suggested a defect in enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. The proband had 2 affected sibs with developmental delay and seizures; both died before 3 months of age. <a href="#3" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Elo, J. M., Yadavalli, S. S., Euro, L., Isohanni, P., Gotz, A., Carroll, C. J., Valanne, L., Alkuraya, F. S., Uusimaa, J., Paetau, A., Caruso, E. M., Pihko, H., Ibba, M., Tyynismaa, H., Suomalainen, A. &lt;strong&gt;Mitochondrial phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase mutations underlie fatal infantile Alpers encephalopathy.&lt;/strong&gt; Hum. Molec. Genet. 21: 4521-4529, 2012.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22833457/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;22833457&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/dds294&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="22833457">Elo et al. (2012)</a> provided some follow-up of the index patient reported by <a href="#4" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Shamseldin, H. E., Alshammari, M., Al-Sheddi, T., Salih, M. A., Alkhalidi, H., Kentab, A., Repetto, G. M., Hashem, M., Alkuraya, F. S. &lt;strong&gt;Genomic analysis of mitochondrial diseases in a consanguineous population reveals novel candidate disease genes.&lt;/strong&gt; J. Med. Genet. 49: 234-241, 2012.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22499341/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;22499341&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-100836&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="22499341">Shamseldin et al. (2012)</a>, who died at age 22 months. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=22833457+22499341" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#3" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Elo, J. M., Yadavalli, S. S., Euro, L., Isohanni, P., Gotz, A., Carroll, C. J., Valanne, L., Alkuraya, F. S., Uusimaa, J., Paetau, A., Caruso, E. M., Pihko, H., Ibba, M., Tyynismaa, H., Suomalainen, A. &lt;strong&gt;Mitochondrial phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase mutations underlie fatal infantile Alpers encephalopathy.&lt;/strong&gt; Hum. Molec. Genet. 21: 4521-4529, 2012.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22833457/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;22833457&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/dds294&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="22833457">Elo et al. (2012)</a> reported a Finnish family in which 2 sisters had a fatal infantile mitochondrial encephalopathy. The proband developed treatment-resistant myoclonic seizures on the second day of life. Laboratory studies showed generalized aminoaciduria and increased lactate in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Initial brain MRI and EEG were normal, but EEG at 6 weeks showed multifocal spikes and brain MRI at 3 months showed severe central and cortical atrophy with signal increases in the putamina. Liver biopsy showed enlarged hepatocytes, increased glycogen, and iron and copper accumulation, but transaminases were normal. Muscle biopsy showed decreased COX immunostaining and subsarcolemmal glycogen, but no ragged-red fibers. Complex I activity in muscle was increased compared to control values, but succinate dehydrogenase was 50% and COX was 16% of control. She had microcephaly and slightly coarse retinal pigmentation, but normal optic nerve. She had no psychomotor development, and died at age 8 months. Gel electrophoresis showed a severe reduction of complex IV in the brain and skeletal muscle and partial complex I deficiency in the brain; complex I in skeletal muscles was slightly increased. In contrast, defects in respiratory chain complexes were not observed in patient fibroblasts. Neuropathologic examination showed generalized atrophy with striking subtotal laminar necrosis of the cortical ribbon. There was microcystic degeneration, lack of pyramidal cells, reactive gliosis, and areas of spongiosis. Degenerative changes were observed in the cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem. The neuropathologic changes, together with the liver involvement, were reminiscent of Alpers syndrome (<a href="/entry/203700">203700</a>). The patient had an older sister with a similar disorder who died of multiorgan failure at age 21 months. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=22833457" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#1" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Almalki, A., Alston, C. L., Parker, A., Simonic, I., Mehta, S. G., He, L., Reza, M., Oliveira, J. M. A., Lightowlers, R. N., McFarland, R., Taylor, R. W., Chrzanowska-Lightowlers, Z. M. A. &lt;strong&gt;Mutation of the human mitochondrial phenylalanine-tRNA synthetase causes infantile-onset epilepsy and cytochrome c oxidase deficiency.&lt;/strong&gt; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1842: 56-64, 2014.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24161539/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;24161539&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=24161539[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.10.008&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="24161539">Almalki et al. (2014)</a> reported a 2.5-year-old boy, born of unrelated British Caucasian parents, with onset of severe seizures associated with hypsarrhythmia on EEG at age 6 months, followed by delayed psychomotor development. The seizures became refractory, and brain imaging showed subcortical white matter lesions and thinning of the corpus callosum. Other features included no visual awareness, increased limb tone, hyperreflexia, and mild dysmorphic features, including small anteriorly rotated ears and broad nasal root. Patient skeletal muscle and myoblasts showed an isolated complex IV deficiency, which was not observed in fibroblasts. <a href="#1" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Almalki, A., Alston, C. L., Parker, A., Simonic, I., Mehta, S. G., He, L., Reza, M., Oliveira, J. M. A., Lightowlers, R. N., McFarland, R., Taylor, R. W., Chrzanowska-Lightowlers, Z. M. A. &lt;strong&gt;Mutation of the human mitochondrial phenylalanine-tRNA synthetase causes infantile-onset epilepsy and cytochrome c oxidase deficiency.&lt;/strong&gt; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1842: 56-64, 2014.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24161539/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;24161539&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=24161539[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.10.008&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="24161539">Almalki et al. (2014)</a> noted that the phenotype in their patient was slightly different from that reported by <a href="#4" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Shamseldin, H. E., Alshammari, M., Al-Sheddi, T., Salih, M. A., Alkhalidi, H., Kentab, A., Repetto, G. M., Hashem, M., Alkuraya, F. S. &lt;strong&gt;Genomic analysis of mitochondrial diseases in a consanguineous population reveals novel candidate disease genes.&lt;/strong&gt; J. Med. Genet. 49: 234-241, 2012.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22499341/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;22499341&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-100836&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="22499341">Shamseldin et al. (2012)</a> and <a href="#3" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Elo, J. M., Yadavalli, S. S., Euro, L., Isohanni, P., Gotz, A., Carroll, C. J., Valanne, L., Alkuraya, F. S., Uusimaa, J., Paetau, A., Caruso, E. M., Pihko, H., Ibba, M., Tyynismaa, H., Suomalainen, A. &lt;strong&gt;Mitochondrial phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase mutations underlie fatal infantile Alpers encephalopathy.&lt;/strong&gt; Hum. Molec. Genet. 21: 4521-4529, 2012.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22833457/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;22833457&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/dds294&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="22833457">Elo et al. (2012)</a>. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=22833457+24161539+22499341" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#2" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Chen, W., Rehsi, P., Thompson, K., Yeo, M., Stals, K., He, L., Schimmel, P., Chrzanowska-Lightowlers, Z. M. A., Wakeling, E., Taylor, R. W., Kuhle, B. &lt;strong&gt;Clinical and molecular characterization of novel FARS2 variants causing neonatal mitochondrial disease.&lt;/strong&gt; Molec. Genet. Metab. 140: 107657, 2023.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37523899/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;37523899&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107657&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="37523899">Chen et al. (2023)</a> reported a patient who presented at 3 weeks of age with tachypnea, lactic acidosis, and a severe metabolic acidosis. He also had increased tone and a divergent squint. He developed loose stools and worsening acidosis. At 4 weeks of age, he developed liver dysfunction, and at 8 weeks of age he developed seizures. He died at 9 weeks of age. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=37523899" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><strong><em>Clinical Variability</em></strong></p><p>
<a href="#6" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Walker, M. A., Mohler, K. P., Hopkins, K. W., Oakley, D. H., Sweetser, D. A., Ibba, M., Frosch, M. P., Thibert, R. L. &lt;strong&gt;Novel compound heterozygous mutations expand the recognized phenotypes of FARS2-linked disease.&lt;/strong&gt; J. Child Neurol. 31: 1127-1137, 2016.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27095821/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;27095821&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=27095821[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073816643402&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="27095821">Walker et al. (2016)</a> reported a girl with severe juvenile-onset epileptic encephalopathy. She had mildly delayed psychomotor development with speech delay, including walking at age 17 months, running at 24 months, and first word at age 3.5 years with a plateau of language skills at age 5 to 7 years. She had a first prolonged generalized tonic-clonic seizure at age 8 years, followed by progression of the epilepsy, which became refractory and associated with spike-wave discharges on EEG that also occurred during sleep. EEG also showed background slowing. She developed epilepsia partialis continua starting at age 10 years, and status epilepticus at age 13. Her neurologic status progressively declined: she was unable to follow commands or track faces, and she had unreactive pupils, near-continuous myoclonus of the right face, arm, and leg, absence of purposeful movement, and extensor plantar responses. Brain MRI showed extensive areas of T2-weighted hyperintensities. She died at age 15 years. Skeletal muscle biopsy showed type 2 fiber atrophy and myofibrillary disarray with enlarged and swollen mitochondria containing glycogen. Activities of complexes I-IV were normal in frozen skeletal muscle samples. Postmortem examination showed laminar cortical neuronal loss, necrosis, gliosis, and diminished subcortical white matter and descending corticospinal tracts. The most severely affected regions were the frontal and visual cortices. A small region of spongiform change was noted in the right thalamus. Genetic analysis identified compound heterozygous missense variants in the FARS2 gene (P85A and H135D) that occurred in the larger catalytic domain and were shown in in vitro studies to be detrimental to enzyme function. The findings expanded the phenotype associated with mutations in the FARS2 gene. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=27095821" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><strong><em>Reviews</em></strong></p><p>
<a href="#5" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Vantroys, E., Larson, A., Friederich, M., Knight, K., Swanson, M. A., Powell, C. A., Smet, J., Vergult, S., De Paepe, B., Seneca, S., Roeyers, H., Menten, B., Minczuk, M., Vanlander, A., Van Hove, J., Van Coster, R. &lt;strong&gt;New insights into the phenotype of FARS2 deficiency.&lt;/strong&gt; Molec. Genet. Metab. 122: 172-181, 2017.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29126765/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;29126765&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=29126765[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.10.004&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="29126765">Vantroys et al. (2017)</a> reviewed the clinical descriptions and mutations reported in patients with COXPD14, which the authors called 'the epileptic phenotype,' and spastic paraplegia caused by mutations in the FARS2 gene. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=29126765" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<p>The transmission pattern of COXPD14 in the family reported by <a href="#4" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Shamseldin, H. E., Alshammari, M., Al-Sheddi, T., Salih, M. A., Alkhalidi, H., Kentab, A., Repetto, G. M., Hashem, M., Alkuraya, F. S. &lt;strong&gt;Genomic analysis of mitochondrial diseases in a consanguineous population reveals novel candidate disease genes.&lt;/strong&gt; J. Med. Genet. 49: 234-241, 2012.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22499341/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;22499341&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-100836&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="22499341">Shamseldin et al. (2012)</a> was consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=22499341" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<p>In 3 sibs, born of consanguineous Saudi Arabian parents, with COXPD14, <a href="#4" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Shamseldin, H. E., Alshammari, M., Al-Sheddi, T., Salih, M. A., Alkhalidi, H., Kentab, A., Repetto, G. M., Hashem, M., Alkuraya, F. S. &lt;strong&gt;Genomic analysis of mitochondrial diseases in a consanguineous population reveals novel candidate disease genes.&lt;/strong&gt; J. Med. Genet. 49: 234-241, 2012.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22499341/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;22499341&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-100836&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="22499341">Shamseldin et al. (2012)</a> identified a homozygous mutation in the FARS2 gene (Y144C; <a href="/entry/611592#0001">611592.0001</a>). The mutation was identified by exome sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=22499341" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>By exome sequencing of 2 sibs with fatal infantile epileptic mitochondrial encephalopathy, <a href="#3" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Elo, J. M., Yadavalli, S. S., Euro, L., Isohanni, P., Gotz, A., Carroll, C. J., Valanne, L., Alkuraya, F. S., Uusimaa, J., Paetau, A., Caruso, E. M., Pihko, H., Ibba, M., Tyynismaa, H., Suomalainen, A. &lt;strong&gt;Mitochondrial phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase mutations underlie fatal infantile Alpers encephalopathy.&lt;/strong&gt; Hum. Molec. Genet. 21: 4521-4529, 2012.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22833457/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;22833457&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/dds294&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="22833457">Elo et al. (2012)</a> identified compound heterozygosity for 2 mutations in the FARS2 gene (<a href="/entry/611592#0002">611592.0002</a> and <a href="/entry/611592#0003">611592.0003</a>). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=22833457" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>In a 2.5-year-old boy, born of unrelated British parents, with a variant of COXPD14, <a href="#1" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Almalki, A., Alston, C. L., Parker, A., Simonic, I., Mehta, S. G., He, L., Reza, M., Oliveira, J. M. A., Lightowlers, R. N., McFarland, R., Taylor, R. W., Chrzanowska-Lightowlers, Z. M. A. &lt;strong&gt;Mutation of the human mitochondrial phenylalanine-tRNA synthetase causes infantile-onset epilepsy and cytochrome c oxidase deficiency.&lt;/strong&gt; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1842: 56-64, 2014.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24161539/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;24161539&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=24161539[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.10.008&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="24161539">Almalki et al. (2014)</a> identified a maternally inherited heterozygous missense mutation in the FARS2 gene (D325Y; <a href="/entry/611592#0004">611592.0004</a>) and a paternally inherited 88-kb interstitial deletion of chromosome 6p25.1, including the promoter and untranslated exon 1 of FARS2 and the 3-prime exons of the LYRM4 (<a href="/entry/613311">613311</a>) gene. In vitro functional expression assays showed that the D325Y mutant protein had no detectable enzyme activity and no detectable ATP binding. However, patient myoblasts did not show impaired synthesis of mitochondrial proteins, and there was no decrease in mtDNA. A missense mutation in the LYRM4 gene (R68L) has been identified in a family with COXPD19 (<a href="/entry/615595">615595</a>). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=24161539" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>In a male infant with COXPD14, <a href="#2" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Chen, W., Rehsi, P., Thompson, K., Yeo, M., Stals, K., He, L., Schimmel, P., Chrzanowska-Lightowlers, Z. M. A., Wakeling, E., Taylor, R. W., Kuhle, B. &lt;strong&gt;Clinical and molecular characterization of novel FARS2 variants causing neonatal mitochondrial disease.&lt;/strong&gt; Molec. Genet. Metab. 140: 107657, 2023.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37523899/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;37523899&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107657&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="37523899">Chen et al. (2023)</a> identified compound heterozygous mutations in the FARS2 gene (EX2DEL, <a href="/entry/611592#0011">611592.0011</a> and R198L, <a href="/entry/611592#0012">611592.0012</a>). Steady state levels of mtPheRS were reduced in patient fibroblasts and complex I activity was mildly reduced. A crystal structure of FARS2 with the R198L mutation suggested that the mutation results in destabilization of the protein's core region. An aminoacylation assay demonstrated that the R198L mutation resulted in reduced tRNA charging activity. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=37523899" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<strong>REFERENCES</strong>
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<a id="Almalki2014" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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Almalki, A., Alston, C. L., Parker, A., Simonic, I., Mehta, S. G., He, L., Reza, M., Oliveira, J. M. A., Lightowlers, R. N., McFarland, R., Taylor, R. W., Chrzanowska-Lightowlers, Z. M. A.
<strong>Mutation of the human mitochondrial phenylalanine-tRNA synthetase causes infantile-onset epilepsy and cytochrome c oxidase deficiency.</strong>
Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1842: 56-64, 2014.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24161539/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">24161539</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=24161539[PMID]&report=imagesdocsum" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Image', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">images</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=24161539" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.10.008" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="Chen2023" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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Chen, W., Rehsi, P., Thompson, K., Yeo, M., Stals, K., He, L., Schimmel, P., Chrzanowska-Lightowlers, Z. M. A., Wakeling, E., Taylor, R. W., Kuhle, B.
<strong>Clinical and molecular characterization of novel FARS2 variants causing neonatal mitochondrial disease.</strong>
Molec. Genet. Metab. 140: 107657, 2023.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37523899/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">37523899</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=37523899" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107657" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="Elo2012" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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Elo, J. M., Yadavalli, S. S., Euro, L., Isohanni, P., Gotz, A., Carroll, C. J., Valanne, L., Alkuraya, F. S., Uusimaa, J., Paetau, A., Caruso, E. M., Pihko, H., Ibba, M., Tyynismaa, H., Suomalainen, A.
<strong>Mitochondrial phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase mutations underlie fatal infantile Alpers encephalopathy.</strong>
Hum. Molec. Genet. 21: 4521-4529, 2012.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22833457/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">22833457</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=22833457" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/dds294" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="Shamseldin2012" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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Shamseldin, H. E., Alshammari, M., Al-Sheddi, T., Salih, M. A., Alkhalidi, H., Kentab, A., Repetto, G. M., Hashem, M., Alkuraya, F. S.
<strong>Genomic analysis of mitochondrial diseases in a consanguineous population reveals novel candidate disease genes.</strong>
J. Med. Genet. 49: 234-241, 2012.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22499341/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">22499341</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=22499341" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-100836" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="Vantroys2017" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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Vantroys, E., Larson, A., Friederich, M., Knight, K., Swanson, M. A., Powell, C. A., Smet, J., Vergult, S., De Paepe, B., Seneca, S., Roeyers, H., Menten, B., Minczuk, M., Vanlander, A., Van Hove, J., Van Coster, R.
<strong>New insights into the phenotype of FARS2 deficiency.</strong>
Molec. Genet. Metab. 122: 172-181, 2017.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29126765/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">29126765</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=29126765[PMID]&report=imagesdocsum" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Image', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">images</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=29126765" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.10.004" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="Walker2016" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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Walker, M. A., Mohler, K. P., Hopkins, K. W., Oakley, D. H., Sweetser, D. A., Ibba, M., Frosch, M. P., Thibert, R. L.
<strong>Novel compound heterozygous mutations expand the recognized phenotypes of FARS2-linked disease.</strong>
J. Child Neurol. 31: 1127-1137, 2016.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27095821/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">27095821</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=27095821[PMID]&report=imagesdocsum" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Image', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">images</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=27095821" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073816643402" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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Hilary J. Vernon - updated : 12/21/2023
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Ada Hamosh - updated : 01/30/2018<br>Cassandra L. Kniffin - updated : 07/21/2016
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Cassandra L. Kniffin : 11/27/2012
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carol : 12/21/2023
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carol : 01/30/2018<br>carol : 07/28/2016<br>ckniffin : 07/21/2016<br>carol : 12/03/2012<br>ckniffin : 12/3/2012<br>ckniffin : 11/28/2012
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<strong>#</strong> 614946
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COMBINED OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION DEFICIENCY 14; COXPD14
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<strong>SNOMEDCT:</strong> 778065005; &nbsp;
<strong>ORPHA:</strong> 319519; &nbsp;
<strong>DO:</strong> 0111477; &nbsp;
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<strong>Phenotype-Gene Relationships</strong>
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Location
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Phenotype
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Phenotype <br /> MIM number
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Inheritance
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Phenotype <br /> mapping key
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6p25.1
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Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 14
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614946
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Autosomal recessive
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3
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FARS2
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611592
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<strong>TEXT</strong>
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<p>A number sign (#) is used with this entry because combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency-14 (COXPD14) is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the FARS2 gene (611592) on chromosome 6p25.</p><p>Biallelic mutation in the FARS2 gene can also cause SPG77 (617046), a much less severe disorder.</p>
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<strong>Description</strong>
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<p>Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency-14 (COXPD14) is a severe multisystemic autosomal recessive disorder characterized by neonatal onset of global developmental delay, refractory seizures, and lactic acidosis. Biochemical studies show deficiencies of multiple mitochondrial respiratory enzymes. Neuropathologic studies in 1 patient showed laminar cortical necrosis, characteristic of Alpers syndrome (203700) (summary by Elo et al., 2012). </p><p>For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency, see COXPD1 (609060).</p>
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<strong>Clinical Features</strong>
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<p>Shamseldin et al. (2012) reported a consanguineous Saudi Arabian family in which 3 sibs had a severe mitochondrial encephalopathy. The proband was a 1.9-year-old girl with significant global developmental delay, lactic acidosis, and onset of uncontrolled seizures at age 35 days. Other features included poor feeding, poor physical growth with microcephaly (-2.4 SD), visual and hearing impairment, hypotonia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Laboratory studies showed high lactate, and muscle biopsy showed scattered fibers with intense NADH and SDH activity without ragged-red fibers or cytochrome c oxidase (COX)-negative fibers. Electron microscopy showed subtle mitochondrial abnormalities, but there was no deletion or depletion of mitochondrial DNA. Brain MRI showed diffuse cerebral atrophy, enlarged ventricles, and bilateral hyperintense T2-weighted lesions in the basal ganglia, consistent with Leigh syndrome (256000). There was no evidence of liver impairment. The overall picture suggested a defect in enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. The proband had 2 affected sibs with developmental delay and seizures; both died before 3 months of age. Elo et al. (2012) provided some follow-up of the index patient reported by Shamseldin et al. (2012), who died at age 22 months. </p><p>Elo et al. (2012) reported a Finnish family in which 2 sisters had a fatal infantile mitochondrial encephalopathy. The proband developed treatment-resistant myoclonic seizures on the second day of life. Laboratory studies showed generalized aminoaciduria and increased lactate in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Initial brain MRI and EEG were normal, but EEG at 6 weeks showed multifocal spikes and brain MRI at 3 months showed severe central and cortical atrophy with signal increases in the putamina. Liver biopsy showed enlarged hepatocytes, increased glycogen, and iron and copper accumulation, but transaminases were normal. Muscle biopsy showed decreased COX immunostaining and subsarcolemmal glycogen, but no ragged-red fibers. Complex I activity in muscle was increased compared to control values, but succinate dehydrogenase was 50% and COX was 16% of control. She had microcephaly and slightly coarse retinal pigmentation, but normal optic nerve. She had no psychomotor development, and died at age 8 months. Gel electrophoresis showed a severe reduction of complex IV in the brain and skeletal muscle and partial complex I deficiency in the brain; complex I in skeletal muscles was slightly increased. In contrast, defects in respiratory chain complexes were not observed in patient fibroblasts. Neuropathologic examination showed generalized atrophy with striking subtotal laminar necrosis of the cortical ribbon. There was microcystic degeneration, lack of pyramidal cells, reactive gliosis, and areas of spongiosis. Degenerative changes were observed in the cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem. The neuropathologic changes, together with the liver involvement, were reminiscent of Alpers syndrome (203700). The patient had an older sister with a similar disorder who died of multiorgan failure at age 21 months. </p><p>Almalki et al. (2014) reported a 2.5-year-old boy, born of unrelated British Caucasian parents, with onset of severe seizures associated with hypsarrhythmia on EEG at age 6 months, followed by delayed psychomotor development. The seizures became refractory, and brain imaging showed subcortical white matter lesions and thinning of the corpus callosum. Other features included no visual awareness, increased limb tone, hyperreflexia, and mild dysmorphic features, including small anteriorly rotated ears and broad nasal root. Patient skeletal muscle and myoblasts showed an isolated complex IV deficiency, which was not observed in fibroblasts. Almalki et al. (2014) noted that the phenotype in their patient was slightly different from that reported by Shamseldin et al. (2012) and Elo et al. (2012). </p><p>Chen et al. (2023) reported a patient who presented at 3 weeks of age with tachypnea, lactic acidosis, and a severe metabolic acidosis. He also had increased tone and a divergent squint. He developed loose stools and worsening acidosis. At 4 weeks of age, he developed liver dysfunction, and at 8 weeks of age he developed seizures. He died at 9 weeks of age. </p><p><strong><em>Clinical Variability</em></strong></p><p>
Walker et al. (2016) reported a girl with severe juvenile-onset epileptic encephalopathy. She had mildly delayed psychomotor development with speech delay, including walking at age 17 months, running at 24 months, and first word at age 3.5 years with a plateau of language skills at age 5 to 7 years. She had a first prolonged generalized tonic-clonic seizure at age 8 years, followed by progression of the epilepsy, which became refractory and associated with spike-wave discharges on EEG that also occurred during sleep. EEG also showed background slowing. She developed epilepsia partialis continua starting at age 10 years, and status epilepticus at age 13. Her neurologic status progressively declined: she was unable to follow commands or track faces, and she had unreactive pupils, near-continuous myoclonus of the right face, arm, and leg, absence of purposeful movement, and extensor plantar responses. Brain MRI showed extensive areas of T2-weighted hyperintensities. She died at age 15 years. Skeletal muscle biopsy showed type 2 fiber atrophy and myofibrillary disarray with enlarged and swollen mitochondria containing glycogen. Activities of complexes I-IV were normal in frozen skeletal muscle samples. Postmortem examination showed laminar cortical neuronal loss, necrosis, gliosis, and diminished subcortical white matter and descending corticospinal tracts. The most severely affected regions were the frontal and visual cortices. A small region of spongiform change was noted in the right thalamus. Genetic analysis identified compound heterozygous missense variants in the FARS2 gene (P85A and H135D) that occurred in the larger catalytic domain and were shown in in vitro studies to be detrimental to enzyme function. The findings expanded the phenotype associated with mutations in the FARS2 gene. </p><p><strong><em>Reviews</em></strong></p><p>
Vantroys et al. (2017) reviewed the clinical descriptions and mutations reported in patients with COXPD14, which the authors called 'the epileptic phenotype,' and spastic paraplegia caused by mutations in the FARS2 gene. </p>
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<strong>Inheritance</strong>
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<p>The transmission pattern of COXPD14 in the family reported by Shamseldin et al. (2012) was consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. </p>
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<strong>Molecular Genetics</strong>
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<p>In 3 sibs, born of consanguineous Saudi Arabian parents, with COXPD14, Shamseldin et al. (2012) identified a homozygous mutation in the FARS2 gene (Y144C; 611592.0001). The mutation was identified by exome sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. </p><p>By exome sequencing of 2 sibs with fatal infantile epileptic mitochondrial encephalopathy, Elo et al. (2012) identified compound heterozygosity for 2 mutations in the FARS2 gene (611592.0002 and 611592.0003). </p><p>In a 2.5-year-old boy, born of unrelated British parents, with a variant of COXPD14, Almalki et al. (2014) identified a maternally inherited heterozygous missense mutation in the FARS2 gene (D325Y; 611592.0004) and a paternally inherited 88-kb interstitial deletion of chromosome 6p25.1, including the promoter and untranslated exon 1 of FARS2 and the 3-prime exons of the LYRM4 (613311) gene. In vitro functional expression assays showed that the D325Y mutant protein had no detectable enzyme activity and no detectable ATP binding. However, patient myoblasts did not show impaired synthesis of mitochondrial proteins, and there was no decrease in mtDNA. A missense mutation in the LYRM4 gene (R68L) has been identified in a family with COXPD19 (615595). </p><p>In a male infant with COXPD14, Chen et al. (2023) identified compound heterozygous mutations in the FARS2 gene (EX2DEL, 611592.0011 and R198L, 611592.0012). Steady state levels of mtPheRS were reduced in patient fibroblasts and complex I activity was mildly reduced. A crystal structure of FARS2 with the R198L mutation suggested that the mutation results in destabilization of the protein's core region. An aminoacylation assay demonstrated that the R198L mutation resulted in reduced tRNA charging activity. </p>
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<strong>REFERENCES</strong>
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Almalki, A., Alston, C. L., Parker, A., Simonic, I., Mehta, S. G., He, L., Reza, M., Oliveira, J. M. A., Lightowlers, R. N., McFarland, R., Taylor, R. W., Chrzanowska-Lightowlers, Z. M. A.
<strong>Mutation of the human mitochondrial phenylalanine-tRNA synthetase causes infantile-onset epilepsy and cytochrome c oxidase deficiency.</strong>
Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1842: 56-64, 2014.
[PubMed: 24161539]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.10.008]
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Chen, W., Rehsi, P., Thompson, K., Yeo, M., Stals, K., He, L., Schimmel, P., Chrzanowska-Lightowlers, Z. M. A., Wakeling, E., Taylor, R. W., Kuhle, B.
<strong>Clinical and molecular characterization of novel FARS2 variants causing neonatal mitochondrial disease.</strong>
Molec. Genet. Metab. 140: 107657, 2023.
[PubMed: 37523899]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107657]
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Elo, J. M., Yadavalli, S. S., Euro, L., Isohanni, P., Gotz, A., Carroll, C. J., Valanne, L., Alkuraya, F. S., Uusimaa, J., Paetau, A., Caruso, E. M., Pihko, H., Ibba, M., Tyynismaa, H., Suomalainen, A.
<strong>Mitochondrial phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase mutations underlie fatal infantile Alpers encephalopathy.</strong>
Hum. Molec. Genet. 21: 4521-4529, 2012.
[PubMed: 22833457]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/dds294]
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<li>
<p class="mim-text-font">
Shamseldin, H. E., Alshammari, M., Al-Sheddi, T., Salih, M. A., Alkhalidi, H., Kentab, A., Repetto, G. M., Hashem, M., Alkuraya, F. S.
<strong>Genomic analysis of mitochondrial diseases in a consanguineous population reveals novel candidate disease genes.</strong>
J. Med. Genet. 49: 234-241, 2012.
[PubMed: 22499341]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-100836]
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<li>
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Vantroys, E., Larson, A., Friederich, M., Knight, K., Swanson, M. A., Powell, C. A., Smet, J., Vergult, S., De Paepe, B., Seneca, S., Roeyers, H., Menten, B., Minczuk, M., Vanlander, A., Van Hove, J., Van Coster, R.
<strong>New insights into the phenotype of FARS2 deficiency.</strong>
Molec. Genet. Metab. 122: 172-181, 2017.
[PubMed: 29126765]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.10.004]
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<li>
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Walker, M. A., Mohler, K. P., Hopkins, K. W., Oakley, D. H., Sweetser, D. A., Ibba, M., Frosch, M. P., Thibert, R. L.
<strong>Novel compound heterozygous mutations expand the recognized phenotypes of FARS2-linked disease.</strong>
J. Child Neurol. 31: 1127-1137, 2016.
[PubMed: 27095821]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073816643402]
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Hilary J. Vernon - updated : 12/21/2023<br>Ada Hamosh - updated : 01/30/2018<br>Cassandra L. Kniffin - updated : 07/21/2016
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Cassandra L. Kniffin : 11/27/2012
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carol : 12/21/2023<br>carol : 01/30/2018<br>carol : 07/28/2016<br>ckniffin : 07/21/2016<br>carol : 12/03/2012<br>ckniffin : 12/3/2012<br>ckniffin : 11/28/2012
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