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<title>
Entry
- #606612 - MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY-DYSTROGLYCANOPATHY (CONGENITAL WITH OR WITHOUT IMPAIRED INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT), TYPE B, 5; MDDGB5
- OMIM
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<span class="h4">#606612</span>
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<strong>Table of Contents</strong>
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<a href="#phenotypeMap"><strong>Phenotype-Gene Relationships</strong></a>
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<a href="/clinicalSynopsis/606612"><strong>Clinical Synopsis</strong></a>
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<a href="/phenotypicSeries/PS613155"> <strong>Phenotypic Series</strong> </a>
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<a href="#clinicalFeatures">Clinical Features</a>
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<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
<a href="#inheritance">Inheritance</a>
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<a href="#molecularGenetics">Molecular Genetics</a>
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<a href="#references"><strong>References</strong></a>
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<div><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY-DYSTROGLYCANOPATHY (CONGENITAL WITH OR WITHOUT IMPAIRED INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT), TYPE B" class="mim-tip-hint" title="A registry of federally and privately supported clinical trials conducted in the United States and around the world." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Clinical Trials', 'domain': 'clinicaltrials.gov'})">Clinical Trials</a></div>
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<div style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/ClinicalLabs_Search_Simple.php?lng=EN&LnkId=22509&Typ=Pat" title="Congenital muscular dystrophy with cerebellar involvement" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'EuroGentest', 'domain': 'orpha.net'})">Congenital muscular dystro…&nbsp;</a></div><div style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/ClinicalLabs_Search_Simple.php?lng=EN&LnkId=22510&Typ=Pat" title="Congenital muscular dystrophy with intellectual disability" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'EuroGentest', 'domain': 'orpha.net'})">Congenital muscular dystro…&nbsp;</a></div><div style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/ClinicalLabs_Search_Simple.php?lng=EN&LnkId=22511&Typ=Pat" title="Congenital muscular dystrophy without intellectual disability" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'EuroGentest', 'domain': 'orpha.net'})">Congenital muscular dystro…&nbsp;</a></div>
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<div style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=370959" title="Congenital muscular dystrophy with cerebellar involvement" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'OrphaNet', 'domain': 'orpha.net'})">Congenital muscular dystro…</a></div><div style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=370968" title="Congenital muscular dystrophy with intellectual disability" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'OrphaNet', 'domain': 'orpha.net'})">Congenital muscular dystro…</a></div><div style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=370980" title="Congenital muscular dystrophy without intellectual disability" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'OrphaNet', 'domain': 'orpha.net'})">Congenital muscular dystro…</a></div>
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<div style="display: table-cell;">Animal Models</div>
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<div><a href="https://www.alliancegenome.org/disease/DOID:0110635" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Search Across Species; explore model organism and human comparative genomics." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Alliance Genome', 'domain': 'alliancegenome.org'})">Alliance Genome</a></div>
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<span class="mim-tip-bottom" qtip_title="<strong>Looking for this gene or this phenotype in other resources?</strong>" qtip_text="Select a related resource from the dropdown menu and click for a targeted link to information directly relevant.">
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<div>
<a id="title" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<a id="number" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<div class="text-right">
<a href="#" class="mim-tip-icd" qtip_title="<strong>ICD+</strong>" qtip_text="
<strong>ORPHA:</strong> 370959, 370968, 370980<br />
<strong>DO:</strong> 0110635<br />
">ICD+</a>
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<span class="h3">
<span class="mim-font mim-tip-hint" title="Phenotype description, molecular basis known">
<span class="text-danger"><strong>#</strong></span>
606612
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<a id="preferredTitle" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<h3>
<span class="mim-font">
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY-DYSTROGLYCANOPATHY (CONGENITAL WITH OR WITHOUT IMPAIRED INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT), TYPE B, 5; MDDGB5
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<span class="mim-font">
<em>Alternative titles; symbols</em>
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<h4>
<span class="mim-font">
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY, CONGENITAL, 1C; MDC1C<br />
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY, CONGENITAL, FKRP-RELATED
</span>
</h4>
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<strong>Phenotype-Gene Relationships</strong>
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<table class="table table-bordered table-condensed table-hover small mim-table-padding">
<thead>
<tr class="active">
<th>
Location
</th>
<th>
Phenotype
</th>
<th>
Phenotype <br /> MIM number
</th>
<th>
Inheritance
</th>
<th>
Phenotype <br /> mapping key
</th>
<th>
Gene/Locus
</th>
<th>
Gene/Locus <br /> MIM number
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/19/859?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=859">
19q13.32
</a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with or without impaired intellectual development), type B, 5
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/606612"> 606612 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
FKRP
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/606596"> 606596 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<a href="/clinicalSynopsis/606612" class="btn btn-warning" role="button"> Clinical Synopsis </a>
<button type="button" id="mimPhenotypicSeriesToggle" class="btn btn-warning dropdown-toggle mimSingletonFoldToggle" data-toggle="collapse" href="#mimClinicalSynopsisFold" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Unfurl', 'ClinicalSynopsis', 'omim.org')">
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<a href="/phenotypicSeries/PS613155" class="btn btn-info" role="button"> Phenotypic Series </a>
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PheneGene Graphics <span class="caret"></span>
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<li><a href="/graph/linear/606612" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_graph', {'destination': 'Linear'})"> Linear </a></li>
<li><a href="/graph/radial/606612" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_graph', {'destination': 'Radial'})"> Radial </a></li>
</ul>
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<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-question-sign mim-tip-hint" title="OMIM PheneGene graphics depict relationships between phenotypes, groups of related phenotypes (Phenotypic Series), and genes.<br /><a href='/static/omim/pdf/OMIM_Graphics.pdf' target='_blank'>A quick reference overview and guide (PDF)</a>"></span>
<div>
<p />
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<div id="mimClinicalSynopsisFold" class="well well-sm collapse mimSingletonToggleFold">
<div class="small" style="margin: 5px">
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> INHERITANCE </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<span class="mim-font">
- Autosomal recessive <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/258211005" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">258211005</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0441748&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0441748</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000007</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000007</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> HEAD & NECK </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Head </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Microcephaly (less common) <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/1148757008" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">1148757008</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/Q02" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">Q02</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/742.1" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">742.1</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C4551563&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C4551563</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0025958&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0025958</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000252" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000252</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000252" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000252</a>]</span> <a href="https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/index.cgi?tid=0584d323b99dcd7001cc50e224947aca" target="_blank" class="small mim-tip-eom" title="&lt;img src=&quot;https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/images/terms/Microcephaly-small.jpg&quot;&gt; &lt;br/&gt;Further Information: &lt;a href=&quot;https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/index.cgi?tid=0584d323b99dcd7001cc50e224947aca&quot target=&quot;_blank&quot onclick=&quot;gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'EOM\', \'domain\': \'elementsofmorphology.nih.gov\'})&quot;&gt;Elements of Morphology&lt;/a&gt;"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-user" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Face </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Facial weakness <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/95666008" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">95666008</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/R29.810" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">R29.810</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/438.83" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">438.83</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/781.94" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">781.94</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0427055&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0427055</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0007209" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0007209</a>, <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0030319" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0030319</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0030319" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0030319</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> ABDOMEN </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Gastrointestinal </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Feeding difficulties <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/78164000" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">78164000</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/R63.3" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">R63.3</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0232466&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0232466</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0011968" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0011968</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0011968" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0011968</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> SKELETAL </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Spine </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Scoliosis <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/298382003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">298382003</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/20944008" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">20944008</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/111266001" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">111266001</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/M41.9" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">M41.9</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/M41" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">M41</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/Q67.5" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">Q67.5</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0559260&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0559260</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0036439&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0036439</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0700208&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0700208</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002650" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002650</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002650" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002650</a>]</span><br /> -
Spinal fusion <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/55705006" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">55705006</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/81.0" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">81.0</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/81.00" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">81.00</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0037935&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0037935</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3278509&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3278509</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002948" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002948</a>]</span><br /> -
Lordosis <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/61960001" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">61960001</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/249710008" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">249710008</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/1187290008" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">1187290008</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/M40.5" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">M40.5</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0599412&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0599412</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0024003&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0024003</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003307" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003307</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003307" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003307</a>]</span><br /> -
Kyphosis <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/71311003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">71311003</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/414564002" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">414564002</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/413428007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">413428007</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/M40.20" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">M40.20</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/Q76.41" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">Q76.41</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/737.1" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">737.1</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0265673&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0265673</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0022821&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0022821</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2115817&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2115817</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0022822&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0022822</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002808" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002808</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002808" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002808</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Feet </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Achilles tendon contractures <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/203076007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">203076007</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0410264&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0410264</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001771" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001771</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001771" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001771</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> MUSCLE, SOFT TISSUES </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<span class="mim-font">
- Neonatal hypotonia <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/240080003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">240080003</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/205294008" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">205294008</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/33010005" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">33010005</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/P94.2" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">P94.2</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0343239&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0343239</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0270971&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0270971</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2267233&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2267233</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001319" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001319</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001319" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001319</a>]</span><br /> -
Delayed motor milestones <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1854301&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1854301</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001270" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001270</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001270" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001270</a>]</span><br /> -
Generalized muscle weakness <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/M62.81" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">M62.81</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/728.87" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">728.87</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0746674&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0746674</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003324" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003324</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003324" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003324</a>]</span><br /> -
Proximal muscle weakness <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/249939004" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">249939004</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0221629&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0221629</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003701" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003701</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003701" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003701</a>]</span><br /> -
Proximal muscle atrophy <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1850794&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1850794</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0007126" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0007126</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0007126" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0007126</a>]</span><br /> -
Muscle hypertrophy <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/249829006" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">249829006</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0236033&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0236033</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2265792&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2265792</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003712" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003712</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003712" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003712</a>]</span><br /> -
Myopathic changes seen on EMG <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3276190&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3276190</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/129565002" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">129565002</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/G72.9" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">G72.9</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/M62.9" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">M62.9</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/M60-M63" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">M60-M63</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/359.9" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">359.9</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003198" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003198</a>]</span><br /> -
Dystrophic changes seen on muscle biopsy <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3279200&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3279200</a>]</span><br /> -
Toe-walking <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/250018006" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">250018006</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0427144&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0427144</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0030051" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0030051</a>]</span><br /> -
Difficulty walking <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/719232003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">719232003</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/719.7" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">719.7</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0311394&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0311394</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002355" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002355</a>]</span><br /> -
Difficulty climbing stairs <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/282195009" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">282195009</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0239067&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0239067</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003551" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003551</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003551" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003551</a>]</span><br /> -
Frequent falls <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0850703&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0850703</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002359" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002359</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002359" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002359</a>]</span><br /> -
Muscle cramps <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/45352006" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">45352006</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/55300003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">55300003</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/M62.83" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">M62.83</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/728.85" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">728.85</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0037763&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0037763</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0026821&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0026821</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003394" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003394</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003394" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003394</a>]</span><br /> -
Myalgia <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/68962001" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">68962001</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/M79.1" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">M79.1</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0231528&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0231528</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003326" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003326</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003326" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003326</a>]</span><br /> -
Muscle MRI shows fatty infiltration <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1846675&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1846675</a>]</span><br /> -
Decreased glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1837237&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1837237</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> NEUROLOGIC </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<em> Central Nervous System </em>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<span class="mim-font">
- Some patients have neurologic involvement <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3276651&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3276651</a>]</span><br /> -
Mental retardation <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/228156007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">228156007</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/110359009" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">110359009</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/317-319.99" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">317-319.99</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3714756&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3714756</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0025362&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0025362</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001249" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001249</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001249" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001249</a>]</span><br /> -
White matter abnormalities on MRI <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1847761&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1847761</a>]</span><br /> -
Cerebellar atrophy <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0740279&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0740279</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001272" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001272</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001272" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001272</a>]</span><br /> -
Cerebellar cysts <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1847762&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1847762</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002350" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002350</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002350" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002350</a>]</span><br /> -
Nodular heterotopia (rare) <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/253151003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">253151003</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0431378&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0431378</a>]</span><br /> -
Pachygyria (rare) <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/23024003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">23024003</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/Q04.8" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">Q04.8</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/Q04.3" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">Q04.3</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0266483&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0266483</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001302" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001302</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001302" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001302</a>]</span><br /> -
Ventricular dilatation (rare) <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/6210001" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">6210001</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/I51.7" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">I51.7</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3278923&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3278923</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0264733&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0264733</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002119" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002119</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002119" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002119</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> LABORATORY ABNORMALITIES </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<span class="mim-font">
- Increased serum creatine kinase <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0241005&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0241005</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003236" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003236</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003236" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003236</a>]</span><br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> MISCELLANEOUS </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<span class="mim-font">
- Variable age of onset (range 1-40 years)<br /> -
Highly variable severity <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1866862&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1866862</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003828" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003828</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003828" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003828</a>]</span><br /> -
Some patients never gain ambulation or become wheelchair-bound<br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="h5 mim-font">
<strong> MOLECULAR BASIS </strong>
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
<div>
<span class="mim-font">
- Caused by mutation in the fukutin-related protein gene (FKRP, <a href="/entry/606596#0001">606596.0001</a>)<br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="text-right">
<a href="#mimClinicalSynopsisFold" data-toggle="collapse">&#9650;&nbsp;Close</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="mimPhenotypicSeriesFold" class="well well-sm collapse mimSingletonToggleFold">
<div class="small">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12">
<h5>
Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy, type B
- <a href="/phenotypicSeries/PS613155">PS613155</a>
- 8 Entries
</h5>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row" style="margin-left: 0.125em; margin-right: 0.125em;">
<table class="table table-bordered table-condensed table-hover mim-table-padding">
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Location</strong>
</th>
<th class="col-lg-5 col-md-5 col-sm-5 col-xs-6 text-nowrap">
<strong>Phenotype</strong>
</th>
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Inheritance</strong>
</th>
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Phenotype<br />mapping key</strong>
</th>
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Phenotype<br />MIM number</strong>
</th>
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Gene/Locus</strong>
</th>
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
<strong>Gene/Locus<br />MIM number</strong>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/1/565?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=565"> 1p34.1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/613151"> Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with impaired intellectual development), type B, 3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/613151"> 613151 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/606822"> POMGNT1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/606822"> 606822 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/1/1211?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=1211"> 1q22 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618992"> ?Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with impaired intellectual development), type B, 15 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/618992"> 618992 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/605951"> DPM3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/605951"> 605951 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/3/319?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=319"> 3p21.31 </a>
</span>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615351"> Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with impaired intellectual development), type B, 14 </a>
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<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
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<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615351"> 615351 </a>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615320"> GMPPB </a>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/615320"> 615320 </a>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/9/389?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=389"> 9q31.2 </a>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/613152"> Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital without impaired intellectual development), type B, 4 </a>
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<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
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<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/613152"> 613152 </a>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/607440"> FKTN </a>
</span>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/607440"> 607440 </a>
</span>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/9/589?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=589"> 9q34.13 </a>
</span>
</td>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/613155"> Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with impaired intellectual development), type B, 1 </a>
</span>
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<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
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<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/613155"> 613155 </a>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/607423"> POMT1 </a>
</span>
</td>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/607423"> 607423 </a>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/14/414?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=414"> 14q24.3 </a>
</span>
</td>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/613156"> Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with impaired intellectual development), type B, 2 </a>
</span>
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<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
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<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/613156"> 613156 </a>
</span>
</td>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/607439"> POMT2 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/607439"> 607439 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/19/859?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=859"> 19q13.32 </a>
</span>
</td>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/606612"> Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with or without impaired intellectual development), type B, 5 </a>
</span>
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<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
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<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/606612"> 606612 </a>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/606596"> FKRP </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/606596"> 606596 </a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/geneMap/22/207?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=207"> 22q12.3 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/608840"> Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with impaired intellectual development), type B, 6 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/608840"> 608840 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/603590"> LARGE1 </a>
</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="mim-font">
<a href="/entry/603590"> 603590 </a>
</span>
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</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<p>A number sign (#) is used with this entry because this form of congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with or without impaired intellectual development (type B5; MDDGB5), previously designated MDC1C, is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the gene encoding fukutin-related protein (FKRP; <a href="/entry/606596">606596</a>) on chromosome 19q13.3.</p><p>Mutation in the FKRP gene can also cause a more severe congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A5; MDDGA5; <a href="/entry/613153">613153</a>) and a less severe limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (type C5; MDDGC5; <a href="/entry/607155">607155</a>).</p>
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<p>MDDGB5 is an autosomal recessive congenital muscular dystrophy with impaired intellectual development and structural brain abnormalities (<a href="#1" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Brockington, M., Blake, D. J., Prandini, P., Brown, S. C., Torelli, S., Benson, M. A., Ponting, C. P., Estournet, B., Romero, N. B., Mercuri, E., Voit, T., Sewry, C. A., Guicheney, P., Muntoni, F. &lt;strong&gt;Mutations in the fukutin-related protein gene (FKRP) cause a form of congenital muscular dystrophy with secondary laminin alpha-2 deficiency and abnormal glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan.&lt;/strong&gt; Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69: 1198-1209, 2001.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11592034/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;11592034&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=11592034[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1086/324412&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="11592034">Brockington et al., 2001</a>). It is part of a group of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1; <a href="/entry/128239">128239</a>), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (<a href="#5" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Mercuri, E., Topaloglu, H., Brockington, M., Berardinelli, A., Pichiecchio, A., Santorelli, F., Rutherford, M., Talim, B., Ricci, E., Voit, T., Muntoni, F. &lt;strong&gt;Spectrum of brain changes in patients with congenital muscular dystrophy and FKRP gene mutations.&lt;/strong&gt; Arch. Neurol. 63: 251-257, 2006.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16476814/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;16476814&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.63.2.251&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="16476814">Mercuri et al., 2006</a>). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=16476814+11592034" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type B, see MDDGB1 (<a href="/entry/613155">613155</a>).</p>
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<strong>Clinical Features</strong>
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<p><a href="#1" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Brockington, M., Blake, D. J., Prandini, P., Brown, S. C., Torelli, S., Benson, M. A., Ponting, C. P., Estournet, B., Romero, N. B., Mercuri, E., Voit, T., Sewry, C. A., Guicheney, P., Muntoni, F. &lt;strong&gt;Mutations in the fukutin-related protein gene (FKRP) cause a form of congenital muscular dystrophy with secondary laminin alpha-2 deficiency and abnormal glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan.&lt;/strong&gt; Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69: 1198-1209, 2001.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11592034/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;11592034&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=11592034[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1086/324412&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="11592034">Brockington et al. (2001)</a> reported 7 families with a unique form of congenital muscular dystrophy, which they called MDC1C. Two families were consanguineous. Patients presented soon after birth with hypotonia and feeding difficulties. There was hypertrophy of the leg muscles, wasting and weakness of the shoulder girdle muscles, and elevated serum creatine kinase. Cognition and brain MRI were normal. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=11592034" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#4" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Mercuri, E., Brockington, M., Straub, V., Quijano-Roy, S., Yuva, Y., Herrmann, R., Brown, S. C., Torelli, S., Dubowitz, V., Blake, D. J., Romero, N. B., Estournet, B., Sewry, C. A., Guicheney, P., Voit, T., Muntoni, F. &lt;strong&gt;Phenotypic spectrum associated with mutations in the fukutin-related protein gene.&lt;/strong&gt; Ann. Neurol. 53: 537-542, 2003.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12666124/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;12666124&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.10559&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="12666124">Mercuri et al. (2003)</a> described in detail the clinical phenotypes of 4 patients with MDC1C who had previously been reported by <a href="#1" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Brockington, M., Blake, D. J., Prandini, P., Brown, S. C., Torelli, S., Benson, M. A., Ponting, C. P., Estournet, B., Romero, N. B., Mercuri, E., Voit, T., Sewry, C. A., Guicheney, P., Muntoni, F. &lt;strong&gt;Mutations in the fukutin-related protein gene (FKRP) cause a form of congenital muscular dystrophy with secondary laminin alpha-2 deficiency and abnormal glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan.&lt;/strong&gt; Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69: 1198-1209, 2001.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11592034/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;11592034&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=11592034[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1086/324412&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="11592034">Brockington et al. (2001)</a>. All patients had onset at birth and none acquired independent ambulation. Other features included significant facial weakness, hypertrophy of the lower limb muscles, wasting of the shoulder girdle with pronation of the forearm, contractures of the Achilles tendon, and elevated creatine kinase. Muscle biopsies showed a severe decrease in alpha-dystroglycan and a mild secondary reduction in the laminin alpha-2 chain (LAMA2; <a href="/entry/156225">156225</a>). In addition, the molecular mass of alpha-dystroglycan was reduced in muscle. Together these findings suggested that the DAG1 protein is abnormally glycosylated in MDC1C and is central to the pathogenesis of the disorder. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=11592034+12666124" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>In 2 unrelated patients with MDC1C, 1 of whom had previously been reported by <a href="#6" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Talim, B., Ferreiro, A., Cormand, B., Vignier, N., Oto, A., Gogus, S., Cila, A., Lehesjoki, A.-E., Pihko, H., Guicheney, P., Topaloglu, H. &lt;strong&gt;Merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy with mental retardation and cerebellar cysts unlinked to the LAMA2, FCMD and MEB loci.&lt;/strong&gt; Neuromusc. Disord. 10: 548-552, 2000.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11053680/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;11053680&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8966(00)00140-1&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="11053680">Talim et al. (2000)</a>, <a href="#7" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Topaloglu, H., Brockington, M., Yuva, Y., Talim, B., Haliloglu, G., Blake, D., Torelli, S., Brown, S. C., Muntoni, F. &lt;strong&gt;FKRP gene mutations cause congenital muscular dystrophy, mental retardation, and cerebellar cysts.&lt;/strong&gt; Neurology 60: 988-992, 2003. Note: Erratum: Neurology 60: 1875 only, 2003.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12654965/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;12654965&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000052996.14099.dc&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="12654965">Topaloglu et al. (2003)</a> identified 2 different homozygous mutations in the FKRP gene (<a href="/entry/606596#0007">606596.0007</a> and <a href="/entry/606596#0008">606596.0008</a>). In addition to the classic features of MDC1C, such as weakness, inability to achieve ambulation, and dystrophic findings on muscle biopsy, both patients had mildly impaired intellectual development and cerebellar cysts on brain imaging. <a href="#7" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Topaloglu, H., Brockington, M., Yuva, Y., Talim, B., Haliloglu, G., Blake, D., Torelli, S., Brown, S. C., Muntoni, F. &lt;strong&gt;FKRP gene mutations cause congenital muscular dystrophy, mental retardation, and cerebellar cysts.&lt;/strong&gt; Neurology 60: 988-992, 2003. Note: Erratum: Neurology 60: 1875 only, 2003.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12654965/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;12654965&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000052996.14099.dc&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="12654965">Topaloglu et al. (2003)</a> noted that although the latter findings are unusual in patients with FKRP mutations, the features may expand the phenotypic spectrum of MDC1C. <a href="#2" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Louhichi, N., Triki, C., Quijano-Roy, S., Richard, P., Makri, S., Meziou, M., Estournet, B., Mrad, S., Romero, N. B., Ayadi, H., Guicheney, P., Fakhfakh, F. &lt;strong&gt;New FKRP mutations causing congenital muscular dystrophy associated with mental retardation and central nervous system abnormalities: identification of a founder mutation in Tunisian families.&lt;/strong&gt; Neurogenetics 5: 27-34, 2004.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14652796/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;14652796&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=14652796[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s10048-003-0165-9&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="14652796">Louhichi et al. (2004)</a> reported 7 unrelated patients with MDC1C and central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities, including impaired intellectual development and cerebellar cysts on MRI. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=11053680+14652796+12654965" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#5" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Mercuri, E., Topaloglu, H., Brockington, M., Berardinelli, A., Pichiecchio, A., Santorelli, F., Rutherford, M., Talim, B., Ricci, E., Voit, T., Muntoni, F. &lt;strong&gt;Spectrum of brain changes in patients with congenital muscular dystrophy and FKRP gene mutations.&lt;/strong&gt; Arch. Neurol. 63: 251-257, 2006.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16476814/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;16476814&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.63.2.251&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="16476814">Mercuri et al. (2006)</a> found that 10 of 13 patients with FKRP mutations had a clinical phenotype compatible with congenital muscular dystrophy with leg hypertrophy, upper limb wasting, and high levels of creatine kinase. Among the other 3, 1 had a phenotype compatible with Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS, see <a href="/entry/236670">236670</a>) and 2 had a phenotype compatible with muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB). Of the 10 with congenital muscular dystrophy, 5 had had normal brain MRIs with no evidence of cortical, subcortical, or white matter involvement. All attended mainstream schools and had normal cognitive abilities (4 of the 5 patients had been reported by <a href="#1" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Brockington, M., Blake, D. J., Prandini, P., Brown, S. C., Torelli, S., Benson, M. A., Ponting, C. P., Estournet, B., Romero, N. B., Mercuri, E., Voit, T., Sewry, C. A., Guicheney, P., Muntoni, F. &lt;strong&gt;Mutations in the fukutin-related protein gene (FKRP) cause a form of congenital muscular dystrophy with secondary laminin alpha-2 deficiency and abnormal glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan.&lt;/strong&gt; Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69: 1198-1209, 2001.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11592034/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;11592034&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=11592034[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1086/324412&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="11592034">Brockington et al., 2001</a> and <a href="#4" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Mercuri, E., Brockington, M., Straub, V., Quijano-Roy, S., Yuva, Y., Herrmann, R., Brown, S. C., Torelli, S., Dubowitz, V., Blake, D. J., Romero, N. B., Estournet, B., Sewry, C. A., Guicheney, P., Voit, T., Muntoni, F. &lt;strong&gt;Phenotypic spectrum associated with mutations in the fukutin-related protein gene.&lt;/strong&gt; Ann. Neurol. 53: 537-542, 2003.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12666124/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;12666124&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.10559&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="12666124">Mercuri et al., 2003</a>). Three patients (2 of whom were reported by <a href="#7" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Topaloglu, H., Brockington, M., Yuva, Y., Talim, B., Haliloglu, G., Blake, D., Torelli, S., Brown, S. C., Muntoni, F. &lt;strong&gt;FKRP gene mutations cause congenital muscular dystrophy, mental retardation, and cerebellar cysts.&lt;/strong&gt; Neurology 60: 988-992, 2003. Note: Erratum: Neurology 60: 1875 only, 2003.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12654965/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;12654965&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000052996.14099.dc&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="12654965">Topaloglu et al., 2003</a>) had isolated cerebellar cysts without any cortical involvement, and varying degrees of mental retardation; 1 had microcephaly. Another patient had cerebellar cysts associated with unilateral left frontotemporal nodular heterotopia and bilateral frontal pachygyria: this child had a normal IQ and no microcephaly. The last patient had pontine hypoplasia, marked dysplasia of cerebellar hemispheres and vermis, ventricular dilatation with loss of white matter and increased extracerebellar space, and absent septum pellucidum. The child had microcephaly and was able to speak, read, and attend school. Overall, there was no correlation with severity of the neurologic involvement and FKRP mutation. <a href="#5" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Mercuri, E., Topaloglu, H., Brockington, M., Berardinelli, A., Pichiecchio, A., Santorelli, F., Rutherford, M., Talim, B., Ricci, E., Voit, T., Muntoni, F. &lt;strong&gt;Spectrum of brain changes in patients with congenital muscular dystrophy and FKRP gene mutations.&lt;/strong&gt; Arch. Neurol. 63: 251-257, 2006.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16476814/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;16476814&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.63.2.251&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="16476814">Mercuri et al. (2006)</a> postulated that the variability may be related to the severity of disruption of alpha-dystroglycan glycosylation. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=16476814+11592034+12654965+12666124" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<p>The transmission pattern of MDDGB5 in the families reported by <a href="#1" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Brockington, M., Blake, D. J., Prandini, P., Brown, S. C., Torelli, S., Benson, M. A., Ponting, C. P., Estournet, B., Romero, N. B., Mercuri, E., Voit, T., Sewry, C. A., Guicheney, P., Muntoni, F. &lt;strong&gt;Mutations in the fukutin-related protein gene (FKRP) cause a form of congenital muscular dystrophy with secondary laminin alpha-2 deficiency and abnormal glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan.&lt;/strong&gt; Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69: 1198-1209, 2001.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11592034/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;11592034&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=11592034[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1086/324412&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="11592034">Brockington et al. (2001)</a> was consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=11592034" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<p>In 7 families with MDC1C, <a href="#1" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Brockington, M., Blake, D. J., Prandini, P., Brown, S. C., Torelli, S., Benson, M. A., Ponting, C. P., Estournet, B., Romero, N. B., Mercuri, E., Voit, T., Sewry, C. A., Guicheney, P., Muntoni, F. &lt;strong&gt;Mutations in the fukutin-related protein gene (FKRP) cause a form of congenital muscular dystrophy with secondary laminin alpha-2 deficiency and abnormal glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan.&lt;/strong&gt; Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69: 1198-1209, 2001.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11592034/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;11592034&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=11592034[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1086/324412&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="11592034">Brockington et al. (2001)</a> identified 11 mutations in the FKRP gene (see, e.g., <a href="/entry/606596#0001">606596.0001</a>). Nine of the mutations were missense mutations and 2 were nonsense mutations. In 4 families, the affected individuals were compound heterozygotes; in the other 3, the patients were homozygous for the particular mutation. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=11592034" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>In 6 unrelated Tunisian patients with MDC1C associated with mental retardation and white matter changes and/or cerebellar structural abnormalities on MRI, <a href="#2" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Louhichi, N., Triki, C., Quijano-Roy, S., Richard, P., Makri, S., Meziou, M., Estournet, B., Mrad, S., Romero, N. B., Ayadi, H., Guicheney, P., Fakhfakh, F. &lt;strong&gt;New FKRP mutations causing congenital muscular dystrophy associated with mental retardation and central nervous system abnormalities: identification of a founder mutation in Tunisian families.&lt;/strong&gt; Neurogenetics 5: 27-34, 2004.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14652796/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;14652796&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=14652796[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s10048-003-0165-9&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="14652796">Louhichi et al. (2004)</a> identified a homozygous mutation in the FKRP gene (A455D; <a href="/entry/606596#0009">606596.0009</a>). Microsatellite marker analysis suggested a founder effect. An unrelated Algerian patient with the same phenotype had a different homozygous mutation in the FKRP gene (V405L; <a href="/entry/606596#0010">606596.0010</a>). <a href="#2" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Louhichi, N., Triki, C., Quijano-Roy, S., Richard, P., Makri, S., Meziou, M., Estournet, B., Mrad, S., Romero, N. B., Ayadi, H., Guicheney, P., Fakhfakh, F. &lt;strong&gt;New FKRP mutations causing congenital muscular dystrophy associated with mental retardation and central nervous system abnormalities: identification of a founder mutation in Tunisian families.&lt;/strong&gt; Neurogenetics 5: 27-34, 2004.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14652796/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;14652796&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=14652796[PMID]&amp;report=imagesdocsum&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed Image&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s10048-003-0165-9&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="14652796">Louhichi et al. (2004)</a> noted the similarities to the patients reported by <a href="#7" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Topaloglu, H., Brockington, M., Yuva, Y., Talim, B., Haliloglu, G., Blake, D., Torelli, S., Brown, S. C., Muntoni, F. &lt;strong&gt;FKRP gene mutations cause congenital muscular dystrophy, mental retardation, and cerebellar cysts.&lt;/strong&gt; Neurology 60: 988-992, 2003. Note: Erratum: Neurology 60: 1875 only, 2003.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12654965/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;12654965&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000052996.14099.dc&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="12654965">Topaloglu et al. (2003)</a>. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=14652796+12654965" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>In 2 unrelated girls of Mexican descent with MDC1C, <a href="#3" class="mim-tip-reference" title="MacLeod, H., Pytel, P., Wollmann, R., Chelmicka-Schorr, E., Silver, K., Anderson, R. B., Waggoner, D., McNally, E. M. &lt;strong&gt;A novel FKRP mutation in congenital muscular dystrophy disrupts the dystrophin glycoprotein complex.&lt;/strong&gt; Neuromusc. Disord. 17: 285-289, 2007.[PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17336067/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;name&#x27;: &#x27;PubMed&#x27;, &#x27;domain&#x27;: &#x27;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&#x27;})&quot;&gt;17336067&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmd.2007.01.005&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; onclick=&quot;gtag(&#x27;event&#x27;, &#x27;mim_outbound&#x27;, {&#x27;destination&#x27;: &#x27;Publisher&#x27;})&quot;&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;]" pmid="17336067">MacLeod et al. (2007)</a> identified a homozygous mutation in the FKRP gene (N463D; <a href="/entry/606596#0018">606596.0018</a>). Both girls had onset of muscle weakness from birth without neurologic or cardiac abnormalities. Skeletal muscle biopsies showed chronic myopathic changes with decreased immunoreactivity for alpha- and beta-dystroglycan, as well as several sarcoglycans (see, e.g., SGCA; <a href="/entry/600119">600119</a>), suggesting that multiple members of the membrane glycoprotein complex were affected. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=17336067" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<strong>REFERENCES</strong>
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<a id="Brockington2001" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<div class="">
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Brockington, M., Blake, D. J., Prandini, P., Brown, S. C., Torelli, S., Benson, M. A., Ponting, C. P., Estournet, B., Romero, N. B., Mercuri, E., Voit, T., Sewry, C. A., Guicheney, P., Muntoni, F.
<strong>Mutations in the fukutin-related protein gene (FKRP) cause a form of congenital muscular dystrophy with secondary laminin alpha-2 deficiency and abnormal glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan.</strong>
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69: 1198-1209, 2001.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11592034/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">11592034</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=11592034[PMID]&report=imagesdocsum" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Image', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">images</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=11592034" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/324412" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
</p>
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<a id="2" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<a id="Louhichi2004" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<p class="mim-text-font">
Louhichi, N., Triki, C., Quijano-Roy, S., Richard, P., Makri, S., Meziou, M., Estournet, B., Mrad, S., Romero, N. B., Ayadi, H., Guicheney, P., Fakhfakh, F.
<strong>New FKRP mutations causing congenital muscular dystrophy associated with mental retardation and central nervous system abnormalities: identification of a founder mutation in Tunisian families.</strong>
Neurogenetics 5: 27-34, 2004.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14652796/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">14652796</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=14652796[PMID]&report=imagesdocsum" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Image', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">images</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=14652796" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10048-003-0165-9" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="3" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<a id="MacLeod2007" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<div class="">
<p class="mim-text-font">
MacLeod, H., Pytel, P., Wollmann, R., Chelmicka-Schorr, E., Silver, K., Anderson, R. B., Waggoner, D., McNally, E. M.
<strong>A novel FKRP mutation in congenital muscular dystrophy disrupts the dystrophin glycoprotein complex.</strong>
Neuromusc. Disord. 17: 285-289, 2007.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17336067/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">17336067</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=17336067" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmd.2007.01.005" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
</p>
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<a id="4" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<a id="Mercuri2003" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<div class="">
<p class="mim-text-font">
Mercuri, E., Brockington, M., Straub, V., Quijano-Roy, S., Yuva, Y., Herrmann, R., Brown, S. C., Torelli, S., Dubowitz, V., Blake, D. J., Romero, N. B., Estournet, B., Sewry, C. A., Guicheney, P., Voit, T., Muntoni, F.
<strong>Phenotypic spectrum associated with mutations in the fukutin-related protein gene.</strong>
Ann. Neurol. 53: 537-542, 2003.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12666124/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">12666124</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=12666124" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.10559" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="5" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<a id="Mercuri2006" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<p class="mim-text-font">
Mercuri, E., Topaloglu, H., Brockington, M., Berardinelli, A., Pichiecchio, A., Santorelli, F., Rutherford, M., Talim, B., Ricci, E., Voit, T., Muntoni, F.
<strong>Spectrum of brain changes in patients with congenital muscular dystrophy and FKRP gene mutations.</strong>
Arch. Neurol. 63: 251-257, 2006.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16476814/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">16476814</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=16476814" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.63.2.251" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="Talim2000" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<div class="">
<p class="mim-text-font">
Talim, B., Ferreiro, A., Cormand, B., Vignier, N., Oto, A., Gogus, S., Cila, A., Lehesjoki, A.-E., Pihko, H., Guicheney, P., Topaloglu, H.
<strong>Merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy with mental retardation and cerebellar cysts unlinked to the LAMA2, FCMD and MEB loci.</strong>
Neuromusc. Disord. 10: 548-552, 2000.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11053680/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">11053680</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=11053680" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8966(00)00140-1" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="Topaloglu2003" class="mim-anchor"></a>
<div class="">
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Topaloglu, H., Brockington, M., Yuva, Y., Talim, B., Haliloglu, G., Blake, D., Torelli, S., Brown, S. C., Muntoni, F.
<strong>FKRP gene mutations cause congenital muscular dystrophy, mental retardation, and cerebellar cysts.</strong>
Neurology 60: 988-992, 2003. Note: Erratum: Neurology 60: 1875 only, 2003.
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12654965/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">12654965</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=12654965" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000052996.14099.dc" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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Cassandra L. Kniffin - updated : 8/30/2010
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Cassandra L. Kniffin - updated : 2/12/2008<br>Cassandra L. Kniffin - updated : 3/17/2004<br>Cassandra L. Kniffin - reorganized : 6/10/2003<br>Cassandra L. Kniffin - updated : 5/29/2003<br>George E. Tiller - updated : 8/22/2002
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Victor A. McKusick : 1/14/2002
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alopez : 11/21/2023
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carol : 08/19/2020<br>mcolton : 10/07/2014<br>carol : 10/3/2014<br>mcolton : 10/2/2014<br>terry : 11/11/2010<br>carol : 11/10/2010<br>ckniffin : 8/30/2010<br>ckniffin : 12/8/2009<br>ckniffin : 12/4/2009<br>wwang : 2/20/2008<br>ckniffin : 2/12/2008<br>wwang : 11/26/2007<br>carol : 8/13/2004<br>tkritzer : 3/18/2004<br>ckniffin : 3/17/2004<br>terry : 11/10/2003<br>carol : 10/3/2003<br>ckniffin : 10/1/2003<br>ckniffin : 6/10/2003<br>carol : 6/10/2003<br>ckniffin : 5/29/2003<br>cwells : 8/22/2002<br>cwells : 2/18/2002<br>cwells : 2/14/2002
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<strong>#</strong> 606612
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MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY-DYSTROGLYCANOPATHY (CONGENITAL WITH OR WITHOUT IMPAIRED INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT), TYPE B, 5; MDDGB5
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<em>Alternative titles; symbols</em>
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MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY, CONGENITAL, 1C; MDC1C<br />
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY, CONGENITAL, FKRP-RELATED
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<strong>ORPHA:</strong> 370959, 370968, 370980; &nbsp;
<strong>DO:</strong> 0110635; &nbsp;
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<strong>Phenotype-Gene Relationships</strong>
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Location
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Phenotype
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Phenotype <br /> MIM number
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Inheritance
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Phenotype <br /> mapping key
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Gene/Locus
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Gene/Locus <br /> MIM number
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19q13.32
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Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with or without impaired intellectual development), type B, 5
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606612
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Autosomal recessive
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3
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FKRP
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606596
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<strong>TEXT</strong>
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<p>A number sign (#) is used with this entry because this form of congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with or without impaired intellectual development (type B5; MDDGB5), previously designated MDC1C, is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the gene encoding fukutin-related protein (FKRP; 606596) on chromosome 19q13.3.</p><p>Mutation in the FKRP gene can also cause a more severe congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A5; MDDGA5; 613153) and a less severe limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (type C5; MDDGC5; 607155).</p>
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<strong>Description</strong>
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<p>MDDGB5 is an autosomal recessive congenital muscular dystrophy with impaired intellectual development and structural brain abnormalities (Brockington et al., 2001). It is part of a group of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1; 128239), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (Mercuri et al., 2006). </p><p>For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type B, see MDDGB1 (613155).</p>
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<strong>Clinical Features</strong>
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<p>Brockington et al. (2001) reported 7 families with a unique form of congenital muscular dystrophy, which they called MDC1C. Two families were consanguineous. Patients presented soon after birth with hypotonia and feeding difficulties. There was hypertrophy of the leg muscles, wasting and weakness of the shoulder girdle muscles, and elevated serum creatine kinase. Cognition and brain MRI were normal. </p><p>Mercuri et al. (2003) described in detail the clinical phenotypes of 4 patients with MDC1C who had previously been reported by Brockington et al. (2001). All patients had onset at birth and none acquired independent ambulation. Other features included significant facial weakness, hypertrophy of the lower limb muscles, wasting of the shoulder girdle with pronation of the forearm, contractures of the Achilles tendon, and elevated creatine kinase. Muscle biopsies showed a severe decrease in alpha-dystroglycan and a mild secondary reduction in the laminin alpha-2 chain (LAMA2; 156225). In addition, the molecular mass of alpha-dystroglycan was reduced in muscle. Together these findings suggested that the DAG1 protein is abnormally glycosylated in MDC1C and is central to the pathogenesis of the disorder. </p><p>In 2 unrelated patients with MDC1C, 1 of whom had previously been reported by Talim et al. (2000), Topaloglu et al. (2003) identified 2 different homozygous mutations in the FKRP gene (606596.0007 and 606596.0008). In addition to the classic features of MDC1C, such as weakness, inability to achieve ambulation, and dystrophic findings on muscle biopsy, both patients had mildly impaired intellectual development and cerebellar cysts on brain imaging. Topaloglu et al. (2003) noted that although the latter findings are unusual in patients with FKRP mutations, the features may expand the phenotypic spectrum of MDC1C. Louhichi et al. (2004) reported 7 unrelated patients with MDC1C and central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities, including impaired intellectual development and cerebellar cysts on MRI. </p><p>Mercuri et al. (2006) found that 10 of 13 patients with FKRP mutations had a clinical phenotype compatible with congenital muscular dystrophy with leg hypertrophy, upper limb wasting, and high levels of creatine kinase. Among the other 3, 1 had a phenotype compatible with Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS, see 236670) and 2 had a phenotype compatible with muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB). Of the 10 with congenital muscular dystrophy, 5 had had normal brain MRIs with no evidence of cortical, subcortical, or white matter involvement. All attended mainstream schools and had normal cognitive abilities (4 of the 5 patients had been reported by Brockington et al., 2001 and Mercuri et al., 2003). Three patients (2 of whom were reported by Topaloglu et al., 2003) had isolated cerebellar cysts without any cortical involvement, and varying degrees of mental retardation; 1 had microcephaly. Another patient had cerebellar cysts associated with unilateral left frontotemporal nodular heterotopia and bilateral frontal pachygyria: this child had a normal IQ and no microcephaly. The last patient had pontine hypoplasia, marked dysplasia of cerebellar hemispheres and vermis, ventricular dilatation with loss of white matter and increased extracerebellar space, and absent septum pellucidum. The child had microcephaly and was able to speak, read, and attend school. Overall, there was no correlation with severity of the neurologic involvement and FKRP mutation. Mercuri et al. (2006) postulated that the variability may be related to the severity of disruption of alpha-dystroglycan glycosylation. </p>
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<span class="mim-font">
<strong>Inheritance</strong>
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<p>The transmission pattern of MDDGB5 in the families reported by Brockington et al. (2001) was consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. </p>
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<h4>
<span class="mim-font">
<strong>Molecular Genetics</strong>
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<p>In 7 families with MDC1C, Brockington et al. (2001) identified 11 mutations in the FKRP gene (see, e.g., 606596.0001). Nine of the mutations were missense mutations and 2 were nonsense mutations. In 4 families, the affected individuals were compound heterozygotes; in the other 3, the patients were homozygous for the particular mutation. </p><p>In 6 unrelated Tunisian patients with MDC1C associated with mental retardation and white matter changes and/or cerebellar structural abnormalities on MRI, Louhichi et al. (2004) identified a homozygous mutation in the FKRP gene (A455D; 606596.0009). Microsatellite marker analysis suggested a founder effect. An unrelated Algerian patient with the same phenotype had a different homozygous mutation in the FKRP gene (V405L; 606596.0010). Louhichi et al. (2004) noted the similarities to the patients reported by Topaloglu et al. (2003). </p><p>In 2 unrelated girls of Mexican descent with MDC1C, MacLeod et al. (2007) identified a homozygous mutation in the FKRP gene (N463D; 606596.0018). Both girls had onset of muscle weakness from birth without neurologic or cardiac abnormalities. Skeletal muscle biopsies showed chronic myopathic changes with decreased immunoreactivity for alpha- and beta-dystroglycan, as well as several sarcoglycans (see, e.g., SGCA; 600119), suggesting that multiple members of the membrane glycoprotein complex were affected. </p>
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<h4>
<span class="mim-font">
<strong>REFERENCES</strong>
</span>
</h4>
<div>
<p />
</div>
<div>
<ol>
<li>
<p class="mim-text-font">
Brockington, M., Blake, D. J., Prandini, P., Brown, S. C., Torelli, S., Benson, M. A., Ponting, C. P., Estournet, B., Romero, N. B., Mercuri, E., Voit, T., Sewry, C. A., Guicheney, P., Muntoni, F.
<strong>Mutations in the fukutin-related protein gene (FKRP) cause a form of congenital muscular dystrophy with secondary laminin alpha-2 deficiency and abnormal glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan.</strong>
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69: 1198-1209, 2001.
[PubMed: 11592034]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1086/324412]
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="mim-text-font">
Louhichi, N., Triki, C., Quijano-Roy, S., Richard, P., Makri, S., Meziou, M., Estournet, B., Mrad, S., Romero, N. B., Ayadi, H., Guicheney, P., Fakhfakh, F.
<strong>New FKRP mutations causing congenital muscular dystrophy associated with mental retardation and central nervous system abnormalities: identification of a founder mutation in Tunisian families.</strong>
Neurogenetics 5: 27-34, 2004.
[PubMed: 14652796]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10048-003-0165-9]
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="mim-text-font">
MacLeod, H., Pytel, P., Wollmann, R., Chelmicka-Schorr, E., Silver, K., Anderson, R. B., Waggoner, D., McNally, E. M.
<strong>A novel FKRP mutation in congenital muscular dystrophy disrupts the dystrophin glycoprotein complex.</strong>
Neuromusc. Disord. 17: 285-289, 2007.
[PubMed: 17336067]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmd.2007.01.005]
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="mim-text-font">
Mercuri, E., Brockington, M., Straub, V., Quijano-Roy, S., Yuva, Y., Herrmann, R., Brown, S. C., Torelli, S., Dubowitz, V., Blake, D. J., Romero, N. B., Estournet, B., Sewry, C. A., Guicheney, P., Voit, T., Muntoni, F.
<strong>Phenotypic spectrum associated with mutations in the fukutin-related protein gene.</strong>
Ann. Neurol. 53: 537-542, 2003.
[PubMed: 12666124]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.10559]
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="mim-text-font">
Mercuri, E., Topaloglu, H., Brockington, M., Berardinelli, A., Pichiecchio, A., Santorelli, F., Rutherford, M., Talim, B., Ricci, E., Voit, T., Muntoni, F.
<strong>Spectrum of brain changes in patients with congenital muscular dystrophy and FKRP gene mutations.</strong>
Arch. Neurol. 63: 251-257, 2006.
[PubMed: 16476814]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.63.2.251]
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="mim-text-font">
Talim, B., Ferreiro, A., Cormand, B., Vignier, N., Oto, A., Gogus, S., Cila, A., Lehesjoki, A.-E., Pihko, H., Guicheney, P., Topaloglu, H.
<strong>Merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy with mental retardation and cerebellar cysts unlinked to the LAMA2, FCMD and MEB loci.</strong>
Neuromusc. Disord. 10: 548-552, 2000.
[PubMed: 11053680]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8966(00)00140-1]
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Topaloglu, H., Brockington, M., Yuva, Y., Talim, B., Haliloglu, G., Blake, D., Torelli, S., Brown, S. C., Muntoni, F.
<strong>FKRP gene mutations cause congenital muscular dystrophy, mental retardation, and cerebellar cysts.</strong>
Neurology 60: 988-992, 2003. Note: Erratum: Neurology 60: 1875 only, 2003.
[PubMed: 12654965]
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000052996.14099.dc]
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