3810 lines
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3810 lines
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Entry
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- #304800 - DIABETES INSIPIDUS, NEPHROGENIC, 1, X-LINKED; NDI1
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- OMIM
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<p>
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<span class="h4">#304800</span>
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<br />
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<strong>Table of Contents</strong>
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<a href="#title"><strong>Title</strong></a>
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<a href="#phenotypeMap"><strong>Phenotype-Gene Relationships</strong></a>
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<a href="/clinicalSynopsis/304800"><strong>Clinical Synopsis</strong></a>
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<a href="#text"><strong>Text</strong></a>
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<a href="#description">Description</a>
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<a href="#clinicalFeatures">Clinical Features</a>
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<a href="#otherFeatures">Other Features</a>
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<a href="#clinicalManagement">Clinical Management</a>
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<a href="#mapping">Mapping</a>
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<a href="#inheritance">Inheritance</a>
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<a href="#molecularGenetics">Molecular Genetics</a>
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<a href="#populationGenetics">Population Genetics</a>
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<a href="#history">History</a>
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<li role="presentation">
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<a href="#seeAlso"><strong>See Also</strong></a>
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<li role="presentation">
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<a href="#references"><strong>References</strong></a>
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<li role="presentation">
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<a href="#contributors"><strong>Contributors</strong></a>
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<li role="presentation">
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<a href="#creationDate"><strong>Creation Date</strong></a>
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<li role="presentation">
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<a href="#editHistory"><strong>Edit History</strong></a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<div class="col-lg-2 col-lg-push-8 col-md-2 col-md-push-8 col-sm-2 col-sm-push-8 col-xs-12">
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<div style="display: table-row">
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<div id="mimExternalLinksToggleTriangle" class="small" style="color: white; display: table-cell;">▼</div>
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<div style="display: table-cell;">External Links</div>
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</div>
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</a>
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</h4>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div id="mimExternalLinksFold" class="collapse in">
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<div class="panel panel-default" style="margin-top: 0px; border-radius: 0px">
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<div class="panel-heading mim-panel-heading" role="tab" id="mimClinicalResources">
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<span class="panel-title">
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<span class="small">
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<a href="#mimClinicalResourcesLinksFold" id="mimClinicalResourcesLinksToggle" class=" mimSingletonTriangleToggle" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#mimExternalLinksAccordion">
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<div style="display: table-row">
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<div id="mimClinicalResourcesLinksToggleTriangle" class="small mimSingletonTriangle" style="color: #337CB5; display: table-cell;">▼</div>
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<div style="display: table-cell;">Clinical Resources</div>
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</div>
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</a>
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</span>
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</span>
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</div>
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<div id="mimClinicalResourcesLinksFold" class="panel-collapse collapse in mimLinksFold" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="clinicalResources">
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<div class="panel-body small mim-panel-body">
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<div><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=DIABETES INSIPIDUS, NEPHROGENIC, 1, X-LINKED" class="mim-tip-hint" title="A registry of federally and privately supported clinical trials conducted in the United States and around the world." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Clinical Trials', 'domain': 'clinicaltrials.gov'})">Clinical Trials</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/ClinicalLabs_Search_Simple.php?lng=EN&LnkId=3726&Typ=Pat" class="mim-tip-hint" title="A list of European laboratories that offer genetic testing." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'EuroGentest', 'domain': 'orpha.net'})">EuroGentest</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1177/" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Expert-authored, peer-reviewed descriptions of inherited disorders including the uses of genetic testing in diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Gene Reviews', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">Gene Reviews</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.diseaseinfosearch.org/x/5139" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Network of disease-specific advocacy organizations, universities, private companies, government agencies, and public policy organizations." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Genetic Alliance', 'domain': 'diseaseinfosearch.org'})">Genetic Alliance</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/arginine-vasopressin-resistance" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Consumer-friendly information about the effects of genetic variation on human health." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'MedlinePlus Genetics', 'domain': 'medlineplus.gov'})">MedlinePlus Genetics</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/all/tests/?term=304800[mim]" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Genetic Testing Registry." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'GTR', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">GTR</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=223" class="mim-tip-hint" title="European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'OrphaNet', 'domain': 'orpha.net'})">OrphaNet</a></div>
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<div class="panel panel-default" style="margin-top: 0px; border-radius: 0px">
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<div class="panel-heading mim-panel-heading" role="tab" id="mimAnimalModels">
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<span class="panel-title">
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<span class="small">
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<a href="#mimAnimalModelsLinksFold" id="mimAnimalModelsLinksToggle" class="collapsed mimSingletonTriangleToggle" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#mimExternalLinksAccordion">
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<div style="display: table-row">
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<div id="mimAnimalModelsLinksToggleTriangle" class="small mimSingletonTriangle" style="color: #337CB5; display: table-cell;">►</div>
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<div style="display: table-cell;">Animal Models</div>
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</div>
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</a>
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</span>
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</span>
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</div>
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<div id="mimAnimalModelsLinksFold" class="panel-collapse collapse mimLinksFold" role="tabpanel">
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<div class="panel-body small mim-panel-body">
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<div><a href="https://www.alliancegenome.org/disease/DOID:0081060" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Search Across Species; explore model organism and human comparative genomics." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Alliance Genome', 'domain': 'alliancegenome.org'})">Alliance Genome</a></div>
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<div><a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/disease/304800" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Phenotypes, alleles, and disease models from Mouse Genome Informatics." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'MGI Mouse Phenotype', 'domain': 'informatics.jax.org'})">MGI Mouse Phenotype</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://omia.org/OMIA000278/" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) is a database of genes, inherited disorders and traits in 191 animal species (other than human and mouse.)" target="_blank">OMIA</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://wormbase.org/resources/disease/DOID:0081060" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Database of the biology and genome of Caenorhabditis elegans and related nematodes." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Wormbase Disease Ontology', 'domain': 'wormbase.org'})">Wormbase Disease Ontology</a></div>
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<span>
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<span class="mim-tip-bottom" qtip_title="<strong>Looking for this gene or this phenotype in other resources?</strong>" qtip_text="Select a related resource from the dropdown menu and click for a targeted link to information directly relevant.">
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<a id="title" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div>
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<a id="number" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div class="text-right">
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<a href="#" class="mim-tip-icd" qtip_title="<strong>ICD+</strong>" qtip_text="
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<strong>ORPHA:</strong> 223<br />
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<strong>DO:</strong> 0081060<br />
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">ICD+</a>
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</div>
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<div>
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<span class="h3">
|
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<span class="mim-font mim-tip-hint" title="Phenotype description, molecular basis known">
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<span class="text-danger"><strong>#</strong></span>
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304800
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</span>
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</span>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<a id="preferredTitle" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<h3>
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<span class="mim-font">
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DIABETES INSIPIDUS, NEPHROGENIC, 1, X-LINKED; NDI1
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</span>
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</h3>
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</div>
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<div>
|
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<br />
|
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</div>
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<div>
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<a id="alternativeTitles" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div>
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<p>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<em>Alternative titles; symbols</em>
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</span>
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</p>
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</div>
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<div>
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<h4>
|
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<span class="mim-font">
|
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NDI<br />
|
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DIABETES INSIPIDUS, NEPHROGENIC, TYPE I
|
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</span>
|
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</h4>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<br />
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<a id="phenotypeMap" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
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<h4>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Phenotype-Gene Relationships</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
<div>
|
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<table class="table table-bordered table-condensed table-hover small mim-table-padding">
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<thead>
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<tr class="active">
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<th>
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Location
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</th>
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<th>
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Phenotype
|
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</th>
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<th>
|
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Phenotype <br /> MIM number
|
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</th>
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<th>
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Inheritance
|
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</th>
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<th>
|
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Phenotype <br /> mapping key
|
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</th>
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<th>
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Gene/Locus
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</th>
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<th>
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Gene/Locus <br /> MIM number
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
|
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<a href="/geneMap/X/843?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=843">
|
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Xq28
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</a>
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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Diabetes insipidus, nephrogenic, 1
|
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/304800"> 304800 </a>
|
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="X-linked recessive">XLR</abbr>
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
|
|
AVPR2
|
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
|
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<span class="mim-font">
|
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<a href="/entry/300538"> 300538 </a>
|
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</span>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<div class="btn-group ">
|
|
<a href="/clinicalSynopsis/304800" class="btn btn-warning" role="button"> Clinical Synopsis </a>
|
|
<button type="button" id="mimPhenotypicSeriesToggle" class="btn btn-warning dropdown-toggle mimSingletonFoldToggle" data-toggle="collapse" href="#mimClinicalSynopsisFold" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Unfurl', 'ClinicalSynopsis', 'omim.org')">
|
|
<span class="caret"></span>
|
|
<span class="sr-only">Toggle Dropdown</span>
|
|
</button>
|
|
</div>
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<div class="btn-group">
|
|
<button type="button" class="btn btn-success dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
PheneGene Graphics <span class="caret"></span>
|
|
</button>
|
|
<ul class="dropdown-menu" style="width: 17em;">
|
|
<li><a href="/graph/linear/304800" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_graph', {'destination': 'Linear'})"> Linear </a></li>
|
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<li><a href="/graph/radial/304800" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_graph', {'destination': 'Radial'})"> Radial </a></li>
|
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</ul>
|
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</div>
|
|
<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-question-sign mim-tip-hint" title="OMIM PheneGene graphics depict relationships between phenotypes, groups of related phenotypes (Phenotypic Series), and genes.<br /><a href='/static/omim/pdf/OMIM_Graphics.pdf' target='_blank'>A quick reference overview and guide (PDF)</a>"></span>
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<div>
|
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<p />
|
|
</div>
|
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|
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<div id="mimClinicalSynopsisFold" class="well well-sm collapse mimSingletonToggleFold">
|
|
<div class="small" style="margin: 5px">
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<div>
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<div>
|
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<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<strong> INHERITANCE </strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
- X-linked recessive <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1845977&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1845977</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1279481&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1279481</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001419" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001419</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001419" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001419</a>]</span><br />
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|
</span>
|
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</div>
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</div>
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|
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</div>
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|
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|
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<div>
|
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<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<strong> GROWTH </strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
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<div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<em> Height </em>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
- Short stature <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/422065006" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">422065006</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/237836003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">237836003</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/237837007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">237837007</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/E34.31" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">E34.31</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/R62.52" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">R62.52</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/783.43" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">783.43</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0349588&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0349588</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0013336&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0013336</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003510" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003510</a>, <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0004322" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0004322</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0004322" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0004322</a>]</span><br />
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<em> Other </em>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
- Failure to thrive <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/432788009" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">432788009</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/54840006" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">54840006</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/783.41" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">783.41</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0015544&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0015544</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2315100&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2315100</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001508" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001508</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001508" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001508</a>]</span><br />
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<strong> ABDOMEN </strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<em> Gastrointestinal </em>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
- Vomiting <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/422400008" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">422400008</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/300359004" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">300359004</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/249497008" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">249497008</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/R11.1" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">R11.1</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/R11.10" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">R11.10</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0042963&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0042963</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002013" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002013</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002013" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002013</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Constipation <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/14760008" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">14760008</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/K59.0" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">K59.0</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/K59.00" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">K59.00</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/564.00" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">564.00</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/564.0" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">564.0</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0009806&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0009806</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002019" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002019</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002019" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0002019</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Poor feeding <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/299698007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">299698007</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/78164000" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">78164000</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/R63.3" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">R63.3</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0576456&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0576456</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0232466&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0232466</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0011968" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0011968</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0011968" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0011968</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Polydipsia <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/17173007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">17173007</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/139104001" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">139104001</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/R63.1" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">R63.1</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/783.5" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">783.5</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0085602&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0085602</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001959" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001959</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001959" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001959</a>]</span><br />
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<strong> GENITOURINARY </strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<em> Kidneys </em>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
- Polyuria <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/56574000" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">56574000</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/28442001" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">28442001</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/718402002" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">718402002</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/R35" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">R35</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/R35.89" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">R35.89</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/788.42" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">788.42</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0032617&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0032617</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000103" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000103</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000103" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000103</a>]</span><br />
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</span>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<div>
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<span class="h5 mim-font">
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<em> Bladder </em>
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</span>
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</div>
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<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
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<span class="mim-font">
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- Lower urinary tract dilatation may occur over time <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1844656&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1844656</a>]</span><br />
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</span>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<div>
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<span class="h5 mim-font">
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<strong> NEUROLOGIC </strong>
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</span>
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</div>
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<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
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<div>
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<div>
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<span class="h5 mim-font">
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<em> Central Nervous System </em>
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</span>
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</div>
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<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
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<span class="mim-font">
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- Seizures <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/91175000" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">91175000</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0036572&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0036572</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001250" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001250</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001250" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001250</a>]</span><br /> -
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Mental retardation can occur in patients with repeated episodes of dehydration <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1844655&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1844655</a>]</span><br />
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</span>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<div>
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<span class="h5 mim-font">
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<em> Behavioral Psychiatric Manifestations </em>
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</span>
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</div>
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<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
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<span class="mim-font">
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- Irritability <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/55929007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">55929007</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/799.22" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">799.22</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0022107&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0022107</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2700617&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2700617</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000737" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000737</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000737" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000737</a>]</span><br />
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</span>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<div>
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<span class="h5 mim-font">
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<strong> METABOLIC FEATURES </strong>
|
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</span>
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</div>
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<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
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<div>
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<span class="mim-font">
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- Hypertonic dehydration <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1112601&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1112601</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001986" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001986</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001986" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001986</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Unexplained fevers <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1844662&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1844662</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001955" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001955</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0001955" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0001955</a>]</span><br />
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</span>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<div>
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<span class="h5 mim-font">
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<strong> LABORATORY ABNORMALITIES </strong>
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</span>
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</div>
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<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
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<div>
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<span class="mim-font">
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- Hypernatremia <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/771115008" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">771115008</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/E87.0" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">E87.0</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1522136&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1522136</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0020488&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0020488</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003228" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003228</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003228" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003228</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Decreased urine osmolality <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0854057&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0854057</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Normal or increased levels of serum arginine vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, <a href="/entry/192340">192340</a>)<br /> -
|
|
Abnormal extrarenal response to dDAVP (no increase in von Willebrand factor or factor VIII) <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1844658&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1844658</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
No increase in urinary cyclic AMP (cAMP) in response to vasopressin or dDAVP <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1844659&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1844659</a>]</span><br />
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</span>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<div>
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<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
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<strong> MISCELLANEOUS </strong>
|
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</span>
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</div>
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<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
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<div>
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<span class="mim-font">
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|
- Onset in first weeks of life <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1855106&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1855106</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003623" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003623</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003623" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003623</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Genetic heterogeneity (see <a href="/entry/125800">125800</a>) <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0242960&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0242960</a>]</span><br />
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</span>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<div>
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<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
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<strong> MOLECULAR BASIS </strong>
|
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</span>
|
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</div>
|
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<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
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<div>
|
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<span class="mim-font">
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|
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- Caused by mutation in the arginine vasopressin receptor-2 gene (AVPR2, <a href="/entry/300538#0001">300538.0001</a>)<br />
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</span>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="text-right">
|
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<a href="#mimClinicalSynopsisFold" data-toggle="collapse">▲ Close</a>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<br />
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</div>
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<div>
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<a id="text" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<h4 href="#mimTextFold" id="mimTextToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
|
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<span id="mimTextToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">▼</span>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<span class="mim-tip-floating" qtip_title="<strong>Looking For More References?</strong>" qtip_text="Click the 'reference plus' icon <span class='glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign'></span> at the end of each OMIM text paragraph to see more references related to the content of the preceding paragraph.">
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<strong>TEXT</strong>
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</span>
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</span>
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</h4>
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<div id="mimTextFold" class="collapse in ">
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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<p>A number sign (#) is used with this entry because of evidence that X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus-1 (NDI1) is caused by mutation in the gene encoding the vasopressin V2 receptor (AVPR2; <a href="/entry/300538">300538</a>) on chromosome Xq28.</p>
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</span>
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<div>
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<br />
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<a id="description" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<h4 href="#mimDescriptionFold" id="mimDescriptionToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
|
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<span id="mimDescriptionToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">▼</span>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>Description</strong>
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</span>
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</h4>
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</div>
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<div id="mimDescriptionFold" class="collapse in ">
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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<p>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is caused by the inability of the renal collecting ducts to absorb water in response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as arginine vasopressin (AVP; <a href="/entry/192340">192340</a>). Approximately 90% of patients are males with the X-linked recessive form (type I; NDI1), which is caused by a defect in the vasopressin V2 receptor in renal collecting duct cells. The remaining 10% of patients have autosomal NDI (type II; NDI2, <a href="/entry/125800">125800</a>), which is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the aquaporin-2 water channel (AQP2; <a href="/entry/107777">107777</a>) on chromosome 12q13 (<a href="#24" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Morello, J.-P., Bichet, D. G. <strong>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong> Annu. Rev. Physiol. 63: 607-630, 2001.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11181969/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">11181969</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.607" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="11181969">Morello and Bichet, 2001</a>). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=11181969" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>Neurogenic, or central, diabetes insipidus (<a href="/entry/125700">125700</a>) is caused by mutation in the gene encoding arginine vasopressin, located on 20p13.</p>
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</span>
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<div>
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<br />
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<a id="clinicalFeatures" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<h4 href="#mimClinicalFeaturesFold" id="mimClinicalFeaturesToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
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<span id="mimClinicalFeaturesToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">▼</span>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>Clinical Features</strong>
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</span>
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</h4>
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</div>
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<div id="mimClinicalFeaturesFold" class="collapse in mimTextToggleFold">
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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<p>In a Mormon family traced to 1813, <a href="#11" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Cannon, J. F. <strong>Diabetes insipidus: clinical and experimental studies with consideration of genetic relationships.</strong> AMA Arch. Intern. Med. 96: 215-272, 1955.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14397883/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">14397883</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1955.00250130089012" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="14397883">Cannon (1955)</a> reported 3 instances of male-to-male transmission of diabetes insipidus. However, he noted reduced penetrance in females, as carriers did not show the disorder. Thus was raised the suspicion that the disorder in this family was actually X-linked. <a href="#15" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Cutler, R. E., Kleeman, C. R., Maxwell, M. H., Dowling, J. T. <strong>Physiologic studies in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong> J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 22: 827-838, 1962.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13882818/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">13882818</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-22-8-827" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="13882818">Cutler et al. (1962)</a> proved the renal basis of the disorder in this family. <a href="#29" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Ten Bensel, R. W., Peters, E. R. <strong>Progressive hydronephrosis, hydroureter, and dilatation of the bladder in siblings with congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong> J. Pediat. 77: 439-443, 1970.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5502093/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">5502093</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(70)80012-9" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="5502093">Ten Bensel and Peters (1970)</a> described hydronephrosis in affected male sibs of the family reported by <a href="#11" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Cannon, J. F. <strong>Diabetes insipidus: clinical and experimental studies with consideration of genetic relationships.</strong> AMA Arch. Intern. Med. 96: 215-272, 1955.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14397883/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">14397883</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1955.00250130089012" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="14397883">Cannon (1955)</a>. They determined that the pedigree, covering 5 generations with 12 affected males, was typical of X linkage. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=5502093+13882818+14397883" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#25" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Nakano, K. K. <strong>Familial nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong> Hawaii Med. J. 28: 205-208, 1969.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5770805/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">5770805</a>]" pmid="5770805">Nakano (1969)</a> described familial nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in 4 generations of a Samoan family. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=5770805" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#34" class="mim-tip-reference" title="van Lieburg, A. F., Knoers, N. V. A. M., Monnens, L. A. H. <strong>Clinical presentation and follow-up of 30 patients with congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong> J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 10: 1958-1964, 1999.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10477148/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">10477148</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.V1091958" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="10477148">Van Lieburg et al. (1999)</a> made a retrospective analysis of clinical data from 30 male nephrogenic diabetes insipidus patients, aged 1 month to 40 years, from 18 Dutch families. In 28 patients, 17 different mutations in the AVPR2 gene were found. Two patients had mutations in the AQP2 gene. Eighty-seven percent of the patients were diagnosed within the first 2.5 years of life. Main symptoms at clinical presentation were vomiting and anorexia, failure to thrive, fever, and constipation. Most patients were on hydrochlorothiazide-amiloride treatment without significant side effects. Two patients suffered from severe hydronephrosis with a small rupture of the urinary tract after a minor trauma, and 2 patients experienced episodes of acute urine retention. Height SD scores for age remained below the 50th percentile in the majority of patients, whereas weight for height SD scores showed catch-up after several years of being underweight. The majority of patients were found to have normal intelligence; this was in contrast to the belief that mental retardation is the most frequent long-term sequela of NDI. Except for a possibly milder phenotype in patients with an AVPR2 G185C mutation (<a href="/entry/300538#0003">300538.0003</a>), no clear relationship between clinical and genetic data could be found. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=10477148" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<p><a href="#3" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Bell, N. H., Clark, C. M., Jr., Avery, S., Sinha, T., Trygstad, C. W., Allen, D. O. <strong>Demonstration of a defect in the formation of adenosine 3-prime,5-prime-monophosphate in vasopressin-resistant diabetes insipidus.</strong> Pediat. Res. 8: 223-230, 1974.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4362729/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">4362729</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-197404000-00002" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="4362729">Bell et al. (1974)</a> found that a subset of patients with NDI did not show increased urinary levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in response to ADH administration, indicating that the defect was proximal to the adenylate cyclase step. In contrast, patients with type II NDI showed normal increased urinary levels of cAMP in response to ADH, indicating that the defect in those cases was distal to the adenylate cyclase step (<a href="#36" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Zimmerman, D., Green, O. C. <strong>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus type II: defect distal to the adenylate cyclase step.</strong> Pediat. Res. 9: 381 only, 1975."None>Zimmerman and Green, 1975</a>). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=4362729" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>In normal persons, 1-desamino-8D-arginine vasopressin (dDAVP), a synthetic vasopressin analog, stimulates the release of von Willebrand factor (VWF; <a href="/entry/613160">613160</a>) from vascular epithelium and factor VIII (F8; <a href="/entry/300841">300841</a>) from liver and other unidentified sites. <a href="#22" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Kobrinsky, N. L., Doyle, J. J., Israels, E. D., Winter, J. S. D., Cheang, M. S., Walker, R. D., Bishop, A. J. <strong>Absent factor VIII response to synthetic vasopressin analogue (DDAVP) in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong> Lancet 325: 1293-1294, 1985. Note: Originally Volume 1.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2860491/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">2860491</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92790-4" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="2860491">Kobrinsky et al. (1985)</a> found that the factor VIII and VWF responses to dDAVP were absent in NDI patients and about 50% of normal in carriers. The authors concluded that the vasopressin receptor defect is not confined to the kidney, and suggested that a decreased factor VIII response may be a useful carrier test. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=2860491" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#7" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Bichet, D. G., Razi, M., Lonergan, M., Arthus, M.-F., Papukna, V., Kortas, C., Barjon, J.-N. <strong>Hemodynamic and coagulation responses to 1-desamino(8-D-arginine) vasopressin in patients with congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong> New Eng. J. Med. 318: 881-887, 1988.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2965301/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">2965301</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198804073181403" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="2965301">Bichet et al. (1988)</a> found that patients with X-linked NDI had no response to dDAVP infusion compared to healthy controls and patients with central diabetes insipidus, as measured by mean arterial pressure, pulse rate, plasma renin activity, and release of factor VIII and VWF. Obligatory carriers had minimal response. They hypothesized the existence of an extrarenal vasopressin V2-like receptor, which may also be defective in these patients. In patients with NDI, <a href="#6" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Bichet, D. G., Razi, M., Arthus, M.-F., Lonergan, M., Tittley, P., Smiley, R. K., Rock, G., Hirsch, D. J. <strong>Epinephrine and dDAVP administration in patients with congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: evidence for a pre-cyclic AMP V(2) receptor defective mechanism.</strong> Kidney Int. 36: 859-866, 1989.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2559238/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">2559238</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.1989.272" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="2559238">Bichet et al. (1989)</a> found that plasma cAMP did not increase in response to dDAVP, suggesting a pre-cAMP V2 receptor defect. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=2559238+2965301" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<p>Based on previous observations suggesting that chlorothiazide acts in the distal portion of the nephron where it may inhibit the production of 'free water' that normally results from selective reabsorption of sodium and accompanying anions, <a href="#14" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Crawford, J. D., Kennedy, G. C. <strong>Chlorothiazid in diabetes insipidus.</strong> Nature 183: 891-892, 1959.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13644230/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">13644230</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/183891a0" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="13644230">Crawford and Kennedy (1959)</a> used the drug in the treatment of rats in which diabetes insipidus was produced by electrolytic damage of the hypothalamus. The result of the treatment was a reduction in the spontaneous intake of water by 50% or more. They then treated 2 human subjects, one with central diabetes insipidus due to lack of vasopressin, the other with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. With dose levels in the same range as that used for diuretic purposes, the urine volume was reduced dramatically with rise in urine osmolality. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=13644230" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#2" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Alon, U., Chan, J. C. M. <strong>Hydrochlorothiazide-amiloride in the treatment of congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong> Am. J. Nephrol. 5: 9-13, 1985.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3970081/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">3970081</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1159/000166896" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="3970081">Alon and Chan (1985)</a> found that treatment of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with a combination of amiloride, a potassium-sparing diuretic, and hydrochlorothiazide not only had a potentiating effect, but also helped prevent urinary potassium loss, hypokalemia, and alkalosis. They found the hydrochlorothiazide-amiloride regimen superior to hydrochlorothiazide alone and to the combination of hydrochlorothiazide and a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=3970081" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#23" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Libber, S., Harrison, H., Spector, D. <strong>Treatment of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors.</strong> J. Pediat. 108: 305-311, 1986.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3080575/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">3080575</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(86)81010-1" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="3080575">Libber et al. (1986)</a> found that among the inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, indomethacin was much more effective than ibuprofen in treating NDI. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=3080575" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<p><a href="#10" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Bode, H. H., Miettinen, O. S. <strong>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: absence of close linkage with Xg.</strong> Am. J. Hum. Genet. 22: 221-227, 1970.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5309332/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">5309332</a>]" pmid="5309332">Bode and Miettinen (1970)</a> excluded close linkage of NDI with the Xg blood group. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=5309332" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>In 5 NDI families, <a href="#21" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Knoers, N., van der Heyden, H., van Oost, B., Monnens, L., Willems, J., Ropers, H. <strong>Tight linkage between nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and DXS52. (Abstract)</strong> Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 46: 640 only, 1987."None>Knoers et al. (1987)</a> found no recombination with DXS52, which maps to chromosome Xq28 (lod = 3.47; theta = 0.00). In 10 affected families, <a href="#20" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Knoers, N., van der Heyden, H., van Oost, B. A., Ropers, H. H., Monnens, L., Willems, J. <strong>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: close linkage with markers from the distal long arm of the human X chromosome.</strong> Hum. Genet. 80: 31-38, 1988.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2843456/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">2843456</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00451451" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="2843456">Knoers et al. (1988)</a> found no crossovers between NDI and 4 markers, giving maximum lod scores of 3.23 (DXS15), 10.35 (DXS52), 2.19 (F8), and 2.09 (DXS134). <a href="#19" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Knoers, N., van der Heyden, H., van Oost, B. A., Monnens, L., Willems, J., Ropers, H. H. <strong>Three-point linkage analysis using multiple DNA polymorphic markers in families with X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong> Genomics 4: 434-437, 1989.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2714800/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">2714800</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0888-7543(89)90352-2" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="2714800">Knoers et al. (1989)</a> further corroborated the assignment of NDI to Xq28 by the study of 11 families, 10 of which had previously been described, and by the testing with 2 additional markers closely linked to DXS52. <a href="#18" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Kambouris, M., Dlouhy, S. R., Trofatter, J. A., Conneally, P. M., Hodes, M. E. <strong>Localization of the gene for X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus to Xq28.</strong> Am. J. Med. Genet. 29: 239-246, 1988.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2894172/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">2894172</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1320290138" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="2894172">Kambouris et al. (1988)</a> found a maximum lod score of 3.31 at theta = 0 for multipoint linkage with a factor VIII probe and DXS15. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=2894172+2714800+2843456" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>By screening several hybrid cell lines containing different parts of human chromosomes, <a href="#33" class="mim-tip-reference" title="van den Ouweland, A., Markslag, P., Knoers, N., Ropers, H. H., Poustka, A., Jans, D., Fahrenholz, F., van Oost, B. <strong>Colocalization of the locus for human nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and the vasopressin type-2 receptor gene in the Xq28 region</strong> New York: IRL Press (pub.) 1991. P. 20."None>van den Ouweland et al. (1991)</a> demonstrated a positive correlation between the presence of the distal part of the human X chromosome and the expression of the vasopressin renal-type V2 receptor. By the use of the V2 receptor-specific agonist dVSAVP, they demonstrated that the vasopressin binding activity of the hybrid cells was dependent on the V2-type receptor. Furthermore, the V2/V1 antagonist was able to completely inhibit the induction of vasopressin by AVP.</p><p><a href="#5" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Bichet, D. G., Hendy, G. N., Lonergan, M., Arthus, M.-F., Ligier, S., Pausova, Z., Kluge, R., Zingg, H., Saenger, P., Oppenheimer, E., Hirsch, D. J., Gilgenkrantz, S., Salles, J.-P., Oberle, I., Mandel, J.-L., Gregory, M. C., Fujiwara, T. M., Morgan, K., Scriver, C. R. <strong>X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: from the ship Hopewell to RFLP studies.</strong> Am. J. Hum. Genet. 51: 1089-1102, 1992.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1357965/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1357965</a>]" pmid="1357965">Bichet et al. (1992)</a> found that carrier status of X-linked NDI could be predicted in 24 of 26 at-risk females by use of linked markers. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=1357965" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<p>The transmission pattern of NDI in the patients reported by <a href="#27" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Rosenthal, W., Seibold, A., Antaramian, A., Lonergan, M., Arthus, M.-F., Hendy, G. N., Birnbaumer, M., Bichet, D. G. <strong>Molecular identification of the gene responsible for congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong> Nature 359: 233-235, 1992.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1356229/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1356229</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/359233a0" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="1356229">Rosenthal et al. (1992)</a> was consistent with X-linked inheritance. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=1356229" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<p>In 2 unrelated patients with X-linked NDI, <a href="#27" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Rosenthal, W., Seibold, A., Antaramian, A., Lonergan, M., Arthus, M.-F., Hendy, G. N., Birnbaumer, M., Bichet, D. G. <strong>Molecular identification of the gene responsible for congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong> Nature 359: 233-235, 1992.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1356229/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1356229</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/359233a0" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="1356229">Rosenthal et al. (1992)</a> identified 2 different mutations in the AVPR2 gene (<a href="/entry/300538#0001">300538.0001</a>; <a href="/entry/300538#0002">300538.0002</a>). One of the patients was a 37-year-old man with a lifelong history of polyuria, polydipsia, and mental retardation resulting from repeated and prolonged episodes of dehydration in the first year of life. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=1356229" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>In 3 unrelated patients with X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, <a href="#32" class="mim-tip-reference" title="van den Ouweland, A. M. W., Dreesen, J. C. F. M., Verdijk, M., Knoers, N. V. A. M., Monnens, L. A. H., Rocchi, M., van Oost, B. A. <strong>Mutations in the vasopressin type 2 receptor gene (AVPR2) associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong> Nature Genet. 2: 99-102, 1992.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1303271/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1303271</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1092-99" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="1303271">van den Ouweland et al. (1992)</a> identified 3 different mutations in the AVPR2 gene (<a href="/entry/300538#0003">300538.0003</a>-<a href="/entry/300538#0005">300538.0005</a>). All of the mutations occurred in a highly conserved extracellular domain. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=1303271" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#8" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Bichet, D. G. <strong>Personal Communication.</strong> Montreal, Quebec, Canada 5/1/1994."None>Bichet (1994)</a> indicated that a total of 30 different mutations had been identified in the AVPR2 gene, distributed among 37 families. About half of these represented missense mutations. He emphasized the usefulness of early detection of the mutation in the neonate to prevent the adverse effects of dehydration.</p><p>In 5 Arab families with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, <a href="#12" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Carroll, P., Al-Mojalli, H., Al-Abbad, A., Al-Hassoun, I., Al-Hamed, M., Al-Amr, R., Butt, A. I., Meyer, B. F. <strong>Novel mutations underlying nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in Arab families.</strong> Genet. Med. 8: 443-447, 2006.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16845277/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">16845277</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/01.gim.0000223554.46981.7a" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="16845277">Carroll et al. (2006)</a> identified 1 novel and 1 previously reported missense mutation in the AVPR2 gene as well as a novel contiguous gene deletion involving AVPR2. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=16845277" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><strong><em>Skewed X Inactivation</em></strong></p><p>
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The possibility of skewed X inactivation was invoked by <a href="#35" class="mim-tip-reference" title="van Lieburg, A. F., Verdijk, M. A. J., Schoute, F., Ligtenberg, M. J. L., van Oost, B. A., Waldhauser, F., Dobner, M., Monnens, L. A. H., Knoers, N. V. A. M. <strong>Clinical phenotype of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in females heterozygous for a vasopressin type 2 receptor mutation.</strong> Hum. Genet. 96: 70-78, 1995.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7607658/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">7607658</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00214189" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="7607658">van Lieburg et al. (1995)</a>, who described 3 NDI families in which females showed clinical features resembling those of males. DNA analysis indicated that each was heterozygous for a specific AVPR2 mutation, as were also 2 asymptomatic female family members. The authors concluded that, in female NDI patients, the possibility of heterozygosity for an AVPR2 gene mutation has to be considered in addition to homozygosity for mutations in the AQP2 gene located on chromosome 12. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=7607658" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>In 6 members of a Japanese family with X-linked NDI, <a href="#26" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Nomura, Y., Onigata, K., Nagashima, T., Yutani, S., Mochizuki, H., Nagashima, K., Morikawa, A. <strong>Detection of skewed X-inactivation in two female carriers of vasopressin type 2 receptor gene mutation.</strong> J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 82: 3434-3437, 1997.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9329382/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">9329382</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.82.10.4312" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="9329382">Nomura et al. (1997)</a> identified a mutation in the AVPR2 gene (<a href="/entry/300538#0013">300538.0013</a>). Three heterozygous females had differences in clinical severity of NDI. The X-inactivation patterns of these females were investigated by studying the methylated trinucleotide repeat in the human androgen receptor gene. The grandmother showed extremely skewed methylation of one X chromosome, while her daughter had moderately skewed methylation. The daughter of the grandmother's sister, who had no symptoms of NDI, showed random methylation. <a href="#26" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Nomura, Y., Onigata, K., Nagashima, T., Yutani, S., Mochizuki, H., Nagashima, K., Morikawa, A. <strong>Detection of skewed X-inactivation in two female carriers of vasopressin type 2 receptor gene mutation.</strong> J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 82: 3434-3437, 1997.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9329382/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">9329382</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.82.10.4312" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="9329382">Nomura et al. (1997)</a> suggested that the highly skewed X-inactivation pattern of the grandmother indicated that her NDI phenotype was caused by dominant methylation of the normal allele of the AVPR2 gene. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=9329382" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#12" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Carroll, P., Al-Mojalli, H., Al-Abbad, A., Al-Hassoun, I., Al-Hamed, M., Al-Amr, R., Butt, A. I., Meyer, B. F. <strong>Novel mutations underlying nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in Arab families.</strong> Genet. Med. 8: 443-447, 2006.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16845277/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">16845277</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/01.gim.0000223554.46981.7a" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="16845277">Carroll et al. (2006)</a> described evidence of skewed X inactivation associated with a novel deletion in the AVPR2 gene. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=16845277" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<p><a href="#9" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Bode, H. H., Crawford, J. D. <strong>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in North America--the Hopewell hypothesis.</strong> New Eng. J. Med. 280: 750-754, 1969.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4886456/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">4886456</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM196904032801404" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="4886456">Bode and Crawford (1969)</a> and <a href="#10" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Bode, H. H., Miettinen, O. S. <strong>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: absence of close linkage with Xg.</strong> Am. J. Hum. Genet. 22: 221-227, 1970.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5309332/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">5309332</a>]" pmid="5309332">Bode and Miettinen (1970)</a> proposed that patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in eastern North America shared a common ancestor, an Ulster Scot who had arrived in Halifax in 1761 on the ship Hopewell. They also suggested a link between this family and the large Mormon pedigree reported by <a href="#11" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Cannon, J. F. <strong>Diabetes insipidus: clinical and experimental studies with consideration of genetic relationships.</strong> AMA Arch. Intern. Med. 96: 215-272, 1955.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14397883/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">14397883</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1955.00250130089012" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="14397883">Cannon (1955)</a>. <a href="#9" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Bode, H. H., Crawford, J. D. <strong>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in North America--the Hopewell hypothesis.</strong> New Eng. J. Med. 280: 750-754, 1969.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4886456/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">4886456</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM196904032801404" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="4886456">Bode and Crawford (1969)</a> stated that 'it is likely that the Hopewell hypothesis can never be proved.' However, <a href="#5" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Bichet, D. G., Hendy, G. N., Lonergan, M., Arthus, M.-F., Ligier, S., Pausova, Z., Kluge, R., Zingg, H., Saenger, P., Oppenheimer, E., Hirsch, D. J., Gilgenkrantz, S., Salles, J.-P., Oberle, I., Mandel, J.-L., Gregory, M. C., Fujiwara, T. M., Morgan, K., Scriver, C. R. <strong>X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: from the ship Hopewell to RFLP studies.</strong> Am. J. Hum. Genet. 51: 1089-1102, 1992.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1357965/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1357965</a>]" pmid="1357965">Bichet et al. (1992)</a> used haplotype analysis to show that there was not likely to be a connection between the family reported by <a href="#11" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Cannon, J. F. <strong>Diabetes insipidus: clinical and experimental studies with consideration of genetic relationships.</strong> AMA Arch. Intern. Med. 96: 215-272, 1955.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14397883/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">14397883</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1955.00250130089012" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="14397883">Cannon (1955)</a> and the Hopewell kindred. Genealogical studies also seemed to exclude a connection. <a href="#5" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Bichet, D. G., Hendy, G. N., Lonergan, M., Arthus, M.-F., Ligier, S., Pausova, Z., Kluge, R., Zingg, H., Saenger, P., Oppenheimer, E., Hirsch, D. J., Gilgenkrantz, S., Salles, J.-P., Oberle, I., Mandel, J.-L., Gregory, M. C., Fujiwara, T. M., Morgan, K., Scriver, C. R. <strong>X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: from the ship Hopewell to RFLP studies.</strong> Am. J. Hum. Genet. 51: 1089-1102, 1992.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1357965/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1357965</a>]" pmid="1357965">Bichet et al. (1992)</a> also studied 11 other affected families of diverse ethnic backgrounds: 5 French Canadian, 1 African American, 1 Puerto Rican, 1 Iranian, 2 French, and 1 English. All of the families had similar phenotypic features and showed linkage to markers in the Xq28 region. Differences in RFLP patterns indicated that the 'Hopewell hypothesis' could not explain the origin of NDI in many of the North American families. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=4886456+5309332+1357965+14397883" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#16" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Holtzman, E. J., Harris, H. W., Jr., Kolakowski, L. F., Jr., Guay-Woodford, L. M., Botelho, B., Ausiello, D. A. <strong>A molecular defect in the vasopressin V2-receptor gene causing nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong> New Eng. J. Med. 328: 1534-1537, 1993.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8479490/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">8479490</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199305273282105" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="8479490">Holtzman et al. (1993)</a> identified the AVPR2 mutation in the Hopewell family (W71X; <a href="/entry/300358#0008">300358.0008</a>). This finding and data on various other mutations in the AVPR2 gene found in North American pedigrees, both of Ulster Scot ancestry and others, made the founder effect as proposed in the Hopewell hypothesis invalid. <a href="#4" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Bichet, D. G., Arthus, M.-F., Lonergan, M., Hendy, G. N., Paradis, A. J., Fujiwara, T. M., Morgan, K., Gregory, M. C., Rosenthal, W., Didwania, A., Antaramian, A., Birnbaumer, M. <strong>X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus mutations in North America and the Hopewell hypothesis.</strong> J. Clin. Invest. 92: 1262-1268, 1993.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8104196/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">8104196</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI116698" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="8104196">Bichet et al. (1993)</a> likewise presented evidence for multiple mutations in the AVPR2 gene, arguing against the Hopewell founder hypothesis. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=8104196+8479490" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<p><a href="#28" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Sawin, C. T. <strong>Endocrine classic.</strong> Endocrinologist 8: 143-148, 1998."None>Sawin (1998)</a> reprinted the lecture by Armand <a href="#30" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Trousseau, A. <strong>Polydipsia. Lecture LXV.In: Clinique Medicale de L'Hotel-Dieu de Paris. Vol. 2.</strong> Paris: J.-B. Balliere 1862. P. 607."None>Trousseau (1862)</a> on polydipsia, specifically what he called nonsaccharine diabetes and what we now call diabetes insipidus. Trousseau (1801-1867) was a famous Paris physician and professor.</p>
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<a href="#Abelson1968" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Abelson, H. <strong>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong> Pediat. Res. 2: 271-282, 1968.">Abelson (1968)</a>; <a href="#Carter1956" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Carter, C., Simpkiss, M. J. <strong>The carrier state in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong> Lancet 268: 1069-1073, 1956. Note: Originally Volume 2.">Carter and Simpkiss (1956)</a>; <a href="#Holtzman1993" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Holtzman, E. J., Kolakowski, L. F., Jr., O'Brien, D., Crawford, J. D., Ausiello, D. A. <strong>A null mutation in the vasopressin V2 receptor gene (AVPR2) associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in the Hopewell kindred.</strong> Hum. Molec. Genet. 2: 1201-1204, 1993.">Holtzman et al. (1993)</a>; <a href="#Uttley1972" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Uttley, W. S., Thistlethwaite, D. <strong>Failure to detect the carrier in congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong> Arch. Dis. Child. 47: 137-138, 1972.">Uttley and Thistlethwaite (1972)</a>
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<a id="Abelson1968" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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Abelson, H.
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<strong>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong>
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Pediat. Res. 2: 271-282, 1968.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5669664/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">5669664</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=5669664" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-196807000-00006" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="Alon1985" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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Alon, U., Chan, J. C. M.
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<strong>Hydrochlorothiazide-amiloride in the treatment of congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong>
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Am. J. Nephrol. 5: 9-13, 1985.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3970081/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">3970081</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=3970081" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1159/000166896" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="Bell1974" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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Bell, N. H., Clark, C. M., Jr., Avery, S., Sinha, T., Trygstad, C. W., Allen, D. O.
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<strong>Demonstration of a defect in the formation of adenosine 3-prime,5-prime-monophosphate in vasopressin-resistant diabetes insipidus.</strong>
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Pediat. Res. 8: 223-230, 1974.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4362729/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">4362729</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=4362729" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-197404000-00002" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="Bichet1993" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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Bichet, D. G., Arthus, M.-F., Lonergan, M., Hendy, G. N., Paradis, A. J., Fujiwara, T. M., Morgan, K., Gregory, M. C., Rosenthal, W., Didwania, A., Antaramian, A., Birnbaumer, M.
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<strong>X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus mutations in North America and the Hopewell hypothesis.</strong>
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J. Clin. Invest. 92: 1262-1268, 1993.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8104196/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">8104196</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=8104196" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI116698" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="Bichet1992" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div class="">
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Bichet, D. G., Hendy, G. N., Lonergan, M., Arthus, M.-F., Ligier, S., Pausova, Z., Kluge, R., Zingg, H., Saenger, P., Oppenheimer, E., Hirsch, D. J., Gilgenkrantz, S., Salles, J.-P., Oberle, I., Mandel, J.-L., Gregory, M. C., Fujiwara, T. M., Morgan, K., Scriver, C. R.
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<strong>X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: from the ship Hopewell to RFLP studies.</strong>
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Am. J. Hum. Genet. 51: 1089-1102, 1992.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1357965/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1357965</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=1357965" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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<a id="6" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<a id="Bichet1989" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div class="">
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Bichet, D. G., Razi, M., Arthus, M.-F., Lonergan, M., Tittley, P., Smiley, R. K., Rock, G., Hirsch, D. J.
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<strong>Epinephrine and dDAVP administration in patients with congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: evidence for a pre-cyclic AMP V(2) receptor defective mechanism.</strong>
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Kidney Int. 36: 859-866, 1989.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2559238/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">2559238</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=2559238" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.1989.272" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="7" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<a id="Bichet1988" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div class="">
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Bichet, D. G., Razi, M., Lonergan, M., Arthus, M.-F., Papukna, V., Kortas, C., Barjon, J.-N.
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<strong>Hemodynamic and coagulation responses to 1-desamino(8-D-arginine) vasopressin in patients with congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong>
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New Eng. J. Med. 318: 881-887, 1988.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2965301/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">2965301</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=2965301" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198804073181403" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="Bichet1994" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div class="">
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Bichet, D. G.
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<strong>Personal Communication.</strong>
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Montreal, Quebec, Canada 5/1/1994.
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<a id="Bode1969" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div class="">
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Bode, H. H., Crawford, J. D.
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<strong>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in North America--the Hopewell hypothesis.</strong>
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New Eng. J. Med. 280: 750-754, 1969.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4886456/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">4886456</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=4886456" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM196904032801404" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="Bode1970" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div class="">
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Bode, H. H., Miettinen, O. S.
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<strong>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: absence of close linkage with Xg.</strong>
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Am. J. Hum. Genet. 22: 221-227, 1970.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5309332/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">5309332</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=5309332" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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<a id="Cannon1955" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div class="">
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Cannon, J. F.
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<strong>Diabetes insipidus: clinical and experimental studies with consideration of genetic relationships.</strong>
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AMA Arch. Intern. Med. 96: 215-272, 1955.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14397883/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">14397883</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=14397883" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1955.00250130089012" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="Carroll2006" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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Carroll, P., Al-Mojalli, H., Al-Abbad, A., Al-Hassoun, I., Al-Hamed, M., Al-Amr, R., Butt, A. I., Meyer, B. F.
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<strong>Novel mutations underlying nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in Arab families.</strong>
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Genet. Med. 8: 443-447, 2006.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16845277/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">16845277</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=16845277" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/01.gim.0000223554.46981.7a" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="13" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<a id="Carter1956" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div class="">
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Carter, C., Simpkiss, M. J.
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<strong>The carrier state in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong>
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Lancet 268: 1069-1073, 1956. Note: Originally Volume 2.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13377673/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">13377673</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=13377673" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(56)90206-9" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<div class="">
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Crawford, J. D., Kennedy, G. C.
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<strong>Chlorothiazid in diabetes insipidus.</strong>
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Nature 183: 891-892, 1959.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13644230/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">13644230</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=13644230" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/183891a0" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="Cutler1962" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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Cutler, R. E., Kleeman, C. R., Maxwell, M. H., Dowling, J. T.
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<strong>Physiologic studies in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong>
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J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 22: 827-838, 1962.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13882818/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">13882818</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=13882818" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-22-8-827" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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van Lieburg, A. F., Verdijk, M. A. J., Schoute, F., Ligtenberg, M. J. L., van Oost, B. A., Waldhauser, F., Dobner, M., Monnens, L. A. H., Knoers, N. V. A. M.
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<strong>Clinical phenotype of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in females heterozygous for a vasopressin type 2 receptor mutation.</strong>
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Hum. Genet. 96: 70-78, 1995.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7607658/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">7607658</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=7607658" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00214189" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a id="36" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<a id="Zimmerman1975" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Zimmerman, D., Green, O. C.
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<strong>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus type II: defect distal to the adenylate cyclase step.</strong>
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Pediat. Res. 9: 381 only, 1975.
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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Ada Hamosh - updated : 8/2/2007
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Cassandra L. Kniffin - reorganized : 8/3/2005<br>Cassandra L. Kniffin - updated : 5/23/2005<br>Victor A. McKusick - updated : 5/11/2005<br>John A. Phillips, III - updated : 4/8/2003<br>John A. Phillips, III - updated : 7/23/2002<br>John A. Phillips, III - updated : 11/5/2001<br>John A. Phillips, III - updated : 9/26/2001<br>Victor A. McKusick - updated : 2/2/2001<br>John A. Phillips, III - updated : 11/13/2000<br>Wilson H. Y. Lo - updated : 2/10/2000<br>Victor A. McKusick - updated : 1/5/2000<br>Victor A. McKusick - updated : 8/13/1998<br>John A. Phillips, III - updated : 12/25/1997<br>Ada Hamosh - updated : 12/5/1997<br>John A. Phillips, III - updated : 8/26/1997<br>Victor A. McKusick - updated : 6/21/1997
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<a id="creationDate" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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Creation Date:
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Victor A. McKusick : 6/4/1986
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carol : 04/17/2024
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carol : 08/10/2023<br>alopez : 08/08/2023<br>alopez : 08/08/2023<br>carol : 03/17/2022<br>carol : 07/26/2019<br>alopez : 07/25/2019<br>alopez : 09/23/2016<br>carol : 07/22/2015<br>carol : 4/7/2011<br>carol : 10/4/2010<br>carol : 9/16/2010<br>terry : 5/12/2010<br>terry : 12/17/2009<br>terry : 6/5/2009<br>terry : 4/13/2009<br>alopez : 8/2/2007<br>terry : 12/16/2005<br>carol : 8/3/2005<br>ckniffin : 5/23/2005<br>tkritzer : 5/18/2005<br>terry : 5/11/2005<br>terry : 5/11/2005<br>carol : 3/17/2004<br>cwells : 11/5/2003<br>cwells : 4/30/2003<br>terry : 4/8/2003<br>tkritzer : 7/23/2002<br>alopez : 11/5/2001<br>cwells : 9/28/2001<br>cwells : 9/26/2001<br>mcapotos : 2/9/2001<br>mcapotos : 2/6/2001<br>terry : 2/2/2001<br>mgross : 12/7/2000<br>mgross : 12/7/2000<br>terry : 11/13/2000<br>alopez : 3/20/2000<br>carol : 2/14/2000<br>yemi : 2/11/2000<br>yemi : 2/10/2000<br>alopez : 1/14/2000<br>terry : 1/5/2000<br>carol : 1/5/1999<br>dkim : 12/15/1998<br>carol : 8/14/1998<br>terry : 8/13/1998<br>alopez : 1/28/1998<br>alopez : 1/24/1998<br>alopez : 1/23/1998<br>alopez : 1/23/1998<br>alopez : 1/5/1998<br>alopez : 12/22/1997<br>alopez : 12/18/1997<br>jenny : 10/22/1997<br>mark : 7/8/1997<br>mark : 7/8/1997<br>terry : 6/24/1997<br>terry : 6/21/1997<br>terry : 10/27/1995<br>mark : 8/18/1995<br>carol : 2/6/1995<br>davew : 8/22/1994<br>pfoster : 8/16/1994<br>warfield : 3/30/1994
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>#</strong> 304800
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DIABETES INSIPIDUS, NEPHROGENIC, 1, X-LINKED; NDI1
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NDI<br />
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DIABETES INSIPIDUS, NEPHROGENIC, TYPE I
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<strong>ORPHA:</strong> 223;
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<strong>DO:</strong> 0081060;
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<strong>Phenotype-Gene Relationships</strong>
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Location
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Phenotype
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Phenotype <br /> MIM number
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Inheritance
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Phenotype <br /> mapping key
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Gene/Locus
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Gene/Locus <br /> MIM number
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Xq28
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<span class="mim-font">
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Diabetes insipidus, nephrogenic, 1
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<span class="mim-font">
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304800
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<span class="mim-font">
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X-linked recessive
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<span class="mim-font">
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3
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AVPR2
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300538
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<strong>TEXT</strong>
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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<p>A number sign (#) is used with this entry because of evidence that X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus-1 (NDI1) is caused by mutation in the gene encoding the vasopressin V2 receptor (AVPR2; 300538) on chromosome Xq28.</p>
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<strong>Description</strong>
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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<p>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is caused by the inability of the renal collecting ducts to absorb water in response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as arginine vasopressin (AVP; 192340). Approximately 90% of patients are males with the X-linked recessive form (type I; NDI1), which is caused by a defect in the vasopressin V2 receptor in renal collecting duct cells. The remaining 10% of patients have autosomal NDI (type II; NDI2, 125800), which is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the aquaporin-2 water channel (AQP2; 107777) on chromosome 12q13 (Morello and Bichet, 2001). </p><p>Neurogenic, or central, diabetes insipidus (125700) is caused by mutation in the gene encoding arginine vasopressin, located on 20p13.</p>
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<strong>Clinical Features</strong>
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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<p>In a Mormon family traced to 1813, Cannon (1955) reported 3 instances of male-to-male transmission of diabetes insipidus. However, he noted reduced penetrance in females, as carriers did not show the disorder. Thus was raised the suspicion that the disorder in this family was actually X-linked. Cutler et al. (1962) proved the renal basis of the disorder in this family. Ten Bensel and Peters (1970) described hydronephrosis in affected male sibs of the family reported by Cannon (1955). They determined that the pedigree, covering 5 generations with 12 affected males, was typical of X linkage. </p><p>Nakano (1969) described familial nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in 4 generations of a Samoan family. </p><p>Van Lieburg et al. (1999) made a retrospective analysis of clinical data from 30 male nephrogenic diabetes insipidus patients, aged 1 month to 40 years, from 18 Dutch families. In 28 patients, 17 different mutations in the AVPR2 gene were found. Two patients had mutations in the AQP2 gene. Eighty-seven percent of the patients were diagnosed within the first 2.5 years of life. Main symptoms at clinical presentation were vomiting and anorexia, failure to thrive, fever, and constipation. Most patients were on hydrochlorothiazide-amiloride treatment without significant side effects. Two patients suffered from severe hydronephrosis with a small rupture of the urinary tract after a minor trauma, and 2 patients experienced episodes of acute urine retention. Height SD scores for age remained below the 50th percentile in the majority of patients, whereas weight for height SD scores showed catch-up after several years of being underweight. The majority of patients were found to have normal intelligence; this was in contrast to the belief that mental retardation is the most frequent long-term sequela of NDI. Except for a possibly milder phenotype in patients with an AVPR2 G185C mutation (300538.0003), no clear relationship between clinical and genetic data could be found. </p>
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<h4>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>Other Features</strong>
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</span>
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</h4>
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</div>
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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<p>Bell et al. (1974) found that a subset of patients with NDI did not show increased urinary levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in response to ADH administration, indicating that the defect was proximal to the adenylate cyclase step. In contrast, patients with type II NDI showed normal increased urinary levels of cAMP in response to ADH, indicating that the defect in those cases was distal to the adenylate cyclase step (Zimmerman and Green, 1975). </p><p>In normal persons, 1-desamino-8D-arginine vasopressin (dDAVP), a synthetic vasopressin analog, stimulates the release of von Willebrand factor (VWF; 613160) from vascular epithelium and factor VIII (F8; 300841) from liver and other unidentified sites. Kobrinsky et al. (1985) found that the factor VIII and VWF responses to dDAVP were absent in NDI patients and about 50% of normal in carriers. The authors concluded that the vasopressin receptor defect is not confined to the kidney, and suggested that a decreased factor VIII response may be a useful carrier test. </p><p>Bichet et al. (1988) found that patients with X-linked NDI had no response to dDAVP infusion compared to healthy controls and patients with central diabetes insipidus, as measured by mean arterial pressure, pulse rate, plasma renin activity, and release of factor VIII and VWF. Obligatory carriers had minimal response. They hypothesized the existence of an extrarenal vasopressin V2-like receptor, which may also be defective in these patients. In patients with NDI, Bichet et al. (1989) found that plasma cAMP did not increase in response to dDAVP, suggesting a pre-cAMP V2 receptor defect. </p>
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<div>
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<h4>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>Clinical Management</strong>
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</span>
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</h4>
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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<p>Based on previous observations suggesting that chlorothiazide acts in the distal portion of the nephron where it may inhibit the production of 'free water' that normally results from selective reabsorption of sodium and accompanying anions, Crawford and Kennedy (1959) used the drug in the treatment of rats in which diabetes insipidus was produced by electrolytic damage of the hypothalamus. The result of the treatment was a reduction in the spontaneous intake of water by 50% or more. They then treated 2 human subjects, one with central diabetes insipidus due to lack of vasopressin, the other with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. With dose levels in the same range as that used for diuretic purposes, the urine volume was reduced dramatically with rise in urine osmolality. </p><p>Alon and Chan (1985) found that treatment of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with a combination of amiloride, a potassium-sparing diuretic, and hydrochlorothiazide not only had a potentiating effect, but also helped prevent urinary potassium loss, hypokalemia, and alkalosis. They found the hydrochlorothiazide-amiloride regimen superior to hydrochlorothiazide alone and to the combination of hydrochlorothiazide and a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor. </p><p>Libber et al. (1986) found that among the inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, indomethacin was much more effective than ibuprofen in treating NDI. </p>
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<h4>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>Mapping</strong>
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</span>
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</h4>
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</div>
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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<p>Bode and Miettinen (1970) excluded close linkage of NDI with the Xg blood group. </p><p>In 5 NDI families, Knoers et al. (1987) found no recombination with DXS52, which maps to chromosome Xq28 (lod = 3.47; theta = 0.00). In 10 affected families, Knoers et al. (1988) found no crossovers between NDI and 4 markers, giving maximum lod scores of 3.23 (DXS15), 10.35 (DXS52), 2.19 (F8), and 2.09 (DXS134). Knoers et al. (1989) further corroborated the assignment of NDI to Xq28 by the study of 11 families, 10 of which had previously been described, and by the testing with 2 additional markers closely linked to DXS52. Kambouris et al. (1988) found a maximum lod score of 3.31 at theta = 0 for multipoint linkage with a factor VIII probe and DXS15. </p><p>By screening several hybrid cell lines containing different parts of human chromosomes, van den Ouweland et al. (1991) demonstrated a positive correlation between the presence of the distal part of the human X chromosome and the expression of the vasopressin renal-type V2 receptor. By the use of the V2 receptor-specific agonist dVSAVP, they demonstrated that the vasopressin binding activity of the hybrid cells was dependent on the V2-type receptor. Furthermore, the V2/V1 antagonist was able to completely inhibit the induction of vasopressin by AVP.</p><p>Bichet et al. (1992) found that carrier status of X-linked NDI could be predicted in 24 of 26 at-risk females by use of linked markers. </p>
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</span>
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<div>
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<div>
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<h4>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>Inheritance</strong>
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</span>
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</h4>
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</div>
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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<p>The transmission pattern of NDI in the patients reported by Rosenthal et al. (1992) was consistent with X-linked inheritance. </p>
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</span>
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<div>
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<br />
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</div>
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<div>
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<h4>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>Molecular Genetics</strong>
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</span>
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</h4>
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</div>
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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<p>In 2 unrelated patients with X-linked NDI, Rosenthal et al. (1992) identified 2 different mutations in the AVPR2 gene (300538.0001; 300538.0002). One of the patients was a 37-year-old man with a lifelong history of polyuria, polydipsia, and mental retardation resulting from repeated and prolonged episodes of dehydration in the first year of life. </p><p>In 3 unrelated patients with X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, van den Ouweland et al. (1992) identified 3 different mutations in the AVPR2 gene (300538.0003-300538.0005). All of the mutations occurred in a highly conserved extracellular domain. </p><p>Bichet (1994) indicated that a total of 30 different mutations had been identified in the AVPR2 gene, distributed among 37 families. About half of these represented missense mutations. He emphasized the usefulness of early detection of the mutation in the neonate to prevent the adverse effects of dehydration.</p><p>In 5 Arab families with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, Carroll et al. (2006) identified 1 novel and 1 previously reported missense mutation in the AVPR2 gene as well as a novel contiguous gene deletion involving AVPR2. </p><p><strong><em>Skewed X Inactivation</em></strong></p><p>
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The possibility of skewed X inactivation was invoked by van Lieburg et al. (1995), who described 3 NDI families in which females showed clinical features resembling those of males. DNA analysis indicated that each was heterozygous for a specific AVPR2 mutation, as were also 2 asymptomatic female family members. The authors concluded that, in female NDI patients, the possibility of heterozygosity for an AVPR2 gene mutation has to be considered in addition to homozygosity for mutations in the AQP2 gene located on chromosome 12. </p><p>In 6 members of a Japanese family with X-linked NDI, Nomura et al. (1997) identified a mutation in the AVPR2 gene (300538.0013). Three heterozygous females had differences in clinical severity of NDI. The X-inactivation patterns of these females were investigated by studying the methylated trinucleotide repeat in the human androgen receptor gene. The grandmother showed extremely skewed methylation of one X chromosome, while her daughter had moderately skewed methylation. The daughter of the grandmother's sister, who had no symptoms of NDI, showed random methylation. Nomura et al. (1997) suggested that the highly skewed X-inactivation pattern of the grandmother indicated that her NDI phenotype was caused by dominant methylation of the normal allele of the AVPR2 gene. </p><p>Carroll et al. (2006) described evidence of skewed X inactivation associated with a novel deletion in the AVPR2 gene. </p>
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</span>
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<div>
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<br />
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</div>
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<div>
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<h4>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>Population Genetics</strong>
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</span>
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</h4>
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</div>
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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<p>Bode and Crawford (1969) and Bode and Miettinen (1970) proposed that patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in eastern North America shared a common ancestor, an Ulster Scot who had arrived in Halifax in 1761 on the ship Hopewell. They also suggested a link between this family and the large Mormon pedigree reported by Cannon (1955). Bode and Crawford (1969) stated that 'it is likely that the Hopewell hypothesis can never be proved.' However, Bichet et al. (1992) used haplotype analysis to show that there was not likely to be a connection between the family reported by Cannon (1955) and the Hopewell kindred. Genealogical studies also seemed to exclude a connection. Bichet et al. (1992) also studied 11 other affected families of diverse ethnic backgrounds: 5 French Canadian, 1 African American, 1 Puerto Rican, 1 Iranian, 2 French, and 1 English. All of the families had similar phenotypic features and showed linkage to markers in the Xq28 region. Differences in RFLP patterns indicated that the 'Hopewell hypothesis' could not explain the origin of NDI in many of the North American families. </p><p>Holtzman et al. (1993) identified the AVPR2 mutation in the Hopewell family (W71X; 300358.0008). This finding and data on various other mutations in the AVPR2 gene found in North American pedigrees, both of Ulster Scot ancestry and others, made the founder effect as proposed in the Hopewell hypothesis invalid. Bichet et al. (1993) likewise presented evidence for multiple mutations in the AVPR2 gene, arguing against the Hopewell founder hypothesis. </p>
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</span>
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<div>
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<br />
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</div>
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<div>
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<h4>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>History</strong>
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</span>
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</h4>
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</div>
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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<p>Sawin (1998) reprinted the lecture by Armand Trousseau (1862) on polydipsia, specifically what he called nonsaccharine diabetes and what we now call diabetes insipidus. Trousseau (1801-1867) was a famous Paris physician and professor.</p>
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</span>
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<div>
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<br />
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<h4>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>See Also:</strong>
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</span>
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</h4>
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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Abelson (1968); Carter and Simpkiss (1956); Holtzman et al. (1993);
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Uttley and Thistlethwaite (1972)
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</span>
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<div>
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<br />
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<h4>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>REFERENCES</strong>
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</span>
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</h4>
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<div>
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<p />
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</div>
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<div>
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<ol>
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<li>
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Abelson, H.
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<strong>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong>
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Pediat. Res. 2: 271-282, 1968.
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[PubMed: 5669664]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-196807000-00006]
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Alon, U., Chan, J. C. M.
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<strong>Hydrochlorothiazide-amiloride in the treatment of congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong>
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Am. J. Nephrol. 5: 9-13, 1985.
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<strong>Demonstration of a defect in the formation of adenosine 3-prime,5-prime-monophosphate in vasopressin-resistant diabetes insipidus.</strong>
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Pediat. Res. 8: 223-230, 1974.
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Bichet, D. G., Arthus, M.-F., Lonergan, M., Hendy, G. N., Paradis, A. J., Fujiwara, T. M., Morgan, K., Gregory, M. C., Rosenthal, W., Didwania, A., Antaramian, A., Birnbaumer, M.
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<strong>X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus mutations in North America and the Hopewell hypothesis.</strong>
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Bichet, D. G., Hendy, G. N., Lonergan, M., Arthus, M.-F., Ligier, S., Pausova, Z., Kluge, R., Zingg, H., Saenger, P., Oppenheimer, E., Hirsch, D. J., Gilgenkrantz, S., Salles, J.-P., Oberle, I., Mandel, J.-L., Gregory, M. C., Fujiwara, T. M., Morgan, K., Scriver, C. R.
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<strong>X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: from the ship Hopewell to RFLP studies.</strong>
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Am. J. Hum. Genet. 51: 1089-1102, 1992.
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Bichet, D. G., Razi, M., Arthus, M.-F., Lonergan, M., Tittley, P., Smiley, R. K., Rock, G., Hirsch, D. J.
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<strong>Epinephrine and dDAVP administration in patients with congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: evidence for a pre-cyclic AMP V(2) receptor defective mechanism.</strong>
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Kidney Int. 36: 859-866, 1989.
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[PubMed: 2559238]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.1989.272]
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Bichet, D. G., Razi, M., Lonergan, M., Arthus, M.-F., Papukna, V., Kortas, C., Barjon, J.-N.
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<strong>Hemodynamic and coagulation responses to 1-desamino(8-D-arginine) vasopressin in patients with congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong>
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New Eng. J. Med. 318: 881-887, 1988.
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[PubMed: 2965301]
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Bichet, D. G.
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<strong>Personal Communication.</strong>
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Montreal, Quebec, Canada 5/1/1994.
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Bode, H. H., Crawford, J. D.
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<strong>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in North America--the Hopewell hypothesis.</strong>
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New Eng. J. Med. 280: 750-754, 1969.
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Bode, H. H., Miettinen, O. S.
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<strong>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: absence of close linkage with Xg.</strong>
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Am. J. Hum. Genet. 22: 221-227, 1970.
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[PubMed: 5309332]
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Cannon, J. F.
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<strong>Diabetes insipidus: clinical and experimental studies with consideration of genetic relationships.</strong>
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AMA Arch. Intern. Med. 96: 215-272, 1955.
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1955.00250130089012]
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Carroll, P., Al-Mojalli, H., Al-Abbad, A., Al-Hassoun, I., Al-Hamed, M., Al-Amr, R., Butt, A. I., Meyer, B. F.
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<strong>Novel mutations underlying nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in Arab families.</strong>
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Carter, C., Simpkiss, M. J.
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<strong>The carrier state in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong>
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Lancet 268: 1069-1073, 1956. Note: Originally Volume 2.
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Crawford, J. D., Kennedy, G. C.
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<strong>Chlorothiazid in diabetes insipidus.</strong>
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Nature 183: 891-892, 1959.
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Cutler, R. E., Kleeman, C. R., Maxwell, M. H., Dowling, J. T.
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<strong>Physiologic studies in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong>
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J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 22: 827-838, 1962.
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Holtzman, E. J., Harris, H. W., Jr., Kolakowski, L. F., Jr., Guay-Woodford, L. M., Botelho, B., Ausiello, D. A.
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<strong>A molecular defect in the vasopressin V2-receptor gene causing nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong>
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Holtzman, E. J., Kolakowski, L. F., Jr., O'Brien, D., Crawford, J. D., Ausiello, D. A.
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<strong>A null mutation in the vasopressin V2 receptor gene (AVPR2) associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in the Hopewell kindred.</strong>
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Hum. Molec. Genet. 2: 1201-1204, 1993.
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[PubMed: 8401502]
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Kambouris, M., Dlouhy, S. R., Trofatter, J. A., Conneally, P. M., Hodes, M. E.
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<strong>Localization of the gene for X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus to Xq28.</strong>
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Am. J. Med. Genet. 29: 239-246, 1988.
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[PubMed: 2894172]
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</p>
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<li>
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Knoers, N., van der Heyden, H., van Oost, B. A., Monnens, L., Willems, J., Ropers, H. H.
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<strong>Three-point linkage analysis using multiple DNA polymorphic markers in families with X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong>
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Genomics 4: 434-437, 1989.
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[PubMed: 2714800]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/0888-7543(89)90352-2]
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Knoers, N., van der Heyden, H., van Oost, B. A., Ropers, H. H., Monnens, L., Willems, J.
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<strong>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: close linkage with markers from the distal long arm of the human X chromosome.</strong>
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Hum. Genet. 80: 31-38, 1988.
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[PubMed: 2843456]
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Knoers, N., van der Heyden, H., van Oost, B., Monnens, L., Willems, J., Ropers, H.
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<strong>Tight linkage between nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and DXS52. (Abstract)</strong>
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Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 46: 640 only, 1987.
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</p>
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<li>
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Kobrinsky, N. L., Doyle, J. J., Israels, E. D., Winter, J. S. D., Cheang, M. S., Walker, R. D., Bishop, A. J.
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<strong>Absent factor VIII response to synthetic vasopressin analogue (DDAVP) in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong>
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Lancet 325: 1293-1294, 1985. Note: Originally Volume 1.
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[PubMed: 2860491]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92790-4]
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</p>
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<li>
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Libber, S., Harrison, H., Spector, D.
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<strong>Treatment of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors.</strong>
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J. Pediat. 108: 305-311, 1986.
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[PubMed: 3080575]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(86)81010-1]
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</p>
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<li>
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Morello, J.-P., Bichet, D. G.
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<strong>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong>
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Annu. Rev. Physiol. 63: 607-630, 2001.
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[PubMed: 11181969]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.607]
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</p>
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<li>
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Nakano, K. K.
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<strong>Familial nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong>
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Hawaii Med. J. 28: 205-208, 1969.
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[PubMed: 5770805]
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</p>
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<li>
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Nomura, Y., Onigata, K., Nagashima, T., Yutani, S., Mochizuki, H., Nagashima, K., Morikawa, A.
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<strong>Detection of skewed X-inactivation in two female carriers of vasopressin type 2 receptor gene mutation.</strong>
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J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 82: 3434-3437, 1997.
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[PubMed: 9329382]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.82.10.4312]
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p class="mim-text-font">
|
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Rosenthal, W., Seibold, A., Antaramian, A., Lonergan, M., Arthus, M.-F., Hendy, G. N., Birnbaumer, M., Bichet, D. G.
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|
<strong>Molecular identification of the gene responsible for congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.</strong>
|
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Nature 359: 233-235, 1992.
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Ten Bensel, R. W., Peters, E. R.
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Trousseau, A.
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Uttley, W. S., Thistlethwaite, D.
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van den Ouweland, A. M. W., Dreesen, J. C. F. M., Verdijk, M., Knoers, N. V. A. M., Monnens, L. A. H., Rocchi, M., van Oost, B. A.
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van Lieburg, A. F., Knoers, N. V. A. M., Monnens, L. A. H.
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van Lieburg, A. F., Verdijk, M. A. J., Schoute, F., Ligtenberg, M. J. L., van Oost, B. A., Waldhauser, F., Dobner, M., Monnens, L. A. H., Knoers, N. V. A. M.
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Zimmerman, D., Green, O. C.
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<strong>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus type II: defect distal to the adenylate cyclase step.</strong>
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