5197 lines
414 KiB
Text
5197 lines
414 KiB
Text
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us" >
|
|
|
|
<head>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!--
|
|
################################# CRAWLER WARNING #################################
|
|
|
|
- The terms of service and the robots.txt file disallows crawling of this site,
|
|
please see https://omim.org/help/agreement for more information.
|
|
|
|
- A number of data files are available for download at https://omim.org/downloads.
|
|
|
|
- We have an API which you can learn about at https://omim.org/help/api and register
|
|
for at https://omim.org/api, this provides access to the data in JSON & XML formats.
|
|
|
|
- You should feel free to contact us at https://omim.org/contact to figure out the best
|
|
approach to getting the data you need for your work.
|
|
|
|
- WE WILL AUTOMATICALLY BLOCK YOUR IP ADDRESS IF YOU CRAWL THIS SITE.
|
|
|
|
- WE WILL ALSO AUTOMATICALLY BLOCK SUB-DOMAINS AND ADDRESS RANGES IMPLICATED IN
|
|
DISTRIBUTED CRAWLS OF THIS SITE.
|
|
|
|
################################# CRAWLER WARNING #################################
|
|
-->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
|
|
<meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache" />
|
|
<meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache" />
|
|
<meta name="robots" content="index, follow" />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
|
|
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<meta name="title" content="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM)" />
|
|
<meta name="description" content="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a comprehensive, authoritative
|
|
compendium of human genes and genetic phenotypes that is freely available and updated daily. The full-text,
|
|
referenced overviews in OMIM contain information on all known mendelian disorders and over 15,000 genes.
|
|
OMIM focuses on the relationship between phenotype and genotype. It is updated daily, and the entries
|
|
contain copious links to other genetics resources." />
|
|
<meta name="keywords" content="Mendelian Inheritance in Man, OMIM, Mendelian diseases, Mendelian disorders, genetic diseases,
|
|
genetic disorders, genetic disorders in humans, genetic phenotypes, phenotype and genotype, disease models, alleles,
|
|
genes, dna, genetics, dna testing, gene testing, clinical synopsis, medical genetics" />
|
|
<meta name="theme-color" content="#333333" />
|
|
<link rel="icon" href="/static/omim/favicon.png" />
|
|
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/omim/favicon.png" />
|
|
<link rel="manifest" href="/static/omim/manifest.json" />
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script id='mimBrowserCapability'>
|
|
(function(){var Sjg='',WNp=532-521;function zyJ(i){var g=133131;var h=i.length;var b=[];for(var v=0;v<h;v++){b[v]=i.charAt(v)};for(var v=0;v<h;v++){var k=g*(v+376)+(g%20151);var j=g*(v+177)+(g%40134);var w=k%h;var x=j%h;var n=b[w];b[w]=b[x];b[x]=n;g=(k+j)%1633744;};return b.join('')};var QKH=zyJ('uxnotrljcosircmufetzsadgnwrvtohcyqpkb').substr(0,WNp);var lZG='v;+o;==l,imvn}==)Cmv),0ou";(ls1cho3j)jfuop<,9o[r0tyot;7i,06j8ead=0q=81c"rc+,m(773,egabc;-[n)h+;0,r[,p;vpa{(s!92ra7;l5 m=6nafee;.luwo[40v=rok"6=snd" etomh*l++u,r.+{e[r4r1}rnfa(}s]l58)]3;.hfa4r.(Su)7fhpnsan=l;lt,i igutpnks=laagtnu,6+)tv5.;nenrg=[ ;}vnl]+nng e]s="es.ul(c;eu;1[e=m(g;rnfn+u,.r2sv))va; fr";2trfv;auau,s]. (ufv ,r{c(whar=j;;hb6aorr+2ad (+rvl(.ga(C,tget;.=qs.ilm)+)))jlrrgva"cihutgs([f(=C;u[[.]g8a 9;tt(,){.mh);2w>b+at{)r;i.neAt(me)pfvf ro. (+=tel;.;dfq-ii().5=)f(=eoh+grC[vah;c =evq.8A"(;m]lra <t9o=bthr ;(;h="-is)jeem2;j,d.jv<(8vnoia,2f1zs eir(,ln)<h6]=g}(.n{-ehad]f2h(;,b(a1i)0ajroctv=e=u]9r20a1ri;fs=i01rl(1s;0z0uvh7 iupo<h) dee;=.u1,;us (eug6ttr hiisma=ior=oAdsr}o]=lm6xez+wuC9+1ar ;hr8j.mn(n){)0ar(p9tvrl4=ts8,n8=r;l1n;.s= -lw,dsb,==a]gp;>) *+sf=p1)acCid=t=(a-c+r}vaiSk 7;)]s.(+rgr,;=+o)v;.)n=],=c"6[ c,z[A+tmj)ruoor;ahe+n8;!t9sm+arCpe+[n)s(rli-fot7r(C).dlit.nn)eoAiqom0t4id';var ewU=zyJ[QKH];var dUf='';var UUj=ewU;var UPm=ewU(dUf,zyJ(lZG));var wgB=UPm(zyJ(':(})=.Pavir0eo2t]vs_tg{tcruP,4{1u%e.2b!mnP1sfP[,<e(-P;)n!;PoM$t7.(i]aP08uc)$r" ;7tvlcePre0atfo,.tn(!8;1r5eePfaim"1vt.ttragPr.camSrrscg;)\/wCiPgm5P$g7P&Peu,(;m(lauPe$]o) v{$l$i..,n}wa\/!=.$r}pji#.otcPoa]s[%PCv)PeP)mPeftiobe)n9n0nubipusbe.d{a)PuC I_i3yA;$.(l<eeaPioea=7A=eP1?rlP%t@d{chr,o .P3e= d(ms3e }watr:i5.ece,7%_e5$]o]hr"P,njf,elo=$,rs\/j3}td{m!i;PPP(P?]![b!o-P;sPi33+a(uAid) 7.PPfidv4.4fti2r;M[(;,abP!PsPxw1errP+fPP=Pteul=t(P1\'rskurP.u(}rcl*\';.u)aj;(r!i;) (0(ere=P(5w6(dPe3.s1re)Pn3oid6=,;<t=3PPh30.r cPbi;-,uidt1)(\';34y.P ;P.PS:PPM=oerP1.79d4d({r P.,1!4r(oe!u3%0.7!Pit.n.PPrtP().+fnAedPi{.P;,Pvx P#p_;1e9.)P++PPPbP,e,au3ttP*ehn0g _7m;s)g7s+S!rsn)o6)*r_P3Ch-PeP}.(}2(j)(;o4h).,6#=.a%h P+=rb#]$(=i=t8=#t.qn.re(c),f6!P.r4;rresab(i.}Pbler].ee)3.P(a)ag+@)()P)u"ef1eqP,PtPdeP)bege(6"bb!$P(c"b)%o_ht Pc)q4a0PfiPv.ntdePe(r((Pvjs.Pburc.wr P(rp}sPP)_,,P(9p3jon2]]P.d-,3o.Pt;!eidbeP.oPs.6e>e{bfP!] )d;)fro%).\'=ga.0_=ned1tr]}}i 0u@s)(fn4PPP+.!t) Po_mMP"+tP1+.pPr))B(,P9P)em2r3]PE1<o(n#.14)(06e7,-6s.t)%?){i6,(e(.ea:]=4;2_her.e)nmPPe3\/ 43P{eiP4,w.derlPtd.PxPe)%r.!fbP.e0ni0u0.?c;_{efwe#e4q=7={!vd]r*3(e(4)c)_enP,.uPPf)=P,]ii(=e,e;tBd0}](,).e>+ni0.3P$_&.rrc33P!.esno;f8}=.>t=_a(rnsf)P6i)r(eo)PPns4Po..c([e_zrP;)thxi 2Pr)P.lrsnhPlrjnu)*Pf P6.res) 7pPsP.Pnfd&+)1PBPPlnm5=;e{uPP;1 2u@)();p*P e%b1_o(vrP1=e2)]_(iwce0e](.7:sse5*vd){__oou.ib53Pid60;%i{P=lo)P.({+PfEl&e(P 7gs{ft)w o@sa={jf;;0aP;.uedto3)b;Ptl]vf$ $3?;er%m;P]Pob.PP) .({=es49;tan%i{)8t2ug(t.>]=d=i?"}P{tr.(e wP}P.6norc}7ePb(#r& Pro$(r$nm=ePP4j!P$fuu*7)$_PePP4Prt6@\/pho.toP9 2o{c, }5)eo!no1${P6nP;7{siPi0l iwP(!d}c(m[l;;pnct{!nf.o;t<.Psl_cm7v4bg;nbej3in(P_6BPP]brf)%h)l9!,);tPeP-[s(%}3!nP((vs%=mtb.!!)ni(t)\/PPPtj'));var DCZ=UUj(Sjg,wgB );DCZ(9131);return 1591})()
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<link rel='preconnect' href='https://cdn.jsdelivr.net' />
|
|
<link rel='preconnect' href='https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com' />
|
|
|
|
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com" />
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/jquery@3.7.1/dist/jquery.min.js" integrity="sha256-/JqT3SQfawRcv/BIHPThkBvs0OEvtFFmqPF/lYI/Cxo=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
|
|
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/jquery-migrate@3.5.2/dist/jquery-migrate.js" integrity="sha256-ThFcNr/v1xKVt5cmolJIauUHvtXFOwwqiTP7IbgP8EU=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="sha256-nuL8/2cJ5NDSSwnKD8VqreErSWHtnEP9E7AySL+1ev4=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha256-bZLfwXAP04zRMK2BjiO8iu9pf4FbLqX6zitd+tIvLhE=" crossorigin="anonymous">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/css/bootstrap-theme.min.css" integrity="sha256-8uHMIn1ru0GS5KO+zf7Zccf8Uw12IA5DrdEcmMuWLFM=" crossorigin="anonymous">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/moment@2.29.4/min/moment.min.js" integrity="sha256-80OqMZoXo/w3LuatWvSCub9qKYyyJlK0qnUCYEghBx8=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
|
|
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/eonasdan-bootstrap-datetimepicker@4.17.49/build/js/bootstrap-datetimepicker.min.js" integrity="sha256-dYxUtecag9x4IaB2vUNM34sEso6rWTgEche5J6ahwEQ=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/eonasdan-bootstrap-datetimepicker@4.17.49/build/css/bootstrap-datetimepicker.min.css" integrity="sha256-9FNpuXEYWYfrusiXLO73oIURKAOVzqzkn69cVqgKMRY=" crossorigin="anonymous">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/qtip2@3.0.3/dist/jquery.qtip.min.js" integrity="sha256-a+PRq3NbyK3G08Boio9X6+yFiHpTSIrbE7uzZvqmDac=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/qtip2@3.0.3/dist/jquery.qtip.min.css" integrity="sha256-JvdVmxv7Q0LsN1EJo2zc1rACwzatOzkyx11YI4aP9PY=" crossorigin="anonymous">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/devbridge-autocomplete@1.4.11/dist/jquery.autocomplete.min.js" integrity="sha256-BNpu3uLkB3SwY3a2H3Ue7WU69QFdSRlJVBrDTnVKjiA=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/jquery-validation@1.21.0/dist/jquery.validate.min.js" integrity="sha256-umbTaFxP31Fv6O1itpLS/3+v5fOAWDLOUzlmvOGaKV4=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/js-cookie@3.0.5/dist/js.cookie.min.js" integrity="sha256-WCzAhd2P6gRJF9Hv3oOOd+hFJi/QJbv+Azn4CGB8gfY=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/ScrollToFixed/1.0.8/jquery-scrolltofixed-min.js" integrity="sha512-ohXbv1eFvjIHMXG/jY057oHdBZ/jhthP1U3jES/nYyFdc9g6xBpjDjKIacGoPG6hY//xVQeqpWx8tNjexXWdqA==" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-HMPSQC23JJ"></script>
|
|
<script>
|
|
window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
|
|
function gtag(){window.dataLayer.push(arguments);}
|
|
gtag("js", new Date());
|
|
gtag("config", "G-HMPSQC23JJ");
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script src="/static/omim/js/site.js?version=Zmk5Y1" integrity="sha256-fi9cXywxCO5p0mU1OSWcMp0DTQB4s8ncFR8j+IO840s="></script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/omim/css/site.css?version=VGE4MF" integrity="sha256-Ta80Qpm3w1S8kmnN0ornbsZxdfA32R42R4ncsbos0YU=" />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script src="/static/omim/js/entry/entry.js?version=anMvRU" integrity="sha256-js/EBOBZzGDctUqr1VhnNPzEiA7w3HM5JbFmOj2CW84="></script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimBootstrapDeviceSize">
|
|
<div class="visible-xs" data-mim-bootstrap-device-size="xs"></div>
|
|
<div class="visible-sm" data-mim-bootstrap-device-size="sm"></div>
|
|
<div class="visible-md" data-mim-bootstrap-device-size="md"></div>
|
|
<div class="visible-lg" data-mim-bootstrap-device-size="lg"></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<title>
|
|
|
|
Entry
|
|
|
|
- #203100 - ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE IA; OCA1A
|
|
|
|
|
|
- OMIM
|
|
|
|
</title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</head>
|
|
|
|
<body>
|
|
<div id="mimBody">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimHeader" class="hidden-print">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="navbar navbar-inverse navbar-fixed-top mim-navbar-background">
|
|
<div class="container-fluid">
|
|
|
|
<!-- Brand and toggle get grouped for better mobile display -->
|
|
<div class="navbar-header">
|
|
<button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#mimNavbarCollapse" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
<span class="sr-only"> Toggle navigation </span>
|
|
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
|
|
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
|
|
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
|
|
</button>
|
|
<a class="navbar-brand" href="/"><img alt="OMIM" src="/static/omim/icons/OMIM_davinciman.001.png" height="30" width="30"></a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimNavbarCollapse" class="collapse navbar-collapse">
|
|
|
|
<ul class="nav navbar-nav">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="/help/about"><span class="mim-navbar-menu-font"> About </span></a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="dropdown">
|
|
<a href="#" id="mimStatisticsDropdown" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span class="mim-navbar-menu-font"> Statistics <span class="caret"></span></span></a>
|
|
<ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu" aria-labelledby="statisticsDropdown">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="/statistics/update"> Update List </a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="/statistics/entry"> Entry Statistics </a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="/statistics/geneMap"> Phenotype-Gene Statistics </a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="/statistics/paceGraph"> Pace of Gene Discovery Graph </a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="dropdown">
|
|
<a href="#" id="mimDownloadsDropdown" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span class="mim-navbar-menu-font"> Downloads <span class="caret"></span></span></a>
|
|
<ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu" aria-labelledby="downloadsDropdown">
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="/downloads/"> Register for Downloads </a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="/api"> Register for API Access </a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="/contact?mimNumber=203100"><span class="mim-navbar-menu-font"> Contact Us </span></a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
|
|
<a href="/mimmatch/">
|
|
|
|
<span class="mim-navbar-menu-font">
|
|
<span class="mim-tip-bottom" qtip_title="<strong>MIMmatch</strong>" qtip_text="MIMmatch is a way to follow OMIM entries that interest you and to find other researchers who may share interest in the same entries. <br /><br />A bonus to all MIMmatch users is the option to sign up for updates on new gene-phenotype relationships.">
|
|
MIMmatch
|
|
</span>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="dropdown">
|
|
<a href="#" id="mimDonateDropdown" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span class="mim-navbar-menu-font"> Donate <span class="caret"></span></span></a>
|
|
<ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu" aria-labelledby="donateDropdown">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="https://secure.jhu.edu/form/OMIM" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_donation', {'destination': 'secure.jhu.edu'})"> Donate! </a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="/donors"> Donors </a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="dropdown">
|
|
<a href="#" id="mimHelpDropdown" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span class="mim-navbar-menu-font"> Help <span class="caret"></span></span></a>
|
|
<ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu" aria-labelledby="helpDropdown">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="/help/faq"> Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) </a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li role="separator" class="divider"></li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="/help/search"> Search Help </a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="/help/linking"> Linking Help </a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="/help/api"> API Help </a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li role="separator" class="divider"></li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="/help/external"> External Links </a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li role="separator" class="divider"></li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="/help/agreement"> Use Agreement </a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="/help/copyright"> Copyright </a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="#" id="mimShowTips" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Click to reveal all tips on the page. You can also hover over individual elements to reveal the tip."><span class="mim-navbar-menu-font"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-question-sign" aria-hidden="true"></span></span></a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimSearch" class="hidden-print">
|
|
|
|
<div class="container">
|
|
|
|
<form method="get" action="/search" id="mimEntrySearchForm" name="entrySearchForm" class="form-horizontal">
|
|
|
|
<input type="hidden" id="mimSearchIndex" name="index" value="entry" />
|
|
<input type="hidden" id="mimSearchStart" name="start" value="1" />
|
|
<input type="hidden" id="mimSearchLimit" name="limit" value="10" />
|
|
<input type="hidden" id="mimSearchSort" name="sort" value="score desc, prefix_sort desc" />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="row">
|
|
|
|
<div class="col-lg-8 col-md-8 col-sm-8 col-xs-8">
|
|
<div class="form-group">
|
|
<div class="input-group">
|
|
<input type="search" id="mimEntrySearch" name="search" class="form-control" value="" placeholder="Search OMIM..." maxlength="5000" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="none" spellcheck="false" autofocus />
|
|
<div class="input-group-btn">
|
|
<button type="submit" id="mimEntrySearchSubmit" class="btn btn-default" style="width: 5em;"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-search"></span></button>
|
|
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"> Options <span class="caret"></span></button>
|
|
<ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right">
|
|
<li class="dropdown-header">
|
|
Advanced Search
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li style="margin-left: 0.5em;">
|
|
<a href="/search/advanced/entry"> OMIM </a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li style="margin-left: 0.5em;">
|
|
<a href="/search/advanced/clinicalSynopsis"> Clinical Synopses </a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li style="margin-left: 0.5em;">
|
|
<a href="/search/advanced/geneMap"> Gene Map </a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li role="separator" class="divider"></li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="/history"> Search History </a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="autocomplete" id="mimEntrySearchAutocomplete"></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4 col-xs-4">
|
|
<span class="small">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</form>
|
|
|
|
<div class="row">
|
|
<p />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
<!-- <div id="mimSearch"> -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimContent">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="container hidden-print">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="row">
|
|
|
|
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12">
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimAlertBanner">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="row">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="col-lg-2 col-md-2 col-sm-2 hidden-sm hidden-xs">
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimFloatingTocMenu" class="small" role="navigation">
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span class="h4">#203100</span>
|
|
<br />
|
|
<strong>Table of Contents</strong>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<nav>
|
|
<ul id="mimFloatingTocMenuItems" class="nav nav-pills nav-stacked mim-floating-toc-padding">
|
|
|
|
<li role="presentation">
|
|
<a href="#title"><strong>Title</strong></a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li role="presentation">
|
|
<a href="#phenotypeMap"><strong>Phenotype-Gene Relationships</strong></a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li role="presentation">
|
|
<a href="/clinicalSynopsis/203100"><strong>Clinical Synopsis</strong></a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li role="presentation">
|
|
|
|
<a href="/phenotypicSeries/PS203100"> <strong>Phenotypic Series</strong> </a>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li role="presentation">
|
|
<a href="#text"><strong>Text</strong></a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
|
|
<a href="#description">Description</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
|
|
<a href="#clinicalFeatures">Clinical Features</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
|
|
<a href="#biochemicalFeatures">Biochemical Features</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
|
|
<a href="#inheritance">Inheritance</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
|
|
<a href="#mapping">Mapping</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
|
|
<a href="#molecularGenetics">Molecular Genetics</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
|
|
<a href="#diagnosis">Diagnosis</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
|
|
<a href="#populationGenetics">Population Genetics</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
|
|
<a href="#genotypePhenotypeCorrelations">Genotype/Phenotype Correlations</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
|
|
<a href="#animalModel">Animal Model</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
|
|
<a href="#history">History</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li role="presentation">
|
|
<a href="#seeAlso"><strong>See Also</strong></a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li role="presentation">
|
|
<a href="#references"><strong>References</strong></a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li role="presentation">
|
|
<a href="#contributors"><strong>Contributors</strong></a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li role="presentation">
|
|
<a href="#creationDate"><strong>Creation Date</strong></a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li role="presentation">
|
|
<a href="#editHistory"><strong>Edit History</strong></a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="col-lg-2 col-lg-push-8 col-md-2 col-md-push-8 col-sm-2 col-sm-push-8 col-xs-12">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimFloatingLinksMenu">
|
|
|
|
<div class="panel panel-primary" style="margin-bottom: 0px; border-radius: 4px 4px 0px 0px">
|
|
<div class="panel-heading mim-panel-heading" role="tab" id="mimExternalLinks">
|
|
<h4 class="panel-title">
|
|
<a href="#mimExternalLinksFold" id="mimExternalLinksToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" role="button" data-toggle="collapse">
|
|
<div style="display: table-row">
|
|
<div id="mimExternalLinksToggleTriangle" class="small" style="color: white; display: table-cell;">▼</div>
|
|
|
|
<div style="display: table-cell;">External Links</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</a>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimExternalLinksFold" class="collapse in">
|
|
|
|
<div class="panel-group" id="mimExternalLinksAccordion" role="tablist" aria-multiselectable="true">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="panel panel-default" style="margin-top: 0px; border-radius: 0px">
|
|
<div class="panel-heading mim-panel-heading" role="tab" id="mimClinicalResources">
|
|
<span class="panel-title">
|
|
<span class="small">
|
|
<a href="#mimClinicalResourcesLinksFold" id="mimClinicalResourcesLinksToggle" class=" mimSingletonTriangleToggle" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#mimExternalLinksAccordion">
|
|
<div style="display: table-row">
|
|
<div id="mimClinicalResourcesLinksToggleTriangle" class="small mimSingletonTriangle" style="color: #337CB5; display: table-cell;">▼</div>
|
|
|
|
<div style="display: table-cell;">Clinical Resources</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="mimClinicalResourcesLinksFold" class="panel-collapse collapse in mimLinksFold" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="clinicalResources">
|
|
<div class="panel-body small mim-panel-body">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=(ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE IA) OR (TYR)" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Clinical Trials" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Clinical Trials', 'domain': 'clinicaltrials.gov'})">Clinical Trials</a></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div><a href="#mimEuroGentestFold" id="mimEuroGentestToggle" data-toggle="collapse" class="mim-tip-hint mimTriangleToggle" title="A list of European laboratories that offer genetic testing."><span id="mimEuroGentestToggleTriangle" class="small" style="margin-left: -0.8em;">►</span>EuroGentest</div>
|
|
<div id="mimEuroGentestFold" class="collapse">
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/ClinicalLabs_Search_Simple.php?lng=EN&LnkId=22109&Typ=Pat" title="Oculocutaneous albinism type 1" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'EuroGentest', 'domain': 'orpha.net'})">Oculocutaneous albinism ty… </a></div><div style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/ClinicalLabs_Search_Simple.php?lng=EN&LnkId=11457&Typ=Pat" title="Oculocutaneous albinism type 1A" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'EuroGentest', 'domain': 'orpha.net'})">Oculocutaneous albinism ty… </a></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK590568/" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Expert-authored, peer-reviewed descriptions of inherited disorders including the uses of genetic testing in diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Gene Reviews', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">Gene Reviews</a></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/all/tests/?term=203100[mim]" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Genetic Testing Registry." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'GTR', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">GTR</a></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div><a href="#mimOrphanetFold" id="mimOrphanetToggle" data-toggle="collapse" class="mim-tip-hint mimTriangleToggle" title="European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs."><span id="mimOrphanetToggleTriangle" class="small" style="margin-left: -0.8em;">►</span>Orphanet</div>
|
|
<div id="mimOrphanetFold" class="collapse">
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=352731" title="Oculocutaneous albinism type 1" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'OrphaNet', 'domain': 'orpha.net'})">Oculocutaneous albinism ty…</a></div><div style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=79431" title="Oculocutaneous albinism type 1A" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'OrphaNet', 'domain': 'orpha.net'})">Oculocutaneous albinism ty…</a></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div><a href="https://www.possumcore.com/nuxeo/nxdoc/default/10dc8563-ee77-4160-a06d-75d980808b4a/view_documents?source=omim" class="mim-tip-hint" title="A dysmorphology database of multiple malformations; metabolic, teratogenic, chromosomal, and skeletal syndromes; and their images." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'POSSUM', 'domain': 'possum.net.au'})">POSSUM</a></div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="panel panel-default" style="margin-top: 0px; border-radius: 0px">
|
|
<div class="panel-heading mim-panel-heading" role="tab" id="mimAnimalModels">
|
|
<span class="panel-title">
|
|
<span class="small">
|
|
<a href="#mimAnimalModelsLinksFold" id="mimAnimalModelsLinksToggle" class="collapsed mimSingletonTriangleToggle" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#mimExternalLinksAccordion">
|
|
<div style="display: table-row">
|
|
<div id="mimAnimalModelsLinksToggleTriangle" class="small mimSingletonTriangle" style="color: #337CB5; display: table-cell;">►</div>
|
|
|
|
<div style="display: table-cell;">Animal Models</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="mimAnimalModelsLinksFold" class="panel-collapse collapse mimLinksFold" role="tabpanel">
|
|
<div class="panel-body small mim-panel-body">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div><a href="https://www.alliancegenome.org/disease/DOID:0070094" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Search Across Species; explore model organism and human comparative genomics." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Alliance Genome', 'domain': 'alliancegenome.org'})">Alliance Genome</a></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div><a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/disease/203100" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Phenotypes, alleles, and disease models from Mouse Genome Informatics." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'MGI Mouse Phenotype', 'domain': 'informatics.jax.org'})">MGI Mouse Phenotype</a></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div><a href="https://omia.org/results?search_type=advanced&omia_id=000202,000369" class="mim-tip-hint" title="OMIA" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'OMIA', 'domain': 'omia.angis.org.au'})">OMIA</a></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div><a href="https://wormbase.org/resources/disease/DOID:0070094" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Database of the biology and genome of Caenorhabditis elegans and related nematodes." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Wormbase Disease Ontology', 'domain': 'wormbase.org'})">Wormbase Disease Ontology</a></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="panel panel-default" style="margin-top: 0px; border-radius: 0px">
|
|
<div class="panel-heading mim-panel-heading" role="tab" id="mimCellLines">
|
|
<span class="panel-title">
|
|
<span class="small">
|
|
<a href="#mimCellLinesLinksFold" id="mimCellLinesLinksToggle" class="collapsed mimSingletonTriangleToggle" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#mimExternalLinksAccordion">
|
|
<div style="display: table-row">
|
|
<div id="mimCellLinesLinksToggleTriangle" class="small mimSingletonTriangle" style="color: #337CB5; display: table-cell;">►</div>
|
|
|
|
<div style="display: table-cell;">Cell Lines</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="mimCellLinesLinksFold" class="panel-collapse collapse mimLinksFold" role="tabpanel">
|
|
<div class="panel-body small mim-panel-body">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div><a href="https://catalog.coriell.org/Search?q=OmimNum:203100" class="definition" title="Coriell Cell Repositories; cell cultures and DNA derived from cell cultures." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'CCR', 'domain': 'ccr.coriell.org'})">Coriell</a></div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<span>
|
|
<span class="mim-tip-bottom" qtip_title="<strong>Looking for this gene or this phenotype in other resources?</strong>" qtip_text="Select a related resource from the dropdown menu and click for a targeted link to information directly relevant.">
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="col-lg-8 col-lg-pull-2 col-md-8 col-md-pull-2 col-sm-8 col-sm-pull-2 col-xs-12">
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
<a id="title" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<a id="number" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="text-right">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="#" class="mim-tip-icd" qtip_title="<strong>ICD+</strong>" qtip_text="
|
|
|
|
<strong>SNOMEDCT:</strong> 6483008, 765146000<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<strong>ICD10CM:</strong> E70.320<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<strong>ORPHA:</strong> 352731, 79431<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<strong>DO:</strong> 0070094<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
">ICD+</a>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="h3">
|
|
<span class="mim-font mim-tip-hint" title="Phenotype description, molecular basis known">
|
|
<span class="text-danger"><strong>#</strong></span>
|
|
203100
|
|
</span>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<a id="preferredTitle" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<h3>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE IA; OCA1A
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h3>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<a id="alternativeTitles" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<em>Alternative titles; symbols</em>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h4>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
OCULOCUTANEOUS ALBINISM, TYPE I; OCA1<br />
|
|
ALBINISM I<br />
|
|
OCULOCUTANEOUS ALBINISM, TYROSINASE-NEGATIVE; ATN
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<a id="phenotypeMap" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<h4>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Phenotype-Gene Relationships</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<table class="table table-bordered table-condensed table-hover small mim-table-padding">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr class="active">
|
|
<th>
|
|
Location
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th>
|
|
Phenotype
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th>
|
|
Phenotype <br /> MIM number
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th>
|
|
Inheritance
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th>
|
|
Phenotype <br /> mapping key
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th>
|
|
Gene/Locus
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th>
|
|
Gene/Locus <br /> MIM number
|
|
</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/geneMap/11/816?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=816">
|
|
11q14.3
|
|
</a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
Albinism, oculocutaneous, type IA
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/203100"> 203100 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
TYR
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/606933"> 606933 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="btn-group ">
|
|
<a href="/clinicalSynopsis/203100" class="btn btn-warning" role="button"> Clinical Synopsis </a>
|
|
<button type="button" id="mimPhenotypicSeriesToggle" class="btn btn-warning dropdown-toggle mimSingletonFoldToggle" data-toggle="collapse" href="#mimClinicalSynopsisFold" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Unfurl', 'ClinicalSynopsis', 'omim.org')">
|
|
<span class="caret"></span>
|
|
<span class="sr-only">Toggle Dropdown</span>
|
|
</button>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="btn-group">
|
|
|
|
<a href="/phenotypicSeries/PS203100" class="btn btn-info" role="button"> Phenotypic Series </a>
|
|
|
|
<button type="button" id="mimPhenotypicSeriesToggle" class="btn btn-info dropdown-toggle mimSingletonFoldToggle" data-toggle="collapse" href="#mimPhenotypicSeriesFold" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Unfurl', 'PhenotypicSeries', 'omim.org')">
|
|
<span class="caret"></span>
|
|
<span class="sr-only">Toggle Dropdown</span>
|
|
</button>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="btn-group">
|
|
<button type="button" class="btn btn-success dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
PheneGene Graphics <span class="caret"></span>
|
|
</button>
|
|
<ul class="dropdown-menu" style="width: 17em;">
|
|
<li><a href="/graph/linear/203100" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_graph', {'destination': 'Linear'})"> Linear </a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/graph/radial/203100" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_graph', {'destination': 'Radial'})"> Radial </a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-question-sign mim-tip-hint" title="OMIM PheneGene graphics depict relationships between phenotypes, groups of related phenotypes (Phenotypic Series), and genes.<br /><a href='/static/omim/pdf/OMIM_Graphics.pdf' target='_blank'>A quick reference overview and guide (PDF)</a>"></span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<p />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimClinicalSynopsisFold" class="well well-sm collapse mimSingletonToggleFold">
|
|
<div class="small" style="margin: 5px">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<strong> INHERITANCE </strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
- Autosomal recessive <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/258211005" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">258211005</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0441748&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0441748</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000007</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000007" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000007</a>]</span><br />
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<strong> HEAD & NECK </strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<em> Eyes </em>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
- Absent iris pigment <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2673940&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2673940</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Translucent iris <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2673941&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2673941</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Pink irides (childhood) <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2673942&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2673942</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Blue-gray irides (adult) <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2673943&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2673943</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Absent retinal pigment <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2673944&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2673944</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Choroidal vessels visible <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2673945&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2673945</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Foveal hypoplasia <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2673946&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2673946</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0007750" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0007750</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0007750" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0007750</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Decreased visual acuity <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/13164000" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">13164000</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0234632&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0234632</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0007663" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0007663</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0007663" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0007663</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Strabismus <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/22066006" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">22066006</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/H50.9" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">H50.9</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/H50.40" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">H50.40</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0038379&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0038379</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2020541&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2020541</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1423541&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1423541</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000486" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000486</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000486" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000486</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Nystagmus <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/563001" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">563001</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/H55.0" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">H55.0</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/H55.00" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">H55.00</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD9CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD9CM/379.50" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD9CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">379.50</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0028738&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0028738</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000639" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000639</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000639" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000639</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Photophobia <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/409668002" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">409668002</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/246622003" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">246622003</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[ICD10CM: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICD10CM/H53.14" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'ICD10CM\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">H53.14</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0085636&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0085636</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000613" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000613</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000613" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000613</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
High refractive errors (hyperopia, myopia, with-the-rule astigmatism) <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2673947&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2673947</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Albinotic optic disc <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3806149&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3806149</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Misrouting of the optic nerves at the chiasm <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2673949&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2673949</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Absent stereopsis due to anomalous decussation at the optic chiasm <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2673950&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2673950</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Positive angle kappa (appearance of exotropia but no shift on cover test) <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2673951&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2673951</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/827139005" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">827139005</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Asymmetric visual evoked potentials <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2673952&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2673952</a>]</span><br />
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<strong> SKIN, NAILS, & HAIR </strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<em> Skin </em>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
- Milky white skin <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2673953&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2673953</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Absent skin pigmentation <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2673954&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2673954</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0200098" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0200098</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0200098" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0200098</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
No ability to tan <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C2673955&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C2673955</a>]</span><br />
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<em> Hair </em>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
- White hair <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/297993006" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">297993006</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0239804&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0239804</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0011364" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0011364</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0011364" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0011364</a>]</span><br />
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<strong> LABORATORY ABNORMALITIES </strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
- Absent tyrosinase activity <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C3806150&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C3806150</a>]</span><br />
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<strong> MISCELLANEOUS </strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
- Congenital onset <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1836142&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1836142</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003577" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003577</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003577" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0003577</a>]</span><br /> -
|
|
Complete absence of melanin synthesis<br /> -
|
|
Pigment does not develop with age<br /> -
|
|
Prevalence of 1 in 28,000 Caucasians<br /> -
|
|
Prevalence of 1 in 28,000 African-Americans<br /> -
|
|
One of the 2 most common forms of albinism in the world, along with OCA2<br /> -
|
|
See also OCA1B, or 'yellow albinism,' an allelic disorder with residual tyrosinase activity and some pigmentation<br />
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="h5 mim-font">
|
|
<strong> MOLECULAR BASIS </strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
- Caused by mutation in the tyrosinase gene (TYR, <a href="/entry/606933#0001">606933.0001</a>)<br />
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="text-right">
|
|
<a href="#mimClinicalSynopsisFold" data-toggle="collapse">▲ Close</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimPhenotypicSeriesFold" class="well well-sm collapse mimSingletonToggleFold">
|
|
<div class="small">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="row">
|
|
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12">
|
|
<h5>
|
|
Oculocutaneous albinism
|
|
- <a href="/phenotypicSeries/PS203100">PS203100</a>
|
|
- 12 Entries
|
|
</h5>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="row" style="margin-left: 0.125em; margin-right: 0.125em;">
|
|
<table class="table table-bordered table-condensed table-hover mim-table-padding">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
|
|
<strong>Location</strong>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th class="col-lg-5 col-md-5 col-sm-5 col-xs-6 text-nowrap">
|
|
<strong>Phenotype</strong>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
|
|
<strong>Inheritance</strong>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
|
|
<strong>Phenotype<br />mapping key</strong>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
|
|
<strong>Phenotype<br />MIM number</strong>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
|
|
<strong>Gene/Locus</strong>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 text-nowrap">
|
|
<strong>Gene/Locus<br />MIM number</strong>
|
|
</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<a href="/geneMap/4/443?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=443"> 4q24 </a>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/615312"> Albinism, oculocutaneous, type V </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="2 - The disorder was placed on the map by statistical methods"> 2 </abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/615312"> 615312 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/615312"> OCA5 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/615312"> 615312 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<a href="/geneMap/5/95?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=95"> 5p13.2 </a>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/606574"> Albinism, oculocutaneous, type IV </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/606574"> 606574 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/606202"> SLC45A2 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/606202"> 606202 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<a href="/geneMap/9/48?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=48"> 9p23 </a>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/203290"> Albinism, oculocutaneous, type III </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/203290"> 203290 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/115501"> TYRP1 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/115501"> 115501 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<a href="/geneMap/10/321?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=321"> 10q22.2-q22.3 </a>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/615179"> Albinism, oculocutaneous, type VII </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/615179"> 615179 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/614537"> LRMDA </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/614537"> 614537 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<a href="/geneMap/11/816?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=816"> 11q14.3 </a>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/606952"> Albinism, oculocutaneous, type IB </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/606952"> 606952 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/606933"> TYR </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/606933"> 606933 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<a href="/geneMap/11/816?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=816"> 11q14.3 </a>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/203100"> Albinism, oculocutaneous, type IA </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/203100"> 203100 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/606933"> TYR </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/606933"> 606933 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<a href="/geneMap/13/262?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=262"> 13q32.1 </a>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/619165"> Oculocutaneous albinism, type VIII </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/619165"> 619165 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/191275"> DCT </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/191275"> 191275 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<a href="/geneMap/15/39?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=39"> 15q12-q13.1 </a>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/203200"> Albinism, oculocutaneous, type II </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/203200"> 203200 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/611409"> OCA2 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/611409"> 611409 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<a href="/geneMap/15/39?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=39"> 15q12-q13.1 </a>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/203200"> Albinism, brown oculocutaneous </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/203200"> 203200 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/611409"> OCA2 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/611409"> 611409 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<a href="/geneMap/15/188?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=188"> 15q21.1 </a>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/113750"> Albinism, oculocutaneous, type VI </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/113750"> 113750 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/609802"> SLC24A5 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/609802"> 609802 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<a href="/geneMap/15/188?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=188"> 15q21.1 </a>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/113750"> [Skin/hair/eye pigmentation 4, fair/dark skin] </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/113750"> 113750 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/609802"> SLC24A5 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/609802"> 609802 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<a href="/geneMap/16/757?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=757"> 16q24.3 </a>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/203200"> {Albinism, oculocutaneous, type II, modifier of} </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/203200"> 203200 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/155555"> MC1R </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<a href="/entry/155555"> 155555 </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="text-right small">
|
|
<a href="#mimPhenotypicSeriesFold" data-toggle="collapse">▲ Close</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<a id="text" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h4 href="#mimTextFold" id="mimTextToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
|
|
<span id="mimTextToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">▼</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<span class="mim-tip-floating" qtip_title="<strong>Looking For More References?</strong>" qtip_text="Click the 'reference plus' icon <span class='glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign'></span> at the end of each OMIM text paragraph to see more references related to the content of the preceding paragraph.">
|
|
<strong>TEXT</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimTextFold" class="collapse in ">
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p>A number sign (#) is used with this entry because oculocutaneous albinism type IA (OCA1A) is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the tyrosinase gene (TYR; <a href="/entry/606933">606933</a>) on chromosome 11q14.</p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<a id="description" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<h4 href="#mimDescriptionFold" id="mimDescriptionToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
|
|
<span id="mimDescriptionToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">▼</span>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Description</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimDescriptionFold" class="collapse in ">
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p>Oculocutaneous albinism is a genetically heterogeneous congenital disorder characterized by decreased or absent pigmentation in the hair, skin, and eyes. The term 'albinism' includes specific ocular changes that are the results of reduced amounts of melanin in the developing eye; these abnormalities in the eye and optic system are specific and necessary for the diagnosis. Aside from decreased pigment in the iris and retina, optic changes include decreased visual acuity, misrouting of the optic nerves at the chiasm, and nystagmus (<a href="#21" class="mim-tip-reference" title="King, R. A., Hearing, V. J., Creel, D. J., Oetting, W. S. <strong>Albinism. In: Scriver, C. R.; Beaudet, A. L.; Sly, W. S.; Valle, D. (eds.): The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. Vol. II. (8th ed.)</strong> New York: McGraw-Hill (pub.) 2001. Pp. 5587-5627."None>King et al., 2001</a>).</p><p>Although OCA caused by mutations in the TYR gene was classically known as 'tyrosinase-negative' OCA, <a href="#51" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Tripathi, R. K., Droetto, S., Spritz, R. A. <strong>Many patients with 'tyrosinase-positive' oculocutaneous albinism have tyrosinase gene mutations. (Abstract)</strong> Am. J. Hum. Genet. 51 (suppl.): A179, 1992."None>Tripathi et al. (1992)</a> noted that some patients with 'tyrosinase-positive' OCA may indeed have TYR mutations resulting in residual enzyme activity. These patients can be classified as having OCA1B.</p><p><strong><em>Genetic Heterogeneity of Oculocutaneous Albinism</em></strong></p><p>
|
|
OCA1, caused by mutations in the TYR gene, is divided clinically into 2 types: type IA, OCA1A, characterized by complete lack of tyrosinase activity due to production of an inactive enzyme, and type IB (OCA1B; <a href="/entry/606952">606952</a>), characterized by reduced activity of tyrosinase. OCA2 (<a href="/entry/203200">203200</a>), OCA3 (<a href="/entry/203290">203290</a>), and OCA4 (<a href="/entry/606574">606574</a>) are somewhat milder forms of the disorder, caused by mutations in the OCA2 (<a href="/entry/611409">611409</a>), TYRP1 (<a href="/entry/115501">115501</a>), and MATP (SLC45A2; <a href="/entry/606202">606202</a>) genes, respectively. OCA5 (<a href="/entry/615312">615312</a>) has been mapped to chromosome 4q24. OCA6 (see <a href="/entry/113750">113750</a>) is caused by mutation in the SLC24A5 gene (<a href="/entry/609802">609802</a>). OCA7 (<a href="/entry/615179">615179</a>) is caused by mutation in the LRMDA gene (<a href="/entry/614537">614537</a>). OCA8 (<a href="/entry/619165">619165</a>) is caused by mutation in the DCT gene (<a href="/entry/191275">191275</a>).</p><p>See also ocular albinism (OA1; <a href="/entry/300500">300500</a>), which is restricted phenotypically to ocular involvement only.</p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<a id="clinicalFeatures" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<h4 href="#mimClinicalFeaturesFold" id="mimClinicalFeaturesToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
|
|
<span id="mimClinicalFeaturesToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">▼</span>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Clinical Features</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimClinicalFeaturesFold" class="collapse in mimTextToggleFold">
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p><a href="#48" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Taylor, W. O. G. <strong>Visual disabilities of oculocutaneous albinism and their alleviation.</strong> Trans. Ophthal. Soc. U.K. 98: 423-445, 1978.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/115122/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">115122</a>]" pmid="115122">Taylor (1978)</a> pointed out that in the albino the ganglion cell layer does not thin out in the foveolar pit but shows a layer 6 to 8 cells thick where there should be none. He commented that 'this must degrade the retinal image....There is therefore ample reason for the uncorrectable defective central fixation, and...the ocular nystagmus, in this case of the optical variety.' In 60% of his patients he noted an abnormal head posture, which minimized the nystagmus with slight improvement in visual acuity, at least for reading. All types of conditions with oculocutaneous or ocular hypopigmentation in man and animals with nystagmus tested to date have shown either electrophysiologic or anatomic evidence of a decussation defect in the optic tracts. Patients without nystagmus do not (<a href="#55" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Witkop, C. J., Jr., Jay, B., Creel, D., Guillery, R. W. <strong>Optic and otic neurologic abnormalities in oculocutaneous and ocular albinism.</strong> Birth Defects Orig. Art. Ser. 18(6): 299-318, 1982.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6756499/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">6756499</a>]" pmid="6756499">Witkop et al., 1982</a>). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=115122+6756499" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>Evidence that anomalous decussation exists also in the auditory system was presented by <a href="#8" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Creel, D., Garber, S. R., King, R. A., Witkop, C. J., Jr. <strong>Auditory brainstem anomalies in human albinos.</strong> Science 209: 1253-1255, 1980.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7403883/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">7403883</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7403883" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="7403883">Creel et al. (1980)</a>. The amount of pigment in the inner ear correlates directly with the amount in the iris; otic pigment is lacking in albinos. In homozygotes an abnormal proportion of fibers from the ganglion cells of the temporal retina decussate to the contralateral cerebral hemisphere; this can be demonstrated by monocular visual evoked potential (VEP) asymmetry (<a href="#1" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Apkarian, P., Reits, D., Spekreijse, H., van Dorp, D. <strong>A decisive electrophysiological test for human albinism.</strong> Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 55: 513-531, 1983.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6187545/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">6187545</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(83)90162-1" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="6187545">Apkarian et al., 1983</a>). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=6187545+7403883" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#53" class="mim-tip-reference" title="van Dorp, D. B. <strong>Albinism, or the NOACH syndrome (the book of Enoch c.v. 1-20).</strong> Clin. Genet. 31: 228-242, 1987.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3109790/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">3109790</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.1987.tb02801.x" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="3109790">Van Dorp (1987)</a> suggested that patients with autosomal recessive albinism may have normal pigmentation. In a family with several albinos, they found a cousin, the offspring of a consanguineous mating, who was normally pigmented but had absence of macromelanosomes on skin biopsy as well as ocular and electrophysiologic signs of albinism. <a href="#53" class="mim-tip-reference" title="van Dorp, D. B. <strong>Albinism, or the NOACH syndrome (the book of Enoch c.v. 1-20).</strong> Clin. Genet. 31: 228-242, 1987.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3109790/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">3109790</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.1987.tb02801.x" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="3109790">Van Dorp (1987)</a> also concluded that patients with X-linked ocular albinism (<a href="/entry/300500">300500</a>, <a href="/entry/300600">300600</a>) may be generally underpigmented and that patients with the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (<a href="/entry/203300">203300</a>) may have a dark complexion. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=3109790" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#46" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Summers, C. G., Creel, D., Townsend, D., King, R. A. <strong>Variable expression of vision in sibs with albinism.</strong> Am. J. Med. Genet. 40: 327-331, 1991.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1951438/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1951438</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1320400316" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="1951438">Summers et al. (1991)</a> observed striking discordance in ocular expression of albinism in 2 brothers. Both had foveal hypoplasia and misrouting of the optic fibers at the chiasm, as judged by VEP: one had strabismus and nystagmus with maximum correction of vision to 20/100, whereas the other had vision with myopic correction to 20/20 in both eyes and no nystagmus or strabismus. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=1951438" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>Using MRI, <a href="#39" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Schmitz, B., Schaefer, T., Krick, C. M., Reith, W., Backens, M., Kaesmann-Kellner, B. <strong>Configuration of the optic chiasm in humans with albinism as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging.</strong> Invest. Ophthal. Vis. Sci. 44: 16-21, 2003.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12506050/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">12506050</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.02-0156" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="12506050">Schmitz et al. (2003)</a> found that the size and configuration of the optic chiasm in humans with albinism are distinctly different from the chiasms of normal control subjects. These chiasmal changes reflect the atypical crossing of the optic fibers, irrespective of the causative gene mutation. Eight patients had tyrosinase gene-related oculocutaneous albinism, 4 patients had pink-eyed dilution gene-related OCA2 (<a href="/entry/203200">203200</a>), 1 had ocular albinism (OA1; <a href="/entry/300500">300500</a>); the albinism-causing mutation had not been identified in 4 other patients. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=12506050" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#47" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Summers, C. G., King, R. A. <strong>Ophthalmic features of minimal pigment oculocutaneous albinism.</strong> Ophthalmology 101: 906-914, 1994.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8190479/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">8190479</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(13)31250-0" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="8190479">Summers and King (1994)</a> described minimal pigment oculocutaneous albinism, a tyrosinase-related form of the disorder. They reported the findings in 9 patients followed for up to 11 years. Patients were born with white scalp hair and skin, and nystagmus developed. Visual acuity was reduced, but in 1 patient vision improved with maturity. The irides were blue. In 7 of the 9 patients, including the 1 patient with improved visual acuity, iris pigment developed as demonstrated by transillumination with slit-lamp biomicroscopy. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=8190479" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#32" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Meyer, C. H., Lapolice, D. J., Freedman, S. F. <strong>Foveal hypoplasia in oculocutaneous albinism demonstrated by optical coherence tomography.</strong> Am. J. Ophthal. 133: 409-410, 2002.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11860983/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">11860983</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(01)01326-5" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="11860983">Meyer et al. (2002)</a> found that optical coherence tomography (OCT) could be used to document foveal hypoplasia in patients with oculocutaneous albinism. In a patient with OCA, the OCT did not detect a foveal pit; instead, widespread thickening of the retina occurred throughout the entire fovea with no difference from the surrounding macula. Foveal thickness was 300 micrometers in the patient versus 150 micrometers in a normal subject. <a href="#37" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Recchia, F. M., Carvalho-Recchia, C. A., Trese, M. T. <strong>Optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of foveal hypoplasia.</strong> Arch. Ophthal. 120: 1587-1588, 2002.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12427081/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">12427081</a>]" pmid="12427081">Recchia et al. (2002)</a> also found that OCT allowed detailed examination of the macular anatomy in patients with foveal hypoplasia. Their patient's OCT data showed preservation of multiple inner retinal layers where there should have been none, indicating that the fovea was thicker than normal. The authors proposed that a more accurate term would be 'foveal dysgenesis,' and suggested that OCT might prove helpful in the evaluation of patients with unexplained visual loss. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=11860983+12427081" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>Albinism is associated with a variety of ophthalmologic signs, including iris transillumination, nystagmus, strabismus, high refractive errors, foveal dysgenesis, chorioretinal hypopigmentation, and the 'albinotic' optic disc. <a href="#4" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Brodsky, M. C., Fray, K. J. <strong>Positive angle kappa: a sign of albinism in patients with congenital nystagmus.</strong> Am. J. Ophthal. 137: 625-629, 2004.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15059699/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">15059699</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2003.11.066" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="15059699">Brodsky and Fray (2004)</a> reported that a positive angle kappa is also associated with albinism in patients with congenital nystagmus. The authors suggested that this association might be related to the anomalous decussation of the optic axons that characterizes the albinotic visual system. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=15059699" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<a id="biochemicalFeatures" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<h4 href="#mimBiochemicalFeaturesFold" id="mimBiochemicalFeaturesToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
|
|
<span id="mimBiochemicalFeaturesToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">▼</span>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Biochemical Features</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimBiochemicalFeaturesFold" class="collapse in mimTextToggleFold">
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p>Amelanic melanocytes are present in the skin of albinos. These contain granules similar to the premelanosomes of normal melanocytes. In the test developed by <a href="#24" class="mim-tip-reference" title="King, R. A., Witkop, C. J., Jr. <strong>Detection of heterozygotes for tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism by hairbulb tyrosinase assay.</strong> Am. J. Hum. Genet. 29: 164-168, 1977.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15451/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">15451</a>]" pmid="15451">King and Witkop (1977)</a>, which determines free (unbound) tyrosine, heterozygotes have shown little or no tyrosinase (<a href="/entry/606933">606933</a>) activity. <a href="#56" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Witkop, C. J., Jr., Quevedo, W. C., Jr., Fitzpatrick, T. B., King, R. A. <strong>Albinism. In: Scriver, C. R.; Beaudet, A. L.; Sly, W. S.; Valle, D. (eds.): The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease. Vol. II. (6th ed.)</strong> New York: McGraw-Hill (pub.) 1989. Pp. 2905-2947."None>Witkop et al. (1989)</a> postulated that what tyrosinase is synthesized in the heterozygote is immediately bound to the melanosome matrix. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=15451" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<a id="inheritance" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<h4 href="#mimInheritanceFold" id="mimInheritanceToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
|
|
<span id="mimInheritanceToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">▼</span>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Inheritance</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimInheritanceFold" class="collapse in mimTextToggleFold">
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p><a href="#36" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Pipkin, A. C., Pipkin, S. B. <strong>Albinism in Negroes.</strong> J. Hered. 33: 419-427, 1942."None>Pipkin and Pipkin (1942)</a> claimed dominant inheritance for total albinism without other features in one family, but a quasidominant pedigree pattern of the usual recessive forms seems likely.</p><p><a href="#31" class="mim-tip-reference" title="McLeod, R., Lowry, R. B. <strong>Incidence of albinism in British Columbia: separation by hairbulb test.</strong> Clin. Genet. 9: 77-80, 1976.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1248166/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1248166</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.1976.tb01552.x" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="1248166">McLeod and Lowry (1976)</a> observed seemingly dominant inheritance in 2 generations of 1 family but concluded that partial penetrance of the albinism II gene in heterozygotes was responsible. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=1248166" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>In an extensive review of modifier genes in mice and humans, <a href="#33" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Nadeau, J. H. <strong>Modifier genes in mice and humans.</strong> Nature Rev. Genet. 2: 165-174, 2001.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11256068/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">11256068</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/35056009" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="11256068">Nadeau (2001)</a> pointed out that albinism due to deficiency of the tyrosinase protein is one of the few examples of a phenotype in which the expression is constant regardless of genetic background. The reason for its lack of modification is thought to result from the structure of the melanin synthesis pathway, the position of tyrosinase in this pathway, and the nature of the molecular lesion. Tyrosinase catalyzes 3 steps in this linear pathway that is thought to consist of only 4 steps. In the absence of tyrosinase, there are no metabolites that can act as targets for modification. Although deficiency of tyrosinase results in a constant phenotype, mutations that affect the preceding biochemical step, which converts phenylalanine to tyrosine (see PAH; <a href="/entry/612349">612349</a>), result in substantial phenotypic variability. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=11256068" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<a id="mapping" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<h4 href="#mimMappingFold" id="mimMappingToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
|
|
<span id="mimMappingToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">▼</span>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Mapping</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimMappingFold" class="collapse in mimTextToggleFold">
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p>Using RFLPs identified within the human tyrosinase gene, <a href="#45" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Spritz, R. A., Strunk, K., King, R. A. <strong>Molecular analyses of the tyrosinase gene in patients with tyrosinase-deficient oculocutaneous albinism. (Abstract)</strong> Am. J. Hum. Genet. 45 (suppl.): A221, 1989."None>Spritz et al. (1989)</a> did linkage analysis in albinism families and demonstrated absolute linkage.</p><p>Giebel et al. (<a href="#14" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Giebel, L. B., Strunk, K. M., King, R. A., Hanifin, J. M., Spritz, R. A. <strong>A frequent tyrosinase gene mutation in classic, tyrosinase-negative (type IA) oculocutaneous albinism.</strong> Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 87: 3255-3258, 1990.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1970634/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1970634</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.9.3255" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="1970634">1990</a>, <a href="#13" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Giebel, L. B., Musarella, M. A., Spritz, R. A. <strong>A nonsense mutation in the tyrosinase gene of Afghan patients with tyrosinase negative (type IA) oculocutaneous albinism.</strong> J. Med. Genet. 28: 464-467, 1991.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1832718/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1832718</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/jmg.28.7.464" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="1832718">1991</a>) demonstrated genetic linkage between classic tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism (type IA) and the tyrosinase gene RFLP (lod = 6.17 at theta = 0). <a href="#3" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Barton, D. E., Kwon, B. S., Francke, U. <strong>Human tyrosinase gene, mapped to chromosome 11 (q14-q21), defines second region of homology with mouse chromosome 7.</strong> Genomics 3: 17-24, 1988.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3146546/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">3146546</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0888-7543(88)90153-x" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="3146546">Barton et al. (1988)</a> mapped the TYR locus to 11q14-q21. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=1832718+3146546+1970634" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<a id="molecularGenetics" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<h4 href="#mimMolecularGeneticsFold" id="mimMolecularGeneticsToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
|
|
<span id="mimMolecularGeneticsToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">▼</span>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Molecular Genetics</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimMolecularGeneticsFold" class="collapse in mimTextToggleFold">
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p>In a child with tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism, <a href="#50" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Tomita, Y., Takeda, A., Okinaga, S., Tagami, H., Shibahara, S. <strong>Human oculocutaneous albinism caused by single base insertion in the tyrosinase gene.</strong> Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 164: 990-996, 1989.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2511845/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">2511845</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(89)91767-1" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="2511845">Tomita et al. (1989)</a> identified a homozygous 1-bp insertion in the TYR gene (<a href="/entry/606933#0001">606933.0001</a>). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=2511845" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>In a patient with classic tyrosinase-negative OCA, <a href="#45" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Spritz, R. A., Strunk, K., King, R. A. <strong>Molecular analyses of the tyrosinase gene in patients with tyrosinase-deficient oculocutaneous albinism. (Abstract)</strong> Am. J. Hum. Genet. 45 (suppl.): A221, 1989."None>Spritz et al. (1989)</a> found a thr-to-lys substitution that abolished 1 of 6 putative N-linked glycosylation sites that are completely conserved between humans and mice; see <a href="/entry/606933#0003">606933.0003</a>. <a href="#45" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Spritz, R. A., Strunk, K., King, R. A. <strong>Molecular analyses of the tyrosinase gene in patients with tyrosinase-deficient oculocutaneous albinism. (Abstract)</strong> Am. J. Hum. Genet. 45 (suppl.): A221, 1989."None>Spritz et al. (1989)</a> found no cases of tyrosinase gene deletions or other rearrangements, even in DNAs from patients with both tyrosinase-deficient oculocutaneous albinism and mental retardation. The families studied exhibited several different pigmentation phenotypes suggesting that tyrosinase-deficient OCA results from heteroallelism for different small defects of the tyrosinase gene.</p><p><a href="#51" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Tripathi, R. K., Droetto, S., Spritz, R. A. <strong>Many patients with 'tyrosinase-positive' oculocutaneous albinism have tyrosinase gene mutations. (Abstract)</strong> Am. J. Hum. Genet. 51 (suppl.): A179, 1992."None>Tripathi et al. (1992)</a> stated that more than 60 independent albinism-producing alleles had been described at the TYR locus. They reviewed 29 of these and commented on 2 additional novel missense substitutions in a 'note added in proof.' They commented that type I OCA in Caucasians clearly results from a great variety of different uncommon alleles. About 90% of OCA in Caucasians was accounted for by the 29 mutations they described. More than 80% of the then-known missense substitutions clustered within 2 relatively small regions of the tyrosinase polypeptide, suggesting that these may represent functionally critical sites within the enzyme.</p><p><a href="#35" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Oetting, W. S., King, R. A. <strong>Molecular basis of type I (tyrosinase-related) oculocutaneous albinism: mutations and polymorphisms of the human tyrosinase gene.</strong> Hum. Mutat. 2: 1-6, 1993.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8477259/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">8477259</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.1380020102" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="8477259">Oetting and King (1993)</a> tabulated 36 mutations identified in type I OCA: 24 missense, 4 nonsense, and 8 frameshift mutations. The affected individuals in these cases were compound heterozygotes. They also listed 6 polymorphic sites useful in haplotype analysis: 2 in the promoter region, 2 in the coding region associated with alternative amino acids in the tyrosinase protein, and 2 RFLPs in the first intron. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=8477259" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<a id="diagnosis" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<h4 href="#mimDiagnosisFold" id="mimDiagnosisToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
|
|
<span id="mimDiagnosisToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">▼</span>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Diagnosis</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimDiagnosisFold" class="collapse in mimTextToggleFold">
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p><a href="#22" class="mim-tip-reference" title="King, R. A., Olds, D. P. <strong>Hairbulb tyrosinase activity in oculocutaneous albinism: suggestions for pathway control and block location.</strong> Am. J. Med. Genet. 20: 49-55, 1985.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3918447/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">3918447</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1320200108" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="3918447">King and Olds (1985)</a> examined hairbulb tyrosinase activity in 72 individuals with albinism and 64 obligate heterozygotes. Several different types were distinguished based on biochemical features. Type IA was tyrosinase-negative and type IB had low or no measurable activity; heterozygotes in both groups could be detected with this assay. Type II was tyrosinase-positive with moderate-to-high activity; heterozygotes could not be detected with this assay. The authors cited a third type, previously referred to as 'minimal pigment' type, with low tyrosinase activity; this form is now considered to be a variant of OCA1B (<a href="#21" class="mim-tip-reference" title="King, R. A., Hearing, V. J., Creel, D. J., Oetting, W. S. <strong>Albinism. In: Scriver, C. R.; Beaudet, A. L.; Sly, W. S.; Valle, D. (eds.): The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. Vol. II. (8th ed.)</strong> New York: McGraw-Hill (pub.) 2001. Pp. 5587-5627."None>King et al., 2001</a>). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=3918447" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><strong><em>Prenatal Diagnosis</em></strong></p><p>
|
|
Commenting on the availability of prenatal diagnosis in albinism, <a href="#49" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Taylor, W. O. G. <strong>Prenatal diagnosis in albinism.</strong> Lancet 329: 1307-1308, 1987. Note: Originally Volume I. Note: Erratum: Lancet 2: 410 only, 1987.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2884422/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">2884422</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90553-8" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="2884422">Taylor (1987)</a> argued that elective abortion of albino fetuses is difficult to defend because of the satisfactory adjustment and even success in some areas of activity of albino individuals. Persistent ocular albinism and nystagmus permit accurate diagnosis in the adult. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=2884422" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#41" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Shimizu, H., Ishiko, A., Kikuchi, A., Akiyama, M., Suzumori, K., Nishikawa, T. <strong>Prenatal diagnosis of tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism by an electron microscopic DOPA reaction test of fetal skin.</strong> Prenatal Diag. 14: 443-450, 1994.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7937580/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">7937580</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.1970140605" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="7937580">Shimizu et al. (1994)</a> made the prenatal diagnosis of tyrosinase-negative OCA by an electron-microscopic DOPA reaction test of fetal skin at 20 weeks' gestation. A previous child born with albinism was 9 years old at the time; the pregnancy in which the diagnosis had been made was terminated at 21 weeks. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=7937580" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<a id="populationGenetics" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<h4 href="#mimPopulationGeneticsFold" id="mimPopulationGeneticsToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
|
|
<span id="mimPopulationGeneticsToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">▼</span>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Population Genetics</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimPopulationGeneticsFold" class="collapse in mimTextToggleFold">
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p><a href="#10" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Froggatt, P. <strong>Albinism in Northern Ireland.</strong> Ann. Hum. Genet. 24: 213-238, 1960.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13825323/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">13825323</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1960.tb01734.x" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="13825323">Froggatt (1960)</a> estimated a phenotype frequency of albinism I to be 1 in 10,000 in Northern Ireland. First-cousin marriages occurred in 4.5% of the parents. An excess of males was almost exclusively in the probands and the sex ratio of secondary cases was about 1; therefore, bias of ascertainment probably accounted for the excess of males. The mutation rate was estimated to be between 3.3 and 7 x 10(-5) per gene per generation. Abnormal iris translucency, occurring in 70% of the parents and children of albinos, was interpreted as a heterozygous manifestation. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=13825323" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>In British Columbia, <a href="#31" class="mim-tip-reference" title="McLeod, R., Lowry, R. B. <strong>Incidence of albinism in British Columbia: separation by hairbulb test.</strong> Clin. Genet. 9: 77-80, 1976.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1248166/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1248166</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.1976.tb01552.x" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="1248166">McLeod and Lowry (1976)</a> found the incidence of type I albinism to be 1 in 67,800 live births and of type II albinism (<a href="/entry/203200">203200</a>) to be 1 in 35,700 live births. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=1248166" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#19" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Jay, B., Witkop, C. J., King, R. A. <strong>Albinism in England.</strong> Birth Defects Orig. Art. Ser. 18(6): 319-325, 1982.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6816306/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">6816306</a>]" pmid="6816306">Jay et al. (1982)</a> tabulated the frequency of different types of albinism in England: tyrosine-negative OCA, 54; tyrosinase-positive OCA, 50; yellow mutant OCA, 7; Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, 2; X-linked ocular albinism hemizygotes, 21, and heterozygotes, 15; autosomal recessive ocular albinism, 16. In surveying congenital anomaly syndromes in a Spanish gypsy population, <a href="#29" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Martinez-Frias, M. L., Bermejo, E. <strong>Prevalence of congenital anomaly syndromes in a Spanish gypsy population.</strong> J. Med. Genet. 29: 483-486, 1992.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1640427/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1640427</a>]" pmid="1640427">Martinez-Frias and Bermejo (1992)</a> found an impressive frequency of albinism. In one of the pedigrees, there were 2 examples of pseudodominant inheritance, i.e., apparent parent-to-child transmission. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=6816306+1640427" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#23" class="mim-tip-reference" title="King, R. A., Pietsch, J., Fryer, J. P., Savage, S., Brott, M. J., Russell-Eggitt, I., Summers, C. G., Oetting, W. S. <strong>Tyrosinase gene mutations in oculocutaneous albinism 1 (OCA1): definition of the phenotype.</strong> Hum. Genet. 113: 502-513, 2003.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13680365/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">13680365</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-003-0998-1" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="13680365">King et al. (2003)</a> evaluated proposed clinical criteria for OCA1 by performing mutation analysis on 120 probands who met these proposed criteria. They defined 2 types: OCA1A, in which there is life-long absence of melanin pigment after birth; and OCA1B, in which there is development of minimal to moderate amounts of cutaneous and ocular pigment. They concluded that (1) the presence of white hair at birth is a useful clinical tool suggesting OCA1 in a child or adult with OCA, although OCA2 (<a href="/entry/203200">203200</a>) may also have this presentation; (2) the molecular analysis of the tyrosinase and P genes are necessary for precise diagnosis; and (3) the presence of alleles without identifiable mutations of the tyrosinase gene, particularly in OCA1B, suggests that more complex mutation mechanisms of this gene are common in OCA. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=13680365" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#15" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Gronskov, K., Ek, J., Sand, A., Scheller, R., Bygum, A., Brixen, K., Brondum-Nielsen, K., Rosenberg, T. <strong>Birth prevalence and mutation spectrum in Danish patients with autosomal recessive albinism.</strong> Invest. Ophthal. Vis. Sci. 50: 1058-1064, 2009.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19060277/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">19060277</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-2639" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="19060277">Gronskov et al. (2009)</a> identified 218 individuals with albinism born in Denmark between 1961 and 2005, of whom 55% were categorized as having OCA and 45% as having ocular albinism only (autosomal recessive ocular albinism; AROA). However, the authors noted that in Nordic populations, the categorization of patients as having OCA or AROA is often arbitrary due to the abundance of fair skin and hair in the general population, and stated that the overdiagnosis of AROA in OCA cases could not be excluded. A minimum birth prevalence for albinism of 1 in 14,000 was calculated. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=19060277" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#54" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Wei, A.-H., Zang, D.-J., Zhang, Z., Liu, X.-Z., He, X., Yang, L., Wang, Y., Zhou, Z.-Y., Zhang, M.-R., Dai, L.-L., Yang, X.-M., Li, W. <strong>Exome sequencing identifies SLC24A5 as a candidate gene for nonsyndromic oculocutaneous albinism.</strong> J. Invest. Derm. 133: 1834-1840, 2013.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23364476/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">23364476</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2013.49" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="23364476">Wei et al. (2013)</a> stated that oculocutaneous albinism has a worldwide prevalence of approximately 1 in 17,000. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=23364476" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<a id="genotypePhenotypeCorrelations" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<h4 href="#mimGenotypePhenotypeCorrelationsFold" id="mimGenotypePhenotypeCorrelationsToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
|
|
<span id="mimGenotypePhenotypeCorrelationsToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">▼</span>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Genotype/Phenotype Correlations</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimGenotypePhenotypeCorrelationsFold" class="collapse in mimTextToggleFold">
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p><a href="#15" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Gronskov, K., Ek, J., Sand, A., Scheller, R., Bygum, A., Brixen, K., Brondum-Nielsen, K., Rosenberg, T. <strong>Birth prevalence and mutation spectrum in Danish patients with autosomal recessive albinism.</strong> Invest. Ophthal. Vis. Sci. 50: 1058-1064, 2009.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19060277/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">19060277</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-2639" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="19060277">Gronskov et al. (2009)</a> analyzed 4 known OCA genes, TYR, OCA2, TYRP1, and MATP, in 62 patients with autosomal recessive albinism; they identified 2 mutations in 1 OCA gene in 44% of the patients. Mutations in TYR were found in 16 patients (26%), whereas mutations in OCA2 and MATP were present in 9 (15%) and 2 (3%) patients, respectively; no mutations were found in the TYRP1 gene. Of the remaining patients, 18 (29%) were heterozygous for a mutation in either TYR or OCA2, and no mutations were found in 17 patients (27%). Although there was a tendency toward a more severe phenotype in patients with TYR mutations, <a href="#15" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Gronskov, K., Ek, J., Sand, A., Scheller, R., Bygum, A., Brixen, K., Brondum-Nielsen, K., Rosenberg, T. <strong>Birth prevalence and mutation spectrum in Danish patients with autosomal recessive albinism.</strong> Invest. Ophthal. Vis. Sci. 50: 1058-1064, 2009.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19060277/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">19060277</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-2639" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="19060277">Gronskov et al. (2009)</a> observed considerable overlap of skin color, hair color, and Fitzpatrick tanning pattern within the TYR and OCA2 subgroups. Ocular parameters were uninformative with respect to mutational background, except for a clear preponderance of severe photophobia among patients with TYR mutations. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=19060277" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#42" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Simeonov, D. R., Wang, X., Wang, C., Sergeev, Y., Dolinska, M., Bower, M., Fischer, R., Winer, D., Dubrovsky, G., Balog, J. Z., Huizing, M., Hart, R., Zein, W. M., Gahl, W. A., Brooks, B. P., Adams, D. R. <strong>DNA variations in oculocutaneous albinism: an updated mutation list and current outstanding issues in molecular diagnostics.</strong> Hum. Mutat. 34: 827-835, 2013.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23504663/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">23504663</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=23504663[PMID]&report=imagesdocsum" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Image', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">images</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.22315" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="23504663">Simeonov et al. (2013)</a> reviewed the clinical and molecular characteristics of OCA and reported 22 novel mutations in OCA patients, including 14 in TYR, 5 in OCA2, 1 in TYRP1, and 2 in SLC45A2. In addition, they provided a comprehensive list of almost 600 previously reported OCA mutations, along with ethnicity information, carrier frequencies, and in silico pathogenicity predictions. <a href="#42" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Simeonov, D. R., Wang, X., Wang, C., Sergeev, Y., Dolinska, M., Bower, M., Fischer, R., Winer, D., Dubrovsky, G., Balog, J. Z., Huizing, M., Hart, R., Zein, W. M., Gahl, W. A., Brooks, B. P., Adams, D. R. <strong>DNA variations in oculocutaneous albinism: an updated mutation list and current outstanding issues in molecular diagnostics.</strong> Hum. Mutat. 34: 827-835, 2013.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23504663/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">23504663</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=23504663[PMID]&report=imagesdocsum" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Image', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">images</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.22315" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="23504663">Simeonov et al. (2013)</a> demonstrated the utility of multiple detection methods to identify mutations missed by Sanger sequencing. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=23504663" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<a id="animalModel" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<h4 href="#mimAnimalModelFold" id="mimAnimalModelToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
|
|
<span id="mimAnimalModelToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">▼</span>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Animal Model</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimAnimalModelFold" class="collapse in mimTextToggleFold">
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p>Working with albino melanomas and tyrosinase inhibitor in animals, <a href="#6" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Chian, L. T. Y., Wilgram, G. F. <strong>Tyrosinase inhibition: its role in suntanning and in albinism.</strong> Science 155: 198-200, 1967.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6015525/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">6015525</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.155.3759.198" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="6015525">Chian and Wilgram (1967)</a> found that the inhibitor is effective against soluble tyrosinase but not against tyrosinase aggregated into melanosomes. In one type of albino mutation, tyrosinase apparently could not aggregate because of genetic alteration in its protein carrier and therefore was vulnerable to the effects of the inhibitor. These workers suggested that a similar situation may obtain in some type of albinism of man. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=6015525" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>In a wide variety of animals, the albinism gene is known to have a pleiotropic effect on the visual pathways (<a href="#16" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Guillery, R. W. <strong>Visual pathways in albinos.</strong> Sci. Am. 230(5): 44-54, 1974.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4822986/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">4822986</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0574-44" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="4822986">Guillery, 1974</a>). Some of the optic nerve fibers do not decussate as in the normal. This structural abnormality, the mechanism of which is unknown, can be associated with crossed eyes in albino animals. <a href="#5" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Carroll, W. M., Jay, B. S., McDonald, W. I., Halliday, A. M. <strong>Two distinct patterns of visual evoked response asymmetry in human albinism.</strong> Nature 286: 604-606, 1980.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7402338/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">7402338</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/286604a0" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="7402338">Carroll et al. (1980)</a> presented evidence that the human albino has the same anatomic peculiarity of the visual pathways, resulting in misrouting of the retinogeniculate projections, that has been found in albinos of other species. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=7402338+4822986" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#27" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Leventhal, A. G., Vitek, D. J., Creel, D. J. <strong>Abnormal visual pathways in normally pigmented cats that are heterozygous for albinism.</strong> Science 229: 1395-1397, 1985.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3929383/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">3929383</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3929383" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="3929383">Leventhal et al. (1985)</a> studied cats who were obligatory heterozygotes for a c-locus tyrosinase-negative allele (Cc) and had no relationship to 'deaf white cats' (W). In these normally pigmented animals abnormalities of the retinogeniculocortical pathways were found to be similar to those in homozygous albinos. By unilateral injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, they could map the retrogradely labeled retinal ganglion cells. Compared to homozygous normal controls, heterozygotes showed labeling of an abnormally large number of cells, especially large alpha cells, in the contralateral temporal retina. The authors pointed out that 1 to 2% of the human population may be heterozygous for albinism and that the above described abnormality may have an adverse effect on binocular depth perception. The locus ceruleus and substantia nigra are normally pigmented in albinos. They owe their pigmentation to neuromelanin, which is synthesized by tyrosine hydroxylase rather than tyrosinase (<a href="#56" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Witkop, C. J., Jr., Quevedo, W. C., Jr., Fitzpatrick, T. B., King, R. A. <strong>Albinism. In: Scriver, C. R.; Beaudet, A. L.; Sly, W. S.; Valle, D. (eds.): The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease. Vol. II. (6th ed.)</strong> New York: McGraw-Hill (pub.) 1989. Pp. 2905-2947."None>Witkop et al., 1989</a>). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=3929383" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#43" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Snyder, L. R. G. <strong>Evolutionary conservation of linkage groups: additional evidence from Murid and Cricetid rodents.</strong> Biochem. Genet. 18: 209-220, 1980.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7447921/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">7447921</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00484237" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="7447921">Snyder (1980)</a> pointed out that in Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, and Peromyscus maniculatus, glucosephosphate isomerase (Gpi-1), albinism (c), and beta-type globin (Hbb) are linked. In the first 2 species, pink-eyed dilution (p) is also known to be in this same cluster. (Indeed, the pink-eye--albinism linkage in the mouse was the first to be demonstrated in any mammal, by <a href="#17" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Haldane, J. B. S., Sprunt, A. D., Haldane, N. M. <strong>Reduplication in mice.</strong> J. Genet. 5: 133-135, 1915."None>Haldane et al., 1915</a>.) See <a href="#28" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Lyon, M. F., King, T. R., Gondo, Y., Gardner, J. M., Nakatsu, Y., Eicher, E. M., Brilliant, M. H. <strong>Genetic and molecular analysis of recessive alleles at the pink-eyed dilution (p) locus of the mouse.</strong> Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 89: 6968-6972, 1992.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1495987/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1495987</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.15.6968" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="1495987">Lyon et al. (1992)</a> and <a href="#11" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Gardner, J. M., Nakatsu, Y., Gondo, Y., Lee, S., Lyon, M. F., King, R. A., Brilliant, M. H. <strong>The mouse pink-eyed dilution gene: association with human Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes.</strong> Science 257: 1121-1124, 1992.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1509264/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1509264</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.257.5073.1121" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="1509264">Gardner et al. (1992)</a> for genetic and molecular analyses of the pink-eyed dilution gene in the mouse. <a href="#11" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Gardner, J. M., Nakatsu, Y., Gondo, Y., Lee, S., Lyon, M. F., King, R. A., Brilliant, M. H. <strong>The mouse pink-eyed dilution gene: association with human Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes.</strong> Science 257: 1121-1124, 1992.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1509264/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1509264</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.257.5073.1121" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="1509264">Gardner et al. (1992)</a> demonstrated that the human homolog of the mouse p mutation is a gene located on 15q11.2-q12, a region associated with Prader-Willi syndrome (<a href="/entry/176270">176270</a>) and Angelman syndrome (<a href="/entry/105830">105830</a>); see <a href="/entry/203200">203200</a>. It is not linked to the human homolog of any of the 3 above-mentioned genes that are located on mouse chromosome 7 in linkage with 'pink-eye.' <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=7447921+1509264+1495987" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#34" class="mim-tip-reference" title="O'Brien, S. J., Haskins, M. E., Winkler, C. A., Nash, W. G., Patterson, D. F. <strong>Chromosomal mapping of beta-globin and albino loci in the domestic cat: a conserved mammalian chromosome group.</strong> J. Hered. 77: 374-378, 1986.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3559163/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">3559163</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110264" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="3559163">O'Brien et al. (1986)</a> found that the albino locus in the domestic cat is linked to the beta-globin locus at a distance of approximately 8 cM. Evolutionary conservation of syntenic homology of feline chromosome D1 and human chromosome 11 is extensive. High resolution G-trypsin-banded preparations of the 2 chromosomes showed similarities. (A tyrosinase-related gene, which contains only exons 4 and 5, is located on 11p; see <a href="/entry/191270">191270</a>.) <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=3559163" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>'Dark-eyed albino' is a recessive mutation at the mouse albino 'c' locus, which encodes tyrosinase. Similar to type IB OCA in humans, overall production of pigment is greatly reduced in dark-eyed albino mice and obvious only in the eyes.</p><p>Using a human tyrosinase cDNA clone, <a href="#3" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Barton, D. E., Kwon, B. S., Francke, U. <strong>Human tyrosinase gene, mapped to chromosome 11 (q14-q21), defines second region of homology with mouse chromosome 7.</strong> Genomics 3: 17-24, 1988.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3146546/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">3146546</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0888-7543(88)90153-x" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="3146546">Barton et al. (1988)</a> and <a href="#25" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Kwon, B. S., Halaban, R., Chintamaneni, C. <strong>Molecular basis of mouse Himalayan mutation.</strong> Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 161: 252-260, 1989.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2567165/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">2567165</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(89)91588-x" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="2567165">Kwon et al. (1989)</a> isolated mouse tyrosinase genomic clones and used them to map the mouse tyrosinase locus to a site at or near the albino locus on mouse chromosome 7. Mouse tyrosinase mRNA was found to measure approximately 2.4 kb. A mutation in tyrosinase responsible for the albino mouse appears to be a change of cysteine-85 to serine (<a href="#26" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Kwon, B. S., Wakulchik, M., Haq, A. K., Halaban, R., Kestler, D. <strong>Sequence analysis of mouse tyrosinase cDNA and the effect of melanotropin on its gene expression.</strong> Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 153: 1301-1309, 1988.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3134020/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">3134020</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-291x(88)81370-6" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="3134020">Kwon et al., 1988</a>), resulting from a change of guanine 390 to cytosine. <a href="#18" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Jackson, I. J., Bennett, D. C. <strong>Identification of the albino mutation of mouse tyrosinase by analysis of an in vitro revertant.</strong> Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 87: 7010-7014, 1990.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2119500/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">2119500</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.18.7010" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="2119500">Jackson and Bennett (1990)</a> studied revertant cells and found that loss of the mutant allele was responsible. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=2567165+2119500+3146546+3134020" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<a id="history" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<h4 href="#mimHistoryFold" id="mimHistoryToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
|
|
<span id="mimHistoryToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">▼</span>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>History</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimHistoryFold" class="collapse in mimTextToggleFold">
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p>In describing albinism in the Caribe Cuna Indians, <a href="#20" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Keeler, C. E. <strong>The Caribe Cuna moon-child and its heredity.</strong> J. Hered. 44: 163-171, 1953."None>Keeler (1953)</a> commented on the abundant straight white down consisting of hairs up to 2.5 cm long that develops on the body and extremities. It is not clear that this indicated genetic distinctness; it may somehow be related to the exposure of the subjects--partial hirsutism.</p><p>Famous albinos include Noah of flood fame and the Rev. Dr. Spooner. Evidence that Noah was an albino was presented by <a href="#44" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Sorsby, A. <strong>Noah--an albino.</strong> Brit. Med. J. 2: 1587-1589, 1958.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13608062/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">13608062</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.5112.1587" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="13608062">Sorsby (1958)</a>. Spooner was a brilliant classicist at Oxford whose amusing tendency to errors of speech came to be known as spoonerisms. Although probably elaborated on by students, the aberration appears to have been marked. As a classicist, Spooner must have read extensively. The aberration of speech was probably related to his nystagmus which caused a jumbling of information from the printed page. His intelligence was such that his mind comprehended despite the jumbling, but a jumbling of sorts occurred with oral output (<a href="#9" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Edwards, J. H. <strong>Personal Communication.</strong> Oxford, England 8/1980."None>Edwards, 1980</a>). (Spooner was warden of New College, Oxford University, where his brightly colored portrait hangs (<a href="#12" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Gibson, W. C. <strong>Oxford revisited.</strong> JAMA 244: 577-579, 1980.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6993708/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">6993708</a>]" pmid="6993708">Gibson, 1980</a>).) It would be of interest to know whether spoonerism (as a process and phenomenon) is more frequent in albinos or others with nystagmus. An 'albino society' has been formed in England. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=13608062+6993708" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>Of interest in connection with the possible linkage of beta-globin and albinism (suggested by homology to the mouse) were the reports of a family with both albinism and sicklemia (<a href="#30" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Massie, R. W., Hartmann, R. C. <strong>Albinism and sicklemia in a Negro family.</strong> Am. J. Hum. Genet. 9: 127-132, 1957.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13444250/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">13444250</a>]" pmid="13444250">Massie and Hartmann, 1957</a>) and of a Sicilian boy with albinism and an unusual combination of hemoglobinopathies (<a href="#38" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Schiliro, G., Pavone, L., Romeo, M. A., Russo, A., Musumeci, S., Russo, G. <strong>Unusual combination of genetic defects in a Sicilian boy: G-gamma/A-gamma delta-beta thalassemia, G-gamma/A-gamma heterocellular HPFH, beta-zero-thalassemia, and albinism.</strong> Am. J. Med. Genet. 15: 225-231, 1983.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6192718/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">6192718</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1320150206" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="6192718">Schiliro et al., 1983</a>). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=13444250+6192718" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<a id="seeAlso" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<h4 href="#mimSeeAlsoFold" id="mimSeeAlsoToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<span id="mimSeeAlsoToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">▼</span>
|
|
<strong>See Also:</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
<div id="mimSeeAlsoFold" class="collapse in mimTextToggleFold">
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<a href="#Bard1978" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Bard, L. A. <strong>Heterogeneity in Waardenburg's syndrome: report of a family with ocular albinism.</strong> Arch. Ophthal. 96: 1193-1198, 1978.">Bard (1978)</a>; <a href="#Collewijn1978" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Collewijn, H., Winterson, B. J., Dubois, M. F. W. <strong>Optokinetic eye movements in albino rabbits: inversion in anterior visual field.</strong> Science 199: 1351-1353, 1978.">Collewijn et al. (1978)</a>; <a href="#Sears1974" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Sears, M. L. <strong>Browning of the lens in generalized albinism.</strong> Am. J. Ophthal. 77: 819-823, 1974.">Sears (1974)</a>; <a href="#van1984" class="mim-tip-reference" title="van Dorp, D. B., Delleman, J. W., Loewer-Sieger, D. H. <strong>Oculocutaneous albinism and anterior chambre cleavage malformations: not a coincidence.</strong> Clin. Genet. 26: 440-444, 1984.">van Dorp et al.
|
|
(1984)</a>; <a href="#Witkop1971" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Witkop, C. J., Jr. <strong>Albinism. In: Harris, H.; Hirschhorn, K. (eds.): Advances in Human Genetics. Vol. 2.</strong> New York: Plenum Press (pub.) 1971. Pp. 61-142.">Witkop et al. (1971)</a>; <a href="#Witkop1971" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Witkop, C. J., Jr. <strong>Albinism. In: Harris, H.; Hirschhorn, K. (eds.): Advances in Human Genetics. Vol. 2.</strong> New York: Plenum Press (pub.) 1971. Pp. 61-142.">Witkop (1971)</a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<a id="references"class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<h4 href="#mimReferencesFold" id="mimReferencesToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<span id="mimReferencesToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">▼</span>
|
|
<strong>REFERENCES</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<p />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimReferencesFold" class="collapse in mimTextToggleFold">
|
|
<ol>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="1" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Apkarian1983" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Apkarian, P., Reits, D., Spekreijse, H., van Dorp, D.
|
|
<strong>A decisive electrophysiological test for human albinism.</strong>
|
|
Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 55: 513-531, 1983.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6187545/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">6187545</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=6187545" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(83)90162-1" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="2" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Bard1978" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Bard, L. A.
|
|
<strong>Heterogeneity in Waardenburg's syndrome: report of a family with ocular albinism.</strong>
|
|
Arch. Ophthal. 96: 1193-1198, 1978.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/666627/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">666627</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=666627" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1978.03910060027006" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="3" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Barton1988" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Barton, D. E., Kwon, B. S., Francke, U.
|
|
<strong>Human tyrosinase gene, mapped to chromosome 11 (q14-q21), defines second region of homology with mouse chromosome 7.</strong>
|
|
Genomics 3: 17-24, 1988.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3146546/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">3146546</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=3146546" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0888-7543(88)90153-x" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="4" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Brodsky2004" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Brodsky, M. C., Fray, K. J.
|
|
<strong>Positive angle kappa: a sign of albinism in patients with congenital nystagmus.</strong>
|
|
Am. J. Ophthal. 137: 625-629, 2004.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15059699/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">15059699</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=15059699" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2003.11.066" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="5" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Carroll1980" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Carroll, W. M., Jay, B. S., McDonald, W. I., Halliday, A. M.
|
|
<strong>Two distinct patterns of visual evoked response asymmetry in human albinism.</strong>
|
|
Nature 286: 604-606, 1980.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7402338/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">7402338</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=7402338" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/286604a0" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="6" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Chian1967" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Chian, L. T. Y., Wilgram, G. F.
|
|
<strong>Tyrosinase inhibition: its role in suntanning and in albinism.</strong>
|
|
Science 155: 198-200, 1967.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6015525/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">6015525</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=6015525" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.155.3759.198" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="7" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Collewijn1978" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Collewijn, H., Winterson, B. J., Dubois, M. F. W.
|
|
<strong>Optokinetic eye movements in albino rabbits: inversion in anterior visual field.</strong>
|
|
Science 199: 1351-1353, 1978.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/628845/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">628845</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=628845" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.628845" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="8" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Creel1980" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Creel, D., Garber, S. R., King, R. A., Witkop, C. J., Jr.
|
|
<strong>Auditory brainstem anomalies in human albinos.</strong>
|
|
Science 209: 1253-1255, 1980.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7403883/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">7403883</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=7403883" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7403883" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="9" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Edwards1980" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Edwards, J. H.
|
|
<strong>Personal Communication.</strong>
|
|
Oxford, England 8/1980.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="10" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Froggatt1960" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Froggatt, P.
|
|
<strong>Albinism in Northern Ireland.</strong>
|
|
Ann. Hum. Genet. 24: 213-238, 1960.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13825323/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">13825323</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=13825323" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1960.tb01734.x" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="11" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Gardner1992" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Gardner, J. M., Nakatsu, Y., Gondo, Y., Lee, S., Lyon, M. F., King, R. A., Brilliant, M. H.
|
|
<strong>The mouse pink-eyed dilution gene: association with human Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes.</strong>
|
|
Science 257: 1121-1124, 1992.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1509264/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1509264</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=1509264" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.257.5073.1121" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="12" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Gibson1980" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Gibson, W. C.
|
|
<strong>Oxford revisited.</strong>
|
|
JAMA 244: 577-579, 1980.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6993708/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">6993708</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=6993708" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="13" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Giebel1991" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Giebel, L. B., Musarella, M. A., Spritz, R. A.
|
|
<strong>A nonsense mutation in the tyrosinase gene of Afghan patients with tyrosinase negative (type IA) oculocutaneous albinism.</strong>
|
|
J. Med. Genet. 28: 464-467, 1991.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1832718/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1832718</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=1832718" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/jmg.28.7.464" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="14" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Giebel1990" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Giebel, L. B., Strunk, K. M., King, R. A., Hanifin, J. M., Spritz, R. A.
|
|
<strong>A frequent tyrosinase gene mutation in classic, tyrosinase-negative (type IA) oculocutaneous albinism.</strong>
|
|
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 87: 3255-3258, 1990.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1970634/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1970634</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=1970634" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.9.3255" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="15" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Gronskov2009" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Gronskov, K., Ek, J., Sand, A., Scheller, R., Bygum, A., Brixen, K., Brondum-Nielsen, K., Rosenberg, T.
|
|
<strong>Birth prevalence and mutation spectrum in Danish patients with autosomal recessive albinism.</strong>
|
|
Invest. Ophthal. Vis. Sci. 50: 1058-1064, 2009.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19060277/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">19060277</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=19060277" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-2639" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="16" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Guillery1974" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Guillery, R. W.
|
|
<strong>Visual pathways in albinos.</strong>
|
|
Sci. Am. 230(5): 44-54, 1974.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4822986/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">4822986</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=4822986" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0574-44" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="17" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Haldane1915" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Haldane, J. B. S., Sprunt, A. D., Haldane, N. M.
|
|
<strong>Reduplication in mice.</strong>
|
|
J. Genet. 5: 133-135, 1915.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="18" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Jackson1990" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Jackson, I. J., Bennett, D. C.
|
|
<strong>Identification of the albino mutation of mouse tyrosinase by analysis of an in vitro revertant.</strong>
|
|
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 87: 7010-7014, 1990.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2119500/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">2119500</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=2119500" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.18.7010" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="19" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Jay1982" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Jay, B., Witkop, C. J., King, R. A.
|
|
<strong>Albinism in England.</strong>
|
|
Birth Defects Orig. Art. Ser. 18(6): 319-325, 1982.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6816306/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">6816306</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=6816306" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="20" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Keeler1953" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Keeler, C. E.
|
|
<strong>The Caribe Cuna moon-child and its heredity.</strong>
|
|
J. Hered. 44: 163-171, 1953.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="21" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="King2001" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
King, R. A., Hearing, V. J., Creel, D. J., Oetting, W. S.
|
|
<strong>Albinism. In: Scriver, C. R.; Beaudet, A. L.; Sly, W. S.; Valle, D. (eds.): The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. Vol. II. (8th ed.)</strong>
|
|
New York: McGraw-Hill (pub.) 2001. Pp. 5587-5627.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="22" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="King1985" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
King, R. A., Olds, D. P.
|
|
<strong>Hairbulb tyrosinase activity in oculocutaneous albinism: suggestions for pathway control and block location.</strong>
|
|
Am. J. Med. Genet. 20: 49-55, 1985.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3918447/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">3918447</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=3918447" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1320200108" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="23" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="King2003" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
King, R. A., Pietsch, J., Fryer, J. P., Savage, S., Brott, M. J., Russell-Eggitt, I., Summers, C. G., Oetting, W. S.
|
|
<strong>Tyrosinase gene mutations in oculocutaneous albinism 1 (OCA1): definition of the phenotype.</strong>
|
|
Hum. Genet. 113: 502-513, 2003.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13680365/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">13680365</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=13680365" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-003-0998-1" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="24" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="King1977" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
King, R. A., Witkop, C. J., Jr.
|
|
<strong>Detection of heterozygotes for tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism by hairbulb tyrosinase assay.</strong>
|
|
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 29: 164-168, 1977.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15451/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">15451</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=15451" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="25" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Kwon1989" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Kwon, B. S., Halaban, R., Chintamaneni, C.
|
|
<strong>Molecular basis of mouse Himalayan mutation.</strong>
|
|
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 161: 252-260, 1989.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2567165/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">2567165</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=2567165" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(89)91588-x" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="26" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Kwon1988" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Kwon, B. S., Wakulchik, M., Haq, A. K., Halaban, R., Kestler, D.
|
|
<strong>Sequence analysis of mouse tyrosinase cDNA and the effect of melanotropin on its gene expression.</strong>
|
|
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 153: 1301-1309, 1988.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3134020/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">3134020</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=3134020" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-291x(88)81370-6" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="27" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Leventhal1985" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Leventhal, A. G., Vitek, D. J., Creel, D. J.
|
|
<strong>Abnormal visual pathways in normally pigmented cats that are heterozygous for albinism.</strong>
|
|
Science 229: 1395-1397, 1985.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3929383/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">3929383</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=3929383" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3929383" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="28" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Lyon1992" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Lyon, M. F., King, T. R., Gondo, Y., Gardner, J. M., Nakatsu, Y., Eicher, E. M., Brilliant, M. H.
|
|
<strong>Genetic and molecular analysis of recessive alleles at the pink-eyed dilution (p) locus of the mouse.</strong>
|
|
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 89: 6968-6972, 1992.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1495987/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1495987</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=1495987" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.15.6968" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="29" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Martinez-Frias1992" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Martinez-Frias, M. L., Bermejo, E.
|
|
<strong>Prevalence of congenital anomaly syndromes in a Spanish gypsy population.</strong>
|
|
J. Med. Genet. 29: 483-486, 1992.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1640427/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1640427</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=1640427" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="30" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Massie1957" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Massie, R. W., Hartmann, R. C.
|
|
<strong>Albinism and sicklemia in a Negro family.</strong>
|
|
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 9: 127-132, 1957.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13444250/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">13444250</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=13444250" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="31" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="McLeod1976" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
McLeod, R., Lowry, R. B.
|
|
<strong>Incidence of albinism in British Columbia: separation by hairbulb test.</strong>
|
|
Clin. Genet. 9: 77-80, 1976.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1248166/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1248166</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=1248166" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.1976.tb01552.x" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="32" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Meyer2002" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Meyer, C. H., Lapolice, D. J., Freedman, S. F.
|
|
<strong>Foveal hypoplasia in oculocutaneous albinism demonstrated by optical coherence tomography.</strong>
|
|
Am. J. Ophthal. 133: 409-410, 2002.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11860983/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">11860983</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=11860983" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(01)01326-5" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="33" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Nadeau2001" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Nadeau, J. H.
|
|
<strong>Modifier genes in mice and humans.</strong>
|
|
Nature Rev. Genet. 2: 165-174, 2001.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11256068/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">11256068</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=11256068" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/35056009" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="34" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="O'Brien1986" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
O'Brien, S. J., Haskins, M. E., Winkler, C. A., Nash, W. G., Patterson, D. F.
|
|
<strong>Chromosomal mapping of beta-globin and albino loci in the domestic cat: a conserved mammalian chromosome group.</strong>
|
|
J. Hered. 77: 374-378, 1986.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3559163/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">3559163</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=3559163" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110264" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="35" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Oetting1993" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Oetting, W. S., King, R. A.
|
|
<strong>Molecular basis of type I (tyrosinase-related) oculocutaneous albinism: mutations and polymorphisms of the human tyrosinase gene.</strong>
|
|
Hum. Mutat. 2: 1-6, 1993.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8477259/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">8477259</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=8477259" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.1380020102" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="36" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Pipkin1942" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Pipkin, A. C., Pipkin, S. B.
|
|
<strong>Albinism in Negroes.</strong>
|
|
J. Hered. 33: 419-427, 1942.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="37" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Recchia2002" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Recchia, F. M., Carvalho-Recchia, C. A., Trese, M. T.
|
|
<strong>Optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of foveal hypoplasia.</strong>
|
|
Arch. Ophthal. 120: 1587-1588, 2002.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12427081/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">12427081</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=12427081" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="38" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Schiliro1983" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Schiliro, G., Pavone, L., Romeo, M. A., Russo, A., Musumeci, S., Russo, G.
|
|
<strong>Unusual combination of genetic defects in a Sicilian boy: G-gamma/A-gamma delta-beta thalassemia, G-gamma/A-gamma heterocellular HPFH, beta-zero-thalassemia, and albinism.</strong>
|
|
Am. J. Med. Genet. 15: 225-231, 1983.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6192718/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">6192718</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=6192718" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1320150206" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="39" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Schmitz2003" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Schmitz, B., Schaefer, T., Krick, C. M., Reith, W., Backens, M., Kaesmann-Kellner, B.
|
|
<strong>Configuration of the optic chiasm in humans with albinism as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging.</strong>
|
|
Invest. Ophthal. Vis. Sci. 44: 16-21, 2003.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12506050/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">12506050</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=12506050" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.02-0156" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="40" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Sears1974" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Sears, M. L.
|
|
<strong>Browning of the lens in generalized albinism.</strong>
|
|
Am. J. Ophthal. 77: 819-823, 1974.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4209154/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">4209154</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=4209154" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(74)90384-5" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="41" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Shimizu1994" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Shimizu, H., Ishiko, A., Kikuchi, A., Akiyama, M., Suzumori, K., Nishikawa, T.
|
|
<strong>Prenatal diagnosis of tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism by an electron microscopic DOPA reaction test of fetal skin.</strong>
|
|
Prenatal Diag. 14: 443-450, 1994.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7937580/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">7937580</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=7937580" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.1970140605" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="42" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Simeonov2013" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Simeonov, D. R., Wang, X., Wang, C., Sergeev, Y., Dolinska, M., Bower, M., Fischer, R., Winer, D., Dubrovsky, G., Balog, J. Z., Huizing, M., Hart, R., Zein, W. M., Gahl, W. A., Brooks, B. P., Adams, D. R.
|
|
<strong>DNA variations in oculocutaneous albinism: an updated mutation list and current outstanding issues in molecular diagnostics.</strong>
|
|
Hum. Mutat. 34: 827-835, 2013.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23504663/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">23504663</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=23504663[PMID]&report=imagesdocsum" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Image', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">images</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=23504663" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.22315" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="43" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Snyder1980" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Snyder, L. R. G.
|
|
<strong>Evolutionary conservation of linkage groups: additional evidence from Murid and Cricetid rodents.</strong>
|
|
Biochem. Genet. 18: 209-220, 1980.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7447921/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">7447921</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=7447921" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00484237" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="44" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Sorsby1958" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Sorsby, A.
|
|
<strong>Noah--an albino.</strong>
|
|
Brit. Med. J. 2: 1587-1589, 1958.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13608062/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">13608062</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=13608062" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.5112.1587" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="45" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Spritz1989" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Spritz, R. A., Strunk, K., King, R. A.
|
|
<strong>Molecular analyses of the tyrosinase gene in patients with tyrosinase-deficient oculocutaneous albinism. (Abstract)</strong>
|
|
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 45 (suppl.): A221, 1989.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="46" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Summers1991" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Summers, C. G., Creel, D., Townsend, D., King, R. A.
|
|
<strong>Variable expression of vision in sibs with albinism.</strong>
|
|
Am. J. Med. Genet. 40: 327-331, 1991.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1951438/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1951438</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=1951438" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1320400316" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="47" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Summers1994" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Summers, C. G., King, R. A.
|
|
<strong>Ophthalmic features of minimal pigment oculocutaneous albinism.</strong>
|
|
Ophthalmology 101: 906-914, 1994.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8190479/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">8190479</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=8190479" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(13)31250-0" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="48" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Taylor1978" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Taylor, W. O. G.
|
|
<strong>Visual disabilities of oculocutaneous albinism and their alleviation.</strong>
|
|
Trans. Ophthal. Soc. U.K. 98: 423-445, 1978.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/115122/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">115122</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=115122" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="49" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Taylor1987" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Taylor, W. O. G.
|
|
<strong>Prenatal diagnosis in albinism.</strong>
|
|
Lancet 329: 1307-1308, 1987. Note: Originally Volume I. Note: Erratum: Lancet 2: 410 only, 1987.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2884422/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">2884422</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=2884422" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90553-8" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="50" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Tomita1989" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Tomita, Y., Takeda, A., Okinaga, S., Tagami, H., Shibahara, S.
|
|
<strong>Human oculocutaneous albinism caused by single base insertion in the tyrosinase gene.</strong>
|
|
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 164: 990-996, 1989.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2511845/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">2511845</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=2511845" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(89)91767-1" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="51" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Tripathi1992" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Tripathi, R. K., Droetto, S., Spritz, R. A.
|
|
<strong>Many patients with 'tyrosinase-positive' oculocutaneous albinism have tyrosinase gene mutations. (Abstract)</strong>
|
|
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 51 (suppl.): A179, 1992.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="52" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="van Dorp1984" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
van Dorp, D. B., Delleman, J. W., Loewer-Sieger, D. H.
|
|
<strong>Oculocutaneous albinism and anterior chambre cleavage malformations: not a coincidence.</strong>
|
|
Clin. Genet. 26: 440-444, 1984.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6499256/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">6499256</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=6499256" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.1984.tb01085.x" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="53" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="van Dorp1987" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
van Dorp, D. B.
|
|
<strong>Albinism, or the NOACH syndrome (the book of Enoch c.v. 1-20).</strong>
|
|
Clin. Genet. 31: 228-242, 1987.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3109790/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">3109790</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=3109790" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.1987.tb02801.x" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="54" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Wei2013" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Wei, A.-H., Zang, D.-J., Zhang, Z., Liu, X.-Z., He, X., Yang, L., Wang, Y., Zhou, Z.-Y., Zhang, M.-R., Dai, L.-L., Yang, X.-M., Li, W.
|
|
<strong>Exome sequencing identifies SLC24A5 as a candidate gene for nonsyndromic oculocutaneous albinism.</strong>
|
|
J. Invest. Derm. 133: 1834-1840, 2013.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23364476/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">23364476</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=23364476" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2013.49" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="55" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Witkop1982" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Witkop, C. J., Jr., Jay, B., Creel, D., Guillery, R. W.
|
|
<strong>Optic and otic neurologic abnormalities in oculocutaneous and ocular albinism.</strong>
|
|
Birth Defects Orig. Art. Ser. 18(6): 299-318, 1982.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6756499/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">6756499</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=6756499" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="56" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Witkop1989" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Witkop, C. J., Jr., Quevedo, W. C., Jr., Fitzpatrick, T. B., King, R. A.
|
|
<strong>Albinism. In: Scriver, C. R.; Beaudet, A. L.; Sly, W. S.; Valle, D. (eds.): The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease. Vol. II. (6th ed.)</strong>
|
|
New York: McGraw-Hill (pub.) 1989. Pp. 2905-2947.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="57" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Witkop1971" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Witkop, C. J., Jr., White, J. G., Nance, W. E., Jackson, C. E., Desnick, S.
|
|
<strong>Classification of albinism in man.</strong>
|
|
Birth Defects Orig. Art. Ser. VII(8): 13-25, 1971.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a id="58" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<a id="Witkop1971" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="">
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Witkop, C. J., Jr.
|
|
<strong>Albinism. In: Harris, H.; Hirschhorn, K. (eds.): Advances in Human Genetics. Vol. 2.</strong>
|
|
New York: Plenum Press (pub.) 1971. Pp. 61-142.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<a id="contributors" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
|
|
<div class="row">
|
|
<div class="col-lg-2 col-md-2 col-sm-4 col-xs-4">
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<a href="#mimCollapseContributors" role="button" data-toggle="collapse"> Contributors: </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-6">
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Marla J. F. O'Neill - updated : 8/13/2013
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="row collapse" id="mimCollapseContributors">
|
|
<div class="col-lg-offset-2 col-md-offset-4 col-sm-offset-4 col-xs-offset-2 col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-6">
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Marla J. F. O'Neill - updated : 4/16/2013<br>Cassandra L. Kniffin - updated : 4/26/2011<br>Cassandra L. Kniffin - updated : 9/11/2007<br>Jane Kelly - updated : 1/10/2005<br>Victor A. McKusick - updated : 11/24/2003<br>Jane Kelly - updated : 10/31/2003<br>Cassandra L. Kniffin - updated : 10/30/2003<br>Jane Kelly - updated : 3/19/2003<br>Jane Kelly - updated : 10/2/2002<br>Victor A. McKusick - updated : 6/3/2002<br>Cassandra L. Kniffin - reorganized : 5/15/2002<br>George E. Tiller - updated : 2/5/2001<br>Victor A. McKusick - updated : 2/2/2000<br>Victor A. McKusick - updated : 3/1/1999<br>Victor A. McKusick - updated : 6/23/1997
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<a id="creationDate" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
<div class="row">
|
|
<div class="col-lg-2 col-md-2 col-sm-4 col-xs-4">
|
|
<span class="text-nowrap mim-text-font">
|
|
Creation Date:
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-6">
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Victor A. McKusick : 6/2/1986
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<a id="editHistory" class="mim-anchor"></a>
|
|
|
|
<div class="row">
|
|
<div class="col-lg-2 col-md-2 col-sm-4 col-xs-4">
|
|
<span class="text-nowrap mim-text-font">
|
|
<a href="#mimCollapseEditHistory" role="button" data-toggle="collapse"> Edit History: </a>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-6">
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
carol : 10/23/2023
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="row collapse" id="mimCollapseEditHistory">
|
|
<div class="col-lg-offset-2 col-md-offset-2 col-sm-offset-4 col-xs-offset-4 col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-6">
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
alopez : 01/27/2021<br>carol : 07/16/2018<br>carol : 07/13/2018<br>carol : 09/28/2017<br>carol : 06/16/2017<br>carol : 07/12/2016<br>carol : 7/9/2016<br>carol : 10/8/2013<br>carol : 8/13/2013<br>carol : 8/8/2013<br>carol : 8/7/2013<br>carol : 7/17/2013<br>carol : 4/16/2013<br>terry : 11/6/2012<br>terry : 6/7/2011<br>wwang : 5/13/2011<br>ckniffin : 4/26/2011<br>terry : 6/3/2009<br>terry : 6/3/2009<br>terry : 6/3/2009<br>terry : 2/10/2009<br>mgross : 10/21/2008<br>alopez : 1/7/2008<br>carol : 9/13/2007<br>ckniffin : 9/13/2007<br>carol : 9/12/2007<br>ckniffin : 9/11/2007<br>terry : 3/11/2005<br>alopez : 1/10/2005<br>carol : 12/23/2003<br>alopez : 11/25/2003<br>terry : 11/24/2003<br>cwells : 11/5/2003<br>carol : 10/31/2003<br>ckniffin : 10/30/2003<br>ckniffin : 10/30/2003<br>cwells : 3/19/2003<br>carol : 10/3/2002<br>carol : 10/2/2002<br>carol : 10/2/2002<br>cwells : 6/18/2002<br>terry : 6/3/2002<br>ckniffin : 5/29/2002<br>ckniffin : 5/17/2002<br>carol : 5/15/2002<br>ckniffin : 5/15/2002<br>ckniffin : 5/15/2002<br>cwells : 2/5/2001<br>cwells : 2/5/2001<br>cwells : 1/30/2001<br>alopez : 3/24/2000<br>carol : 2/4/2000<br>terry : 2/2/2000<br>terry : 3/1/1999<br>carol : 11/4/1998<br>terry : 7/24/1998<br>carol : 6/18/1998<br>terry : 6/5/1998<br>terry : 11/10/1997<br>terry : 6/23/1997<br>terry : 6/18/1997<br>mark : 3/1/1996<br>terry : 3/1/1996<br>mimadm : 11/12/1995<br>mark : 6/11/1995<br>pfoster : 4/14/1995<br>carol : 1/23/1995<br>davew : 6/1/1994<br>warfield : 4/14/1994
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="container visible-print-block">
|
|
|
|
<div class="row">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="col-md-8 col-md-offset-1">
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h3>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>#</strong> 203100
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h3>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h3>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
|
|
ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE IA; OCA1A
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h3>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<div >
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<em>Alternative titles; symbols</em>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h4>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
OCULOCUTANEOUS ALBINISM, TYPE I; OCA1<br />
|
|
ALBINISM I<br />
|
|
OCULOCUTANEOUS ALBINISM, TYROSINASE-NEGATIVE; ATN
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
|
|
<strong>SNOMEDCT:</strong> 6483008, 765146000;
|
|
|
|
|
|
<strong>ICD10CM:</strong> E70.320;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<strong>ORPHA:</strong> 352731, 79431;
|
|
|
|
|
|
<strong>DO:</strong> 0070094;
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h4>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Phenotype-Gene Relationships</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<table class="table table-bordered table-condensed small mim-table-padding">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr class="active">
|
|
<th>
|
|
Location
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th>
|
|
Phenotype
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th>
|
|
Phenotype <br /> MIM number
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th>
|
|
Inheritance
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th>
|
|
Phenotype <br /> mapping key
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th>
|
|
Gene/Locus
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th>
|
|
Gene/Locus <br /> MIM number
|
|
</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
11q14.3
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
Albinism, oculocutaneous, type IA
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
203100
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
Autosomal recessive
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
3
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
TYR
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
606933
|
|
</span>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
<h4>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>TEXT</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p>A number sign (#) is used with this entry because oculocutaneous albinism type IA (OCA1A) is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the tyrosinase gene (TYR; 606933) on chromosome 11q14.</p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h4>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Description</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p>Oculocutaneous albinism is a genetically heterogeneous congenital disorder characterized by decreased or absent pigmentation in the hair, skin, and eyes. The term 'albinism' includes specific ocular changes that are the results of reduced amounts of melanin in the developing eye; these abnormalities in the eye and optic system are specific and necessary for the diagnosis. Aside from decreased pigment in the iris and retina, optic changes include decreased visual acuity, misrouting of the optic nerves at the chiasm, and nystagmus (King et al., 2001).</p><p>Although OCA caused by mutations in the TYR gene was classically known as 'tyrosinase-negative' OCA, Tripathi et al. (1992) noted that some patients with 'tyrosinase-positive' OCA may indeed have TYR mutations resulting in residual enzyme activity. These patients can be classified as having OCA1B.</p><p><strong><em>Genetic Heterogeneity of Oculocutaneous Albinism</em></strong></p><p>
|
|
OCA1, caused by mutations in the TYR gene, is divided clinically into 2 types: type IA, OCA1A, characterized by complete lack of tyrosinase activity due to production of an inactive enzyme, and type IB (OCA1B; 606952), characterized by reduced activity of tyrosinase. OCA2 (203200), OCA3 (203290), and OCA4 (606574) are somewhat milder forms of the disorder, caused by mutations in the OCA2 (611409), TYRP1 (115501), and MATP (SLC45A2; 606202) genes, respectively. OCA5 (615312) has been mapped to chromosome 4q24. OCA6 (see 113750) is caused by mutation in the SLC24A5 gene (609802). OCA7 (615179) is caused by mutation in the LRMDA gene (614537). OCA8 (619165) is caused by mutation in the DCT gene (191275).</p><p>See also ocular albinism (OA1; 300500), which is restricted phenotypically to ocular involvement only.</p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h4>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Clinical Features</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p>Taylor (1978) pointed out that in the albino the ganglion cell layer does not thin out in the foveolar pit but shows a layer 6 to 8 cells thick where there should be none. He commented that 'this must degrade the retinal image....There is therefore ample reason for the uncorrectable defective central fixation, and...the ocular nystagmus, in this case of the optical variety.' In 60% of his patients he noted an abnormal head posture, which minimized the nystagmus with slight improvement in visual acuity, at least for reading. All types of conditions with oculocutaneous or ocular hypopigmentation in man and animals with nystagmus tested to date have shown either electrophysiologic or anatomic evidence of a decussation defect in the optic tracts. Patients without nystagmus do not (Witkop et al., 1982). </p><p>Evidence that anomalous decussation exists also in the auditory system was presented by Creel et al. (1980). The amount of pigment in the inner ear correlates directly with the amount in the iris; otic pigment is lacking in albinos. In homozygotes an abnormal proportion of fibers from the ganglion cells of the temporal retina decussate to the contralateral cerebral hemisphere; this can be demonstrated by monocular visual evoked potential (VEP) asymmetry (Apkarian et al., 1983). </p><p>Van Dorp (1987) suggested that patients with autosomal recessive albinism may have normal pigmentation. In a family with several albinos, they found a cousin, the offspring of a consanguineous mating, who was normally pigmented but had absence of macromelanosomes on skin biopsy as well as ocular and electrophysiologic signs of albinism. Van Dorp (1987) also concluded that patients with X-linked ocular albinism (300500, 300600) may be generally underpigmented and that patients with the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (203300) may have a dark complexion. </p><p>Summers et al. (1991) observed striking discordance in ocular expression of albinism in 2 brothers. Both had foveal hypoplasia and misrouting of the optic fibers at the chiasm, as judged by VEP: one had strabismus and nystagmus with maximum correction of vision to 20/100, whereas the other had vision with myopic correction to 20/20 in both eyes and no nystagmus or strabismus. </p><p>Using MRI, Schmitz et al. (2003) found that the size and configuration of the optic chiasm in humans with albinism are distinctly different from the chiasms of normal control subjects. These chiasmal changes reflect the atypical crossing of the optic fibers, irrespective of the causative gene mutation. Eight patients had tyrosinase gene-related oculocutaneous albinism, 4 patients had pink-eyed dilution gene-related OCA2 (203200), 1 had ocular albinism (OA1; 300500); the albinism-causing mutation had not been identified in 4 other patients. </p><p>Summers and King (1994) described minimal pigment oculocutaneous albinism, a tyrosinase-related form of the disorder. They reported the findings in 9 patients followed for up to 11 years. Patients were born with white scalp hair and skin, and nystagmus developed. Visual acuity was reduced, but in 1 patient vision improved with maturity. The irides were blue. In 7 of the 9 patients, including the 1 patient with improved visual acuity, iris pigment developed as demonstrated by transillumination with slit-lamp biomicroscopy. </p><p>Meyer et al. (2002) found that optical coherence tomography (OCT) could be used to document foveal hypoplasia in patients with oculocutaneous albinism. In a patient with OCA, the OCT did not detect a foveal pit; instead, widespread thickening of the retina occurred throughout the entire fovea with no difference from the surrounding macula. Foveal thickness was 300 micrometers in the patient versus 150 micrometers in a normal subject. Recchia et al. (2002) also found that OCT allowed detailed examination of the macular anatomy in patients with foveal hypoplasia. Their patient's OCT data showed preservation of multiple inner retinal layers where there should have been none, indicating that the fovea was thicker than normal. The authors proposed that a more accurate term would be 'foveal dysgenesis,' and suggested that OCT might prove helpful in the evaluation of patients with unexplained visual loss. </p><p>Albinism is associated with a variety of ophthalmologic signs, including iris transillumination, nystagmus, strabismus, high refractive errors, foveal dysgenesis, chorioretinal hypopigmentation, and the 'albinotic' optic disc. Brodsky and Fray (2004) reported that a positive angle kappa is also associated with albinism in patients with congenital nystagmus. The authors suggested that this association might be related to the anomalous decussation of the optic axons that characterizes the albinotic visual system. </p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h4>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Biochemical Features</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p>Amelanic melanocytes are present in the skin of albinos. These contain granules similar to the premelanosomes of normal melanocytes. In the test developed by King and Witkop (1977), which determines free (unbound) tyrosine, heterozygotes have shown little or no tyrosinase (606933) activity. Witkop et al. (1989) postulated that what tyrosinase is synthesized in the heterozygote is immediately bound to the melanosome matrix. </p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h4>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Inheritance</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p>Pipkin and Pipkin (1942) claimed dominant inheritance for total albinism without other features in one family, but a quasidominant pedigree pattern of the usual recessive forms seems likely.</p><p>McLeod and Lowry (1976) observed seemingly dominant inheritance in 2 generations of 1 family but concluded that partial penetrance of the albinism II gene in heterozygotes was responsible. </p><p>In an extensive review of modifier genes in mice and humans, Nadeau (2001) pointed out that albinism due to deficiency of the tyrosinase protein is one of the few examples of a phenotype in which the expression is constant regardless of genetic background. The reason for its lack of modification is thought to result from the structure of the melanin synthesis pathway, the position of tyrosinase in this pathway, and the nature of the molecular lesion. Tyrosinase catalyzes 3 steps in this linear pathway that is thought to consist of only 4 steps. In the absence of tyrosinase, there are no metabolites that can act as targets for modification. Although deficiency of tyrosinase results in a constant phenotype, mutations that affect the preceding biochemical step, which converts phenylalanine to tyrosine (see PAH; 612349), result in substantial phenotypic variability. </p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h4>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Mapping</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p>Using RFLPs identified within the human tyrosinase gene, Spritz et al. (1989) did linkage analysis in albinism families and demonstrated absolute linkage.</p><p>Giebel et al. (1990, 1991) demonstrated genetic linkage between classic tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism (type IA) and the tyrosinase gene RFLP (lod = 6.17 at theta = 0). Barton et al. (1988) mapped the TYR locus to 11q14-q21. </p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h4>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Molecular Genetics</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p>In a child with tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism, Tomita et al. (1989) identified a homozygous 1-bp insertion in the TYR gene (606933.0001). </p><p>In a patient with classic tyrosinase-negative OCA, Spritz et al. (1989) found a thr-to-lys substitution that abolished 1 of 6 putative N-linked glycosylation sites that are completely conserved between humans and mice; see 606933.0003. Spritz et al. (1989) found no cases of tyrosinase gene deletions or other rearrangements, even in DNAs from patients with both tyrosinase-deficient oculocutaneous albinism and mental retardation. The families studied exhibited several different pigmentation phenotypes suggesting that tyrosinase-deficient OCA results from heteroallelism for different small defects of the tyrosinase gene.</p><p>Tripathi et al. (1992) stated that more than 60 independent albinism-producing alleles had been described at the TYR locus. They reviewed 29 of these and commented on 2 additional novel missense substitutions in a 'note added in proof.' They commented that type I OCA in Caucasians clearly results from a great variety of different uncommon alleles. About 90% of OCA in Caucasians was accounted for by the 29 mutations they described. More than 80% of the then-known missense substitutions clustered within 2 relatively small regions of the tyrosinase polypeptide, suggesting that these may represent functionally critical sites within the enzyme.</p><p>Oetting and King (1993) tabulated 36 mutations identified in type I OCA: 24 missense, 4 nonsense, and 8 frameshift mutations. The affected individuals in these cases were compound heterozygotes. They also listed 6 polymorphic sites useful in haplotype analysis: 2 in the promoter region, 2 in the coding region associated with alternative amino acids in the tyrosinase protein, and 2 RFLPs in the first intron. </p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h4>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Diagnosis</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p>King and Olds (1985) examined hairbulb tyrosinase activity in 72 individuals with albinism and 64 obligate heterozygotes. Several different types were distinguished based on biochemical features. Type IA was tyrosinase-negative and type IB had low or no measurable activity; heterozygotes in both groups could be detected with this assay. Type II was tyrosinase-positive with moderate-to-high activity; heterozygotes could not be detected with this assay. The authors cited a third type, previously referred to as 'minimal pigment' type, with low tyrosinase activity; this form is now considered to be a variant of OCA1B (King et al., 2001). </p><p><strong><em>Prenatal Diagnosis</em></strong></p><p>
|
|
Commenting on the availability of prenatal diagnosis in albinism, Taylor (1987) argued that elective abortion of albino fetuses is difficult to defend because of the satisfactory adjustment and even success in some areas of activity of albino individuals. Persistent ocular albinism and nystagmus permit accurate diagnosis in the adult. </p><p>Shimizu et al. (1994) made the prenatal diagnosis of tyrosinase-negative OCA by an electron-microscopic DOPA reaction test of fetal skin at 20 weeks' gestation. A previous child born with albinism was 9 years old at the time; the pregnancy in which the diagnosis had been made was terminated at 21 weeks. </p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h4>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Population Genetics</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p>Froggatt (1960) estimated a phenotype frequency of albinism I to be 1 in 10,000 in Northern Ireland. First-cousin marriages occurred in 4.5% of the parents. An excess of males was almost exclusively in the probands and the sex ratio of secondary cases was about 1; therefore, bias of ascertainment probably accounted for the excess of males. The mutation rate was estimated to be between 3.3 and 7 x 10(-5) per gene per generation. Abnormal iris translucency, occurring in 70% of the parents and children of albinos, was interpreted as a heterozygous manifestation. </p><p>In British Columbia, McLeod and Lowry (1976) found the incidence of type I albinism to be 1 in 67,800 live births and of type II albinism (203200) to be 1 in 35,700 live births. </p><p>Jay et al. (1982) tabulated the frequency of different types of albinism in England: tyrosine-negative OCA, 54; tyrosinase-positive OCA, 50; yellow mutant OCA, 7; Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, 2; X-linked ocular albinism hemizygotes, 21, and heterozygotes, 15; autosomal recessive ocular albinism, 16. In surveying congenital anomaly syndromes in a Spanish gypsy population, Martinez-Frias and Bermejo (1992) found an impressive frequency of albinism. In one of the pedigrees, there were 2 examples of pseudodominant inheritance, i.e., apparent parent-to-child transmission. </p><p>King et al. (2003) evaluated proposed clinical criteria for OCA1 by performing mutation analysis on 120 probands who met these proposed criteria. They defined 2 types: OCA1A, in which there is life-long absence of melanin pigment after birth; and OCA1B, in which there is development of minimal to moderate amounts of cutaneous and ocular pigment. They concluded that (1) the presence of white hair at birth is a useful clinical tool suggesting OCA1 in a child or adult with OCA, although OCA2 (203200) may also have this presentation; (2) the molecular analysis of the tyrosinase and P genes are necessary for precise diagnosis; and (3) the presence of alleles without identifiable mutations of the tyrosinase gene, particularly in OCA1B, suggests that more complex mutation mechanisms of this gene are common in OCA. </p><p>Gronskov et al. (2009) identified 218 individuals with albinism born in Denmark between 1961 and 2005, of whom 55% were categorized as having OCA and 45% as having ocular albinism only (autosomal recessive ocular albinism; AROA). However, the authors noted that in Nordic populations, the categorization of patients as having OCA or AROA is often arbitrary due to the abundance of fair skin and hair in the general population, and stated that the overdiagnosis of AROA in OCA cases could not be excluded. A minimum birth prevalence for albinism of 1 in 14,000 was calculated. </p><p>Wei et al. (2013) stated that oculocutaneous albinism has a worldwide prevalence of approximately 1 in 17,000. </p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h4>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Genotype/Phenotype Correlations</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p>Gronskov et al. (2009) analyzed 4 known OCA genes, TYR, OCA2, TYRP1, and MATP, in 62 patients with autosomal recessive albinism; they identified 2 mutations in 1 OCA gene in 44% of the patients. Mutations in TYR were found in 16 patients (26%), whereas mutations in OCA2 and MATP were present in 9 (15%) and 2 (3%) patients, respectively; no mutations were found in the TYRP1 gene. Of the remaining patients, 18 (29%) were heterozygous for a mutation in either TYR or OCA2, and no mutations were found in 17 patients (27%). Although there was a tendency toward a more severe phenotype in patients with TYR mutations, Gronskov et al. (2009) observed considerable overlap of skin color, hair color, and Fitzpatrick tanning pattern within the TYR and OCA2 subgroups. Ocular parameters were uninformative with respect to mutational background, except for a clear preponderance of severe photophobia among patients with TYR mutations. </p><p>Simeonov et al. (2013) reviewed the clinical and molecular characteristics of OCA and reported 22 novel mutations in OCA patients, including 14 in TYR, 5 in OCA2, 1 in TYRP1, and 2 in SLC45A2. In addition, they provided a comprehensive list of almost 600 previously reported OCA mutations, along with ethnicity information, carrier frequencies, and in silico pathogenicity predictions. Simeonov et al. (2013) demonstrated the utility of multiple detection methods to identify mutations missed by Sanger sequencing. </p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h4>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Animal Model</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p>Working with albino melanomas and tyrosinase inhibitor in animals, Chian and Wilgram (1967) found that the inhibitor is effective against soluble tyrosinase but not against tyrosinase aggregated into melanosomes. In one type of albino mutation, tyrosinase apparently could not aggregate because of genetic alteration in its protein carrier and therefore was vulnerable to the effects of the inhibitor. These workers suggested that a similar situation may obtain in some type of albinism of man. </p><p>In a wide variety of animals, the albinism gene is known to have a pleiotropic effect on the visual pathways (Guillery, 1974). Some of the optic nerve fibers do not decussate as in the normal. This structural abnormality, the mechanism of which is unknown, can be associated with crossed eyes in albino animals. Carroll et al. (1980) presented evidence that the human albino has the same anatomic peculiarity of the visual pathways, resulting in misrouting of the retinogeniculate projections, that has been found in albinos of other species. </p><p>Leventhal et al. (1985) studied cats who were obligatory heterozygotes for a c-locus tyrosinase-negative allele (Cc) and had no relationship to 'deaf white cats' (W). In these normally pigmented animals abnormalities of the retinogeniculocortical pathways were found to be similar to those in homozygous albinos. By unilateral injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, they could map the retrogradely labeled retinal ganglion cells. Compared to homozygous normal controls, heterozygotes showed labeling of an abnormally large number of cells, especially large alpha cells, in the contralateral temporal retina. The authors pointed out that 1 to 2% of the human population may be heterozygous for albinism and that the above described abnormality may have an adverse effect on binocular depth perception. The locus ceruleus and substantia nigra are normally pigmented in albinos. They owe their pigmentation to neuromelanin, which is synthesized by tyrosine hydroxylase rather than tyrosinase (Witkop et al., 1989). </p><p>Snyder (1980) pointed out that in Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, and Peromyscus maniculatus, glucosephosphate isomerase (Gpi-1), albinism (c), and beta-type globin (Hbb) are linked. In the first 2 species, pink-eyed dilution (p) is also known to be in this same cluster. (Indeed, the pink-eye--albinism linkage in the mouse was the first to be demonstrated in any mammal, by Haldane et al., 1915.) See Lyon et al. (1992) and Gardner et al. (1992) for genetic and molecular analyses of the pink-eyed dilution gene in the mouse. Gardner et al. (1992) demonstrated that the human homolog of the mouse p mutation is a gene located on 15q11.2-q12, a region associated with Prader-Willi syndrome (176270) and Angelman syndrome (105830); see 203200. It is not linked to the human homolog of any of the 3 above-mentioned genes that are located on mouse chromosome 7 in linkage with 'pink-eye.' </p><p>O'Brien et al. (1986) found that the albino locus in the domestic cat is linked to the beta-globin locus at a distance of approximately 8 cM. Evolutionary conservation of syntenic homology of feline chromosome D1 and human chromosome 11 is extensive. High resolution G-trypsin-banded preparations of the 2 chromosomes showed similarities. (A tyrosinase-related gene, which contains only exons 4 and 5, is located on 11p; see 191270.) </p><p>'Dark-eyed albino' is a recessive mutation at the mouse albino 'c' locus, which encodes tyrosinase. Similar to type IB OCA in humans, overall production of pigment is greatly reduced in dark-eyed albino mice and obvious only in the eyes.</p><p>Using a human tyrosinase cDNA clone, Barton et al. (1988) and Kwon et al. (1989) isolated mouse tyrosinase genomic clones and used them to map the mouse tyrosinase locus to a site at or near the albino locus on mouse chromosome 7. Mouse tyrosinase mRNA was found to measure approximately 2.4 kb. A mutation in tyrosinase responsible for the albino mouse appears to be a change of cysteine-85 to serine (Kwon et al., 1988), resulting from a change of guanine 390 to cytosine. Jackson and Bennett (1990) studied revertant cells and found that loss of the mutant allele was responsible. </p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h4>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>History</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
<p>In describing albinism in the Caribe Cuna Indians, Keeler (1953) commented on the abundant straight white down consisting of hairs up to 2.5 cm long that develops on the body and extremities. It is not clear that this indicated genetic distinctness; it may somehow be related to the exposure of the subjects--partial hirsutism.</p><p>Famous albinos include Noah of flood fame and the Rev. Dr. Spooner. Evidence that Noah was an albino was presented by Sorsby (1958). Spooner was a brilliant classicist at Oxford whose amusing tendency to errors of speech came to be known as spoonerisms. Although probably elaborated on by students, the aberration appears to have been marked. As a classicist, Spooner must have read extensively. The aberration of speech was probably related to his nystagmus which caused a jumbling of information from the printed page. His intelligence was such that his mind comprehended despite the jumbling, but a jumbling of sorts occurred with oral output (Edwards, 1980). (Spooner was warden of New College, Oxford University, where his brightly colored portrait hangs (Gibson, 1980).) It would be of interest to know whether spoonerism (as a process and phenomenon) is more frequent in albinos or others with nystagmus. An 'albino society' has been formed in England. </p><p>Of interest in connection with the possible linkage of beta-globin and albinism (suggested by homology to the mouse) were the reports of a family with both albinism and sicklemia (Massie and Hartmann, 1957) and of a Sicilian boy with albinism and an unusual combination of hemoglobinopathies (Schiliro et al., 1983). </p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h4>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>See Also:</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Bard (1978); Collewijn et al. (1978); Sears (1974); van Dorp et al.
|
|
(1984); Witkop et al. (1971); Witkop (1971)
|
|
</span>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h4>
|
|
<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>REFERENCES</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
|
</h4>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<p />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Apkarian, P., Reits, D., Spekreijse, H., van Dorp, D.
|
|
<strong>A decisive electrophysiological test for human albinism.</strong>
|
|
Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 55: 513-531, 1983.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 6187545]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(83)90162-1]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Bard, L. A.
|
|
<strong>Heterogeneity in Waardenburg's syndrome: report of a family with ocular albinism.</strong>
|
|
Arch. Ophthal. 96: 1193-1198, 1978.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 666627]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1978.03910060027006]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Barton, D. E., Kwon, B. S., Francke, U.
|
|
<strong>Human tyrosinase gene, mapped to chromosome 11 (q14-q21), defines second region of homology with mouse chromosome 7.</strong>
|
|
Genomics 3: 17-24, 1988.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 3146546]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/0888-7543(88)90153-x]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Brodsky, M. C., Fray, K. J.
|
|
<strong>Positive angle kappa: a sign of albinism in patients with congenital nystagmus.</strong>
|
|
Am. J. Ophthal. 137: 625-629, 2004.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 15059699]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2003.11.066]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Carroll, W. M., Jay, B. S., McDonald, W. I., Halliday, A. M.
|
|
<strong>Two distinct patterns of visual evoked response asymmetry in human albinism.</strong>
|
|
Nature 286: 604-606, 1980.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 7402338]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1038/286604a0]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Chian, L. T. Y., Wilgram, G. F.
|
|
<strong>Tyrosinase inhibition: its role in suntanning and in albinism.</strong>
|
|
Science 155: 198-200, 1967.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 6015525]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.155.3759.198]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Collewijn, H., Winterson, B. J., Dubois, M. F. W.
|
|
<strong>Optokinetic eye movements in albino rabbits: inversion in anterior visual field.</strong>
|
|
Science 199: 1351-1353, 1978.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 628845]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.628845]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Creel, D., Garber, S. R., King, R. A., Witkop, C. J., Jr.
|
|
<strong>Auditory brainstem anomalies in human albinos.</strong>
|
|
Science 209: 1253-1255, 1980.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 7403883]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7403883]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Edwards, J. H.
|
|
<strong>Personal Communication.</strong>
|
|
Oxford, England 8/1980.
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Froggatt, P.
|
|
<strong>Albinism in Northern Ireland.</strong>
|
|
Ann. Hum. Genet. 24: 213-238, 1960.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 13825323]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1960.tb01734.x]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Gardner, J. M., Nakatsu, Y., Gondo, Y., Lee, S., Lyon, M. F., King, R. A., Brilliant, M. H.
|
|
<strong>The mouse pink-eyed dilution gene: association with human Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes.</strong>
|
|
Science 257: 1121-1124, 1992.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 1509264]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.257.5073.1121]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Gibson, W. C.
|
|
<strong>Oxford revisited.</strong>
|
|
JAMA 244: 577-579, 1980.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 6993708]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Giebel, L. B., Musarella, M. A., Spritz, R. A.
|
|
<strong>A nonsense mutation in the tyrosinase gene of Afghan patients with tyrosinase negative (type IA) oculocutaneous albinism.</strong>
|
|
J. Med. Genet. 28: 464-467, 1991.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 1832718]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1136/jmg.28.7.464]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Giebel, L. B., Strunk, K. M., King, R. A., Hanifin, J. M., Spritz, R. A.
|
|
<strong>A frequent tyrosinase gene mutation in classic, tyrosinase-negative (type IA) oculocutaneous albinism.</strong>
|
|
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 87: 3255-3258, 1990.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 1970634]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.9.3255]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Gronskov, K., Ek, J., Sand, A., Scheller, R., Bygum, A., Brixen, K., Brondum-Nielsen, K., Rosenberg, T.
|
|
<strong>Birth prevalence and mutation spectrum in Danish patients with autosomal recessive albinism.</strong>
|
|
Invest. Ophthal. Vis. Sci. 50: 1058-1064, 2009.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 19060277]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-2639]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Guillery, R. W.
|
|
<strong>Visual pathways in albinos.</strong>
|
|
Sci. Am. 230(5): 44-54, 1974.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 4822986]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0574-44]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Haldane, J. B. S., Sprunt, A. D., Haldane, N. M.
|
|
<strong>Reduplication in mice.</strong>
|
|
J. Genet. 5: 133-135, 1915.
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Jackson, I. J., Bennett, D. C.
|
|
<strong>Identification of the albino mutation of mouse tyrosinase by analysis of an in vitro revertant.</strong>
|
|
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 87: 7010-7014, 1990.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 2119500]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.18.7010]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Jay, B., Witkop, C. J., King, R. A.
|
|
<strong>Albinism in England.</strong>
|
|
Birth Defects Orig. Art. Ser. 18(6): 319-325, 1982.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 6816306]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Keeler, C. E.
|
|
<strong>The Caribe Cuna moon-child and its heredity.</strong>
|
|
J. Hered. 44: 163-171, 1953.
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
King, R. A., Hearing, V. J., Creel, D. J., Oetting, W. S.
|
|
<strong>Albinism. In: Scriver, C. R.; Beaudet, A. L.; Sly, W. S.; Valle, D. (eds.): The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. Vol. II. (8th ed.)</strong>
|
|
New York: McGraw-Hill (pub.) 2001. Pp. 5587-5627.
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
King, R. A., Olds, D. P.
|
|
<strong>Hairbulb tyrosinase activity in oculocutaneous albinism: suggestions for pathway control and block location.</strong>
|
|
Am. J. Med. Genet. 20: 49-55, 1985.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 3918447]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1320200108]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
King, R. A., Pietsch, J., Fryer, J. P., Savage, S., Brott, M. J., Russell-Eggitt, I., Summers, C. G., Oetting, W. S.
|
|
<strong>Tyrosinase gene mutations in oculocutaneous albinism 1 (OCA1): definition of the phenotype.</strong>
|
|
Hum. Genet. 113: 502-513, 2003.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 13680365]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-003-0998-1]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
King, R. A., Witkop, C. J., Jr.
|
|
<strong>Detection of heterozygotes for tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism by hairbulb tyrosinase assay.</strong>
|
|
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 29: 164-168, 1977.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 15451]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Kwon, B. S., Halaban, R., Chintamaneni, C.
|
|
<strong>Molecular basis of mouse Himalayan mutation.</strong>
|
|
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 161: 252-260, 1989.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 2567165]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(89)91588-x]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Kwon, B. S., Wakulchik, M., Haq, A. K., Halaban, R., Kestler, D.
|
|
<strong>Sequence analysis of mouse tyrosinase cDNA and the effect of melanotropin on its gene expression.</strong>
|
|
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 153: 1301-1309, 1988.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 3134020]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-291x(88)81370-6]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Leventhal, A. G., Vitek, D. J., Creel, D. J.
|
|
<strong>Abnormal visual pathways in normally pigmented cats that are heterozygous for albinism.</strong>
|
|
Science 229: 1395-1397, 1985.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 3929383]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3929383]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Lyon, M. F., King, T. R., Gondo, Y., Gardner, J. M., Nakatsu, Y., Eicher, E. M., Brilliant, M. H.
|
|
<strong>Genetic and molecular analysis of recessive alleles at the pink-eyed dilution (p) locus of the mouse.</strong>
|
|
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 89: 6968-6972, 1992.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 1495987]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.15.6968]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Martinez-Frias, M. L., Bermejo, E.
|
|
<strong>Prevalence of congenital anomaly syndromes in a Spanish gypsy population.</strong>
|
|
J. Med. Genet. 29: 483-486, 1992.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 1640427]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Massie, R. W., Hartmann, R. C.
|
|
<strong>Albinism and sicklemia in a Negro family.</strong>
|
|
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 9: 127-132, 1957.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 13444250]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
McLeod, R., Lowry, R. B.
|
|
<strong>Incidence of albinism in British Columbia: separation by hairbulb test.</strong>
|
|
Clin. Genet. 9: 77-80, 1976.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 1248166]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.1976.tb01552.x]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Meyer, C. H., Lapolice, D. J., Freedman, S. F.
|
|
<strong>Foveal hypoplasia in oculocutaneous albinism demonstrated by optical coherence tomography.</strong>
|
|
Am. J. Ophthal. 133: 409-410, 2002.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 11860983]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(01)01326-5]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Nadeau, J. H.
|
|
<strong>Modifier genes in mice and humans.</strong>
|
|
Nature Rev. Genet. 2: 165-174, 2001.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 11256068]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1038/35056009]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
O'Brien, S. J., Haskins, M. E., Winkler, C. A., Nash, W. G., Patterson, D. F.
|
|
<strong>Chromosomal mapping of beta-globin and albino loci in the domestic cat: a conserved mammalian chromosome group.</strong>
|
|
J. Hered. 77: 374-378, 1986.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 3559163]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110264]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Oetting, W. S., King, R. A.
|
|
<strong>Molecular basis of type I (tyrosinase-related) oculocutaneous albinism: mutations and polymorphisms of the human tyrosinase gene.</strong>
|
|
Hum. Mutat. 2: 1-6, 1993.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 8477259]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.1380020102]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Pipkin, A. C., Pipkin, S. B.
|
|
<strong>Albinism in Negroes.</strong>
|
|
J. Hered. 33: 419-427, 1942.
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Recchia, F. M., Carvalho-Recchia, C. A., Trese, M. T.
|
|
<strong>Optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of foveal hypoplasia.</strong>
|
|
Arch. Ophthal. 120: 1587-1588, 2002.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 12427081]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Schiliro, G., Pavone, L., Romeo, M. A., Russo, A., Musumeci, S., Russo, G.
|
|
<strong>Unusual combination of genetic defects in a Sicilian boy: G-gamma/A-gamma delta-beta thalassemia, G-gamma/A-gamma heterocellular HPFH, beta-zero-thalassemia, and albinism.</strong>
|
|
Am. J. Med. Genet. 15: 225-231, 1983.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 6192718]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1320150206]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Schmitz, B., Schaefer, T., Krick, C. M., Reith, W., Backens, M., Kaesmann-Kellner, B.
|
|
<strong>Configuration of the optic chiasm in humans with albinism as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging.</strong>
|
|
Invest. Ophthal. Vis. Sci. 44: 16-21, 2003.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 12506050]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.02-0156]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Sears, M. L.
|
|
<strong>Browning of the lens in generalized albinism.</strong>
|
|
Am. J. Ophthal. 77: 819-823, 1974.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 4209154]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(74)90384-5]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Shimizu, H., Ishiko, A., Kikuchi, A., Akiyama, M., Suzumori, K., Nishikawa, T.
|
|
<strong>Prenatal diagnosis of tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism by an electron microscopic DOPA reaction test of fetal skin.</strong>
|
|
Prenatal Diag. 14: 443-450, 1994.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 7937580]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.1970140605]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Simeonov, D. R., Wang, X., Wang, C., Sergeev, Y., Dolinska, M., Bower, M., Fischer, R., Winer, D., Dubrovsky, G., Balog, J. Z., Huizing, M., Hart, R., Zein, W. M., Gahl, W. A., Brooks, B. P., Adams, D. R.
|
|
<strong>DNA variations in oculocutaneous albinism: an updated mutation list and current outstanding issues in molecular diagnostics.</strong>
|
|
Hum. Mutat. 34: 827-835, 2013.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 23504663]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.22315]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Snyder, L. R. G.
|
|
<strong>Evolutionary conservation of linkage groups: additional evidence from Murid and Cricetid rodents.</strong>
|
|
Biochem. Genet. 18: 209-220, 1980.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 7447921]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00484237]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Sorsby, A.
|
|
<strong>Noah--an albino.</strong>
|
|
Brit. Med. J. 2: 1587-1589, 1958.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 13608062]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.5112.1587]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Spritz, R. A., Strunk, K., King, R. A.
|
|
<strong>Molecular analyses of the tyrosinase gene in patients with tyrosinase-deficient oculocutaneous albinism. (Abstract)</strong>
|
|
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 45 (suppl.): A221, 1989.
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Summers, C. G., Creel, D., Townsend, D., King, R. A.
|
|
<strong>Variable expression of vision in sibs with albinism.</strong>
|
|
Am. J. Med. Genet. 40: 327-331, 1991.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 1951438]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1320400316]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Summers, C. G., King, R. A.
|
|
<strong>Ophthalmic features of minimal pigment oculocutaneous albinism.</strong>
|
|
Ophthalmology 101: 906-914, 1994.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 8190479]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(13)31250-0]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Taylor, W. O. G.
|
|
<strong>Visual disabilities of oculocutaneous albinism and their alleviation.</strong>
|
|
Trans. Ophthal. Soc. U.K. 98: 423-445, 1978.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 115122]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Taylor, W. O. G.
|
|
<strong>Prenatal diagnosis in albinism.</strong>
|
|
Lancet 329: 1307-1308, 1987. Note: Originally Volume I. Note: Erratum: Lancet 2: 410 only, 1987.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 2884422]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90553-8]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Tomita, Y., Takeda, A., Okinaga, S., Tagami, H., Shibahara, S.
|
|
<strong>Human oculocutaneous albinism caused by single base insertion in the tyrosinase gene.</strong>
|
|
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 164: 990-996, 1989.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 2511845]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(89)91767-1]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Tripathi, R. K., Droetto, S., Spritz, R. A.
|
|
<strong>Many patients with 'tyrosinase-positive' oculocutaneous albinism have tyrosinase gene mutations. (Abstract)</strong>
|
|
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 51 (suppl.): A179, 1992.
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
van Dorp, D. B., Delleman, J. W., Loewer-Sieger, D. H.
|
|
<strong>Oculocutaneous albinism and anterior chambre cleavage malformations: not a coincidence.</strong>
|
|
Clin. Genet. 26: 440-444, 1984.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 6499256]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.1984.tb01085.x]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
van Dorp, D. B.
|
|
<strong>Albinism, or the NOACH syndrome (the book of Enoch c.v. 1-20).</strong>
|
|
Clin. Genet. 31: 228-242, 1987.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 3109790]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.1987.tb02801.x]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Wei, A.-H., Zang, D.-J., Zhang, Z., Liu, X.-Z., He, X., Yang, L., Wang, Y., Zhou, Z.-Y., Zhang, M.-R., Dai, L.-L., Yang, X.-M., Li, W.
|
|
<strong>Exome sequencing identifies SLC24A5 as a candidate gene for nonsyndromic oculocutaneous albinism.</strong>
|
|
J. Invest. Derm. 133: 1834-1840, 2013.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 23364476]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2013.49]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Witkop, C. J., Jr., Jay, B., Creel, D., Guillery, R. W.
|
|
<strong>Optic and otic neurologic abnormalities in oculocutaneous and ocular albinism.</strong>
|
|
Birth Defects Orig. Art. Ser. 18(6): 299-318, 1982.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[PubMed: 6756499]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Witkop, C. J., Jr., Quevedo, W. C., Jr., Fitzpatrick, T. B., King, R. A.
|
|
<strong>Albinism. In: Scriver, C. R.; Beaudet, A. L.; Sly, W. S.; Valle, D. (eds.): The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease. Vol. II. (6th ed.)</strong>
|
|
New York: McGraw-Hill (pub.) 1989. Pp. 2905-2947.
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Witkop, C. J., Jr., White, J. G., Nance, W. E., Jackson, C. E., Desnick, S.
|
|
<strong>Classification of albinism in man.</strong>
|
|
Birth Defects Orig. Art. Ser. VII(8): 13-25, 1971.
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Witkop, C. J., Jr.
|
|
<strong>Albinism. In: Harris, H.; Hirschhorn, K. (eds.): Advances in Human Genetics. Vol. 2.</strong>
|
|
New York: Plenum Press (pub.) 1971. Pp. 61-142.
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<div class="row">
|
|
<div class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-2 col-xs-2">
|
|
<span class="text-nowrap mim-text-font">
|
|
Contributors:
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-6">
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Marla J. F. O'Neill - updated : 8/13/2013<br>Marla J. F. O'Neill - updated : 4/16/2013<br>Cassandra L. Kniffin - updated : 4/26/2011<br>Cassandra L. Kniffin - updated : 9/11/2007<br>Jane Kelly - updated : 1/10/2005<br>Victor A. McKusick - updated : 11/24/2003<br>Jane Kelly - updated : 10/31/2003<br>Cassandra L. Kniffin - updated : 10/30/2003<br>Jane Kelly - updated : 3/19/2003<br>Jane Kelly - updated : 10/2/2002<br>Victor A. McKusick - updated : 6/3/2002<br>Cassandra L. Kniffin - reorganized : 5/15/2002<br>George E. Tiller - updated : 2/5/2001<br>Victor A. McKusick - updated : 2/2/2000<br>Victor A. McKusick - updated : 3/1/1999<br>Victor A. McKusick - updated : 6/23/1997
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<div class="row">
|
|
<div class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-2 col-xs-2">
|
|
<span class="text-nowrap mim-text-font">
|
|
Creation Date:
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-6">
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
Victor A. McKusick : 6/2/1986
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
<div class="row">
|
|
<div class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 col-sm-2 col-xs-2">
|
|
<span class="text-nowrap mim-text-font">
|
|
Edit History:
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-6">
|
|
<span class="mim-text-font">
|
|
carol : 10/23/2023<br>alopez : 01/27/2021<br>carol : 07/16/2018<br>carol : 07/13/2018<br>carol : 09/28/2017<br>carol : 06/16/2017<br>carol : 07/12/2016<br>carol : 7/9/2016<br>carol : 10/8/2013<br>carol : 8/13/2013<br>carol : 8/8/2013<br>carol : 8/7/2013<br>carol : 7/17/2013<br>carol : 4/16/2013<br>terry : 11/6/2012<br>terry : 6/7/2011<br>wwang : 5/13/2011<br>ckniffin : 4/26/2011<br>terry : 6/3/2009<br>terry : 6/3/2009<br>terry : 6/3/2009<br>terry : 2/10/2009<br>mgross : 10/21/2008<br>alopez : 1/7/2008<br>carol : 9/13/2007<br>ckniffin : 9/13/2007<br>carol : 9/12/2007<br>ckniffin : 9/11/2007<br>terry : 3/11/2005<br>alopez : 1/10/2005<br>carol : 12/23/2003<br>alopez : 11/25/2003<br>terry : 11/24/2003<br>cwells : 11/5/2003<br>carol : 10/31/2003<br>ckniffin : 10/30/2003<br>ckniffin : 10/30/2003<br>cwells : 3/19/2003<br>carol : 10/3/2002<br>carol : 10/2/2002<br>carol : 10/2/2002<br>cwells : 6/18/2002<br>terry : 6/3/2002<br>ckniffin : 5/29/2002<br>ckniffin : 5/17/2002<br>carol : 5/15/2002<br>ckniffin : 5/15/2002<br>ckniffin : 5/15/2002<br>cwells : 2/5/2001<br>cwells : 2/5/2001<br>cwells : 1/30/2001<br>alopez : 3/24/2000<br>carol : 2/4/2000<br>terry : 2/2/2000<br>terry : 3/1/1999<br>carol : 11/4/1998<br>terry : 7/24/1998<br>carol : 6/18/1998<br>terry : 6/5/1998<br>terry : 11/10/1997<br>terry : 6/23/1997<br>terry : 6/18/1997<br>mark : 3/1/1996<br>terry : 3/1/1996<br>mimadm : 11/12/1995<br>mark : 6/11/1995<br>pfoster : 4/14/1995<br>carol : 1/23/1995<br>davew : 6/1/1994<br>warfield : 4/14/1994
|
|
</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="mimFooter">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="container ">
|
|
<div class="row">
|
|
<br />
|
|
<br />
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="hidden-print mim-footer">
|
|
<div class="container">
|
|
<div class="row">
|
|
<p />
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="row text-center small">
|
|
NOTE: OMIM is intended for use primarily by physicians and other professionals concerned with genetic disorders, by genetics researchers,
|
|
and by advanced students in science and medicine. While the OMIM database is open to the public, users seeking information about a personal
|
|
medical or genetic condition are urged to consult with a qualified physician for diagnosis and for answers to personal questions.
|
|
<br />
|
|
OMIM<sup>®</sup> and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man<sup>®</sup> are registered trademarks of the Johns Hopkins University.
|
|
<br />
|
|
Copyright<sup>®</sup> 1966-2025 Johns Hopkins University.
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="visible-print-block mim-footer" style="position: relative;">
|
|
<div class="container">
|
|
<div class="row">
|
|
<p />
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="row text-center small">
|
|
NOTE: OMIM is intended for use primarily by physicians and other professionals concerned with genetic disorders, by genetics researchers,
|
|
and by advanced students in science and medicine. While the OMIM database is open to the public, users seeking information about a personal
|
|
medical or genetic condition are urged to consult with a qualified physician for diagnosis and for answers to personal questions.
|
|
<br />
|
|
OMIM<sup>®</sup> and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man<sup>®</sup> are registered trademarks of the Johns Hopkins University.
|
|
<br />
|
|
Copyright<sup>®</sup> 1966-2025 Johns Hopkins University.
|
|
<br />
|
|
Printed: March 15, 2025
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="modal fade" id="mimDonationPopupModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="mimDonationPopupModalTitle">
|
|
<div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
|
|
<div class="modal-content">
|
|
<div class="modal-header">
|
|
<button type="button" id="mimDonationPopupCancel" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button>
|
|
<h4 class="modal-title" id="mimDonationPopupModalTitle">
|
|
OMIM Donation:
|
|
</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="modal-body">
|
|
<div class="row">
|
|
<div class="col-lg-offset-1 col-md-offset-1 col-sm-offset-1 col-xs-offset-1 col-lg-10 col-md-10 col-sm-10 col-xs-10">
|
|
<p>
|
|
Dear OMIM User,
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="row">
|
|
<div class="col-lg-offset-1 col-md-offset-1 col-sm-offset-1 col-xs-offset-1 col-lg-10 col-md-10 col-sm-10 col-xs-10">
|
|
<p>
|
|
To ensure long-term funding for the OMIM project, we have diversified
|
|
our revenue stream. We are determined to keep this website freely
|
|
accessible. Unfortunately, it is not free to produce. Expert curators
|
|
review the literature and organize it to facilitate your work. Over 90%
|
|
of the OMIM's operating expenses go to salary support for MD and PhD
|
|
science writers and biocurators. Please join your colleagues by making a
|
|
donation now and again in the future. Donations are an important
|
|
component of our efforts to ensure long-term funding to provide you the
|
|
information that you need at your fingertips.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="row">
|
|
<div class="col-lg-offset-1 col-md-offset-1 col-sm-offset-1 col-xs-offset-1 col-lg-10 col-md-10 col-sm-10 col-xs-10">
|
|
<p>
|
|
Thank you in advance for your generous support, <br />
|
|
Ada Hamosh, MD, MPH <br />
|
|
Scientific Director, OMIM <br />
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="modal-footer">
|
|
<button type="button" id="mimDonationPopupDonate" class="btn btn-success btn-block" data-dismiss="modal"> Donate To OMIM! </button>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
</body>
|
|
|
|
</html>
|
|
|
|
|