2512 lines
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Entry
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- *192225 - VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1; VCAM1
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- OMIM
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<p>
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<span class="h4">*192225</span>
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<br />
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<strong>Table of Contents</strong>
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</p>
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<nav>
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<li role="presentation">
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<a href="#title"><strong>Title</strong></a>
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<li role="presentation">
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<a href="#text"><strong>Text</strong></a>
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<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
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<a href="#description">Description</a>
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<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
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<a href="#geneStructure">Gene Structure</a>
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<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
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<a href="#mapping">Mapping</a>
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<a href="#geneFunction">Gene Function</a>
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<a href="#molecularGenetics">Molecular Genetics</a>
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<a href="#references"><strong>References</strong></a>
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<a href="#contributors"><strong>Contributors</strong></a>
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<li role="presentation">
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<a href="#creationDate"><strong>Creation Date</strong></a>
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<li role="presentation">
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<a href="#editHistory"><strong>Edit History</strong></a>
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<div id="mimFloatingLinksMenu">
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<div class="panel-heading mim-panel-heading" role="tab" id="mimExternalLinks">
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<h4 class="panel-title">
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<a href="#mimExternalLinksFold" id="mimExternalLinksToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" role="button" data-toggle="collapse">
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<div style="display: table-row">
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<div id="mimExternalLinksToggleTriangle" class="small" style="color: white; display: table-cell;">▼</div>
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<div style="display: table-cell;">External Links</div>
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</div>
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</a>
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</h4>
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<div class="panel panel-default" style="margin-top: 0px; border-radius: 0px">
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<div class="panel-heading mim-panel-heading" role="tab" id="mimGenome">
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<span class="panel-title">
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<span class="small">
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<a href="#mimGenomeLinksFold" id="mimGenomeLinksToggle" class="collapsed mimSingletonTriangleToggle" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#mimExternalLinksAccordion">
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<span id="mimGenomeLinksToggleTriangle" class="small mimSingletonTriangle" style="color: #337CB5">►</span> Genome
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</a>
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</span>
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</span>
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</div>
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<div id="mimGenomeLinksFold" class="panel-collapse collapse mimLinksFold" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="genome">
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<div class="panel-body small mim-panel-body">
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<div><a href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/View?db=core;g=ENSG00000162692;t=ENST00000294728" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Genome databases for vertebrates and other eukaryotic species." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Ensembl', 'domain': 'ensembl.org'})">Ensembl</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/gdv/browser/gene/?id=7412" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Detailed views of the complete genomes of selected organisms from vertebrates to protozoa." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'NCBI Genome Viewer', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">NCBI Genome Viewer</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=hg38&hgFind=omimGeneAcc&position=192225" class="mim-tip-hint" title="UCSC Genome Browser; reference sequences and working draft assemblies for a large collection of genomes." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'UCSC Genome Browser', 'domain': 'genome.ucsc.edu'})">UCSC Genome Browser</a></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="panel panel-default" style="margin-top: 0px; border-radius: 0px">
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<div class="panel-heading mim-panel-heading" role="tab" id="mimDna">
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<span class="panel-title">
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<span class="small">
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<a href="#mimDnaLinksFold" id="mimDnaLinksToggle" class="collapsed mimSingletonTriangleToggle" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#mimExternalLinksAccordion">
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<span id="mimDnaLinksToggleTriangle" class="small mimSingletonTriangle" style="color: #337CB5">►</span> DNA
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</a>
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</span>
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</span>
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</div>
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<div id="mimDnaLinksFold" class="panel-collapse collapse mimLinksFold" role="tabpanel">
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<div class="panel-body small mim-panel-body">
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<div><a href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Transcript/Sequence_cDNA?db=core;g=ENSG00000162692;t=ENST00000294728" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Transcript-based views for coding and noncoding DNA." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Ensembl', 'domain': 'ensembl.org'})">Ensembl (MANE Select)</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001078,NM_001199834,NM_080682" class="mim-tip-hint" title="A collection of genome, gene, and transcript sequence data from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'NCBI RefSeq', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih'})">NCBI RefSeq</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001078" class="mim-tip-hint" title="A collection of genome, gene, and transcript sequence data from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'NCBI RefSeq (MANE)', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih'})">NCBI RefSeq (MANE Select)</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=hg38&hgFind=omimGeneAcc&position=192225" class="mim-tip-hint" title="UCSC Genome Browser; reference sequences and working draft assemblies for a large collection of genomes." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'UCSC Genome Browser', 'domain': 'genome.ucsc.edu'})">UCSC Genome Browser</a></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="panel panel-default" style="margin-top: 0px; border-radius: 0px">
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<div class="panel-heading mim-panel-heading" role="tab" id="mimProtein">
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<span class="panel-title">
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<span class="small">
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<a href="#mimProteinLinksFold" id="mimProteinLinksToggle" class="collapsed mimSingletonTriangleToggle" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#mimExternalLinksAccordion">
|
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<span id="mimProteinLinksToggleTriangle" class="small mimSingletonTriangle" style="color: #337CB5">►</span> Protein
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</a>
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</span>
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</span>
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</div>
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<div id="mimProteinLinksFold" class="panel-collapse collapse mimLinksFold" role="tabpanel">
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<div class="panel-body small mim-panel-body">
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<div><a href="https://hprd.org/summary?hprd_id=01888&isoform_id=01888_1&isoform_name=Isoform_1" class="mim-tip-hint" title="The Human Protein Reference Database; manually extracted and visually depicted information on human proteins." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'HPRD', 'domain': 'hprd.org'})">HPRD</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.proteinatlas.org/search/VCAM1" class="mim-tip-hint" title="The Human Protein Atlas contains information for a large majority of all human protein-coding genes regarding the expression and localization of the corresponding proteins based on both RNA and protein data." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'HumanProteinAtlas', 'domain': 'proteinatlas.org'})">Human Protein Atlas</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/37649,137560,179886,340194,340196,4507875,18201909,22385327,49113833,49116126,51476633,54648638,62898093,119593355,119593356,158256896,194383856,315434271,326416184,334898943,334898945,342309946,342516253" class="mim-tip-hint" title="NCBI protein data." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'NCBI Protein', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">NCBI Protein</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P19320" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Comprehensive protein sequence and functional information, including supporting data." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'UniProt', 'domain': 'uniprot.org'})">UniProt</a></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="panel panel-default" style="margin-top: 0px; border-radius: 0px">
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<div class="panel-heading mim-panel-heading" role="tab" id="mimGeneInfo">
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<span class="panel-title">
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<span class="small">
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<a href="#mimGeneInfoLinksFold" id="mimGeneInfoLinksToggle" class="collapsed mimSingletonTriangleToggle" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#mimExternalLinksAccordion">
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<div style="display: table-row">
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<div id="mimGeneInfoLinksToggleTriangle" class="small mimSingletonTriangle" style="color: #337CB5; display: table-cell;">►</div>
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<div style="display: table-cell;">Gene Info</div>
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</div>
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</a>
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</span>
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</span>
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</div>
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<div id="mimGeneInfoLinksFold" class="panel-collapse collapse mimLinksFold" role="tabpanel">
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<div class="panel-body small mim-panel-body">
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<div><a href="http://biogps.org/#goto=genereport&id=7412" class="mim-tip-hint" title="The Gene Portal Hub; customizable portal of gene and protein function information." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'BioGPS', 'domain': 'biogps.org'})">BioGPS</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000162692;t=ENST00000294728" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Orthologs, paralogs, regulatory regions, and splice variants." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Ensembl', 'domain': 'ensembl.org'})">Ensembl</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=VCAM1" class="mim-tip-hint" title="The Human Genome Compendium; web-based cards integrating automatically mined information on human genes." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'GeneCards', 'domain': 'genecards.org'})">GeneCards</a></div>
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<div><a href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/search/annotation?q=VCAM1" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Terms, defined using controlled vocabulary, representing gene product properties (biologic process, cellular component, molecular function) across species." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'GeneOntology', 'domain': 'amigo.geneontology.org'})">Gene Ontology</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?hsa+7412" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; diagrams of signaling pathways." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'KEGG', 'domain': 'genome.jp'})">KEGG</a></div>
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<dd><a href="http://v1.marrvel.org/search/gene/VCAM1" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Model organism Aggregated Resources for Rare Variant ExpLoration." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'MARRVEL', 'domain': 'marrvel.org'})">MARRVEL</a></dd>
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<dd><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/NCBIGene:7412" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Monarch Initiative." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Monarch', 'domain': 'monarchinitiative.org'})">Monarch</a></dd>
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<div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7412" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Gene-specific map, sequence, expression, structure, function, citation, and homology data." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'NCBI Gene', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">NCBI Gene</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGene?db=hg38&hgg_chrom=chr1&hgg_gene=ENST00000294728.7&hgg_start=100719742&hgg_end=100739045&hgg_type=knownGene" class="mim-tip-hint" title="UCSC Genome Bioinformatics; gene-specific structure and function information with links to other databases." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'UCSC', 'domain': 'genome.ucsc.edu'})">UCSC</a></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="panel panel-default" style="margin-top: 0px; border-radius: 0px">
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<div class="panel-heading mim-panel-heading" role="tab" id="mimClinicalResources">
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<span class="panel-title">
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<span class="small">
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<a href="#mimClinicalResourcesLinksFold" id="mimClinicalResourcesLinksToggle" class="collapsed mimSingletonTriangleToggle" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#mimExternalLinksAccordion">
|
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<div style="display: table-row">
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<div id="mimClinicalResourcesLinksToggleTriangle" class="small mimSingletonTriangle" style="color: #337CB5; display: table-cell;">►</div>
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<div style="display: table-cell;">Clinical Resources</div>
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</div>
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</a>
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</span>
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</span>
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</div>
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<div id="mimClinicalResourcesLinksFold" class="panel-collapse collapse mimLinksFold" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="clinicalResources">
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<div class="panel-body small mim-panel-body">
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<div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/all/tests/?term=192225[mim]" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Genetic Testing Registry." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'GTR', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">GTR</a></div>
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<div class="panel panel-default" style="margin-top: 0px; border-radius: 0px">
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<div class="panel-heading mim-panel-heading" role="tab" id="mimVariation">
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<span class="small">
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<a href="#mimVariationLinksFold" id="mimVariationLinksToggle" class=" mimSingletonTriangleToggle" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#mimExternalLinksAccordion">
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<span id="mimVariationLinksToggleTriangle" class="small mimSingletonTriangle" style="color: #337CB5">▼</span> Variation
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</a>
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<div id="mimVariationLinksFold" class="panel-collapse collapse in mimLinksFold" role="tabpanel">
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<div class="panel-body small mim-panel-body">
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<div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar?term=192225[MIM]" class="mim-tip-hint" title="ClinVar aggregates information about sequence variation and its relationship to human health." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'ClinVar', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">ClinVar</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/gene/ENSG00000162692" class="mim-tip-hint" title="The Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), Broad Institute." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'gnomAD', 'domain': 'gnomad.broadinstitute.org'})">gnomAD</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/search?query=VCAM1" class="mim-tip-hint" title="GWAS Catalog; NHGRI-EBI Catalog of published genome-wide association studies." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'GWAS Catalog', 'domain': 'gwascatalog.org'})">GWAS Catalog </a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.gwascentral.org/search?q=VCAM1" class="mim-tip-hint" title="GWAS Central; summary level genotype-to-phenotype information from genetic association studies." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'GWAS Central', 'domain': 'gwascentral.org'})">GWAS Central </a></div>
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<div><a href="https://evs.gs.washington.edu/EVS/PopStatsServlet?searchBy=Gene+Hugo&target=VCAM1&upstreamSize=0&downstreamSize=0&x=0&y=0" class="mim-tip-hint" title="National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Exome Variant Server." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'NHLBI EVS', 'domain': 'evs.gs.washington.edu'})">NHLBI EVS</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA37286" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base; curated and annotated information regarding the effects of human genetic variations on drug response." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PharmGKB', 'domain': 'pharmgkb.org'})">PharmGKB</a></div>
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<div class="panel panel-default" style="margin-top: 0px; border-radius: 0px">
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<div class="panel-heading mim-panel-heading" role="tab" id="mimAnimalModels">
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<span class="panel-title">
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<span class="small">
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<a href="#mimAnimalModelsLinksFold" id="mimAnimalModelsLinksToggle" class="collapsed mimSingletonTriangleToggle" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#mimExternalLinksAccordion">
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<div style="display: table-row">
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<div id="mimAnimalModelsLinksToggleTriangle" class="small mimSingletonTriangle" style="color: #337CB5; display: table-cell;">►</div>
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<div style="display: table-cell;">Animal Models</div>
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</div>
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</a>
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</span>
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<div id="mimAnimalModelsLinksFold" class="panel-collapse collapse mimLinksFold" role="tabpanel">
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<div class="panel-body small mim-panel-body">
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<div><a href="https://www.alliancegenome.org/gene/HGNC:12663" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Search Across Species; explore model organism and human comparative genomics." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Alliance Genome', 'domain': 'alliancegenome.org'})">Alliance Genome</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.mousephenotype.org/data/genes/MGI:98926" class="mim-tip-hint" title="International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'IMPC', 'domain': 'knockoutmouse.org'})">IMPC</a></div>
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<div><a href="http://v1.marrvel.org/search/gene/VCAM1#HomologGenesPanel" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Model organism Aggregated Resources for Rare Variant ExpLoration." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'MARRVEL', 'domain': 'marrvel.org'})">MARRVEL</a></div>
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<div><a href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:98926" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Mouse Genome Informatics; international database resource for the laboratory mouse, including integrated genetic, genomic, and biological data." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'MGI Mouse Gene', 'domain': 'informatics.jax.org'})">MGI Mouse Gene</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.mmrrc.org/catalog/StrainCatalogSearchForm.php?search_query=" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Mutant Mouse Resource & Research Centers." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'MMRRC', 'domain': 'mmrrc.org'})">MMRRC</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7412/ortholog/" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Orthologous genes at NCBI." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'NCBI Orthologs', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">NCBI Orthologs</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.orthodb.org/?ncbi=7412" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Hierarchical catalogue of orthologs." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'OrthoDB', 'domain': 'orthodb.org'})">OrthoDB</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://zfin.org/ZDB-GENE-060503-172" class="mim-tip-hint" title="The Zebrafish Model Organism Database." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'ZFin', 'domain': 'zfin.org'})">ZFin</a></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="panel panel-default" style="margin-top: 0px; border-radius: 0px">
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<div class="panel-heading mim-panel-heading" role="tab" id="mimCellularPathways">
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<span class="panel-title">
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<span class="small">
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<a href="#mimCellularPathwaysLinksFold" id="mimCellularPathwaysLinksToggle" class="collapsed mimSingletonTriangleToggle" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#mimExternalLinksAccordion">
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<div style="display: table-row">
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<div id="mimCellularPathwaysLinksToggleTriangle" class="small mimSingletonTriangle" style="color: #337CB5; display: table-cell;">►</div>
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<div style="display: table-cell;">Cellular Pathways</div>
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</div>
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</a>
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</span>
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</div>
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<div id="mimCellularPathwaysLinksFold" class="panel-collapse collapse mimLinksFold" role="tabpanel">
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<div class="panel-body small mim-panel-body">
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<div><a href="https://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/get_linkdb?-t+pathway+hsa:7412" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; diagrams of signaling pathways." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'KEGG', 'domain': 'genome.jp'})">KEGG</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://reactome.org/content/query?q=VCAM1&species=Homo+sapiens&types=Reaction&types=Pathway&cluster=true" class="definition" title="Protein-specific information in the context of relevant cellular pathways." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {{'name': 'Reactome', 'domain': 'reactome.org'}})">Reactome</a></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<span>
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<span class="mim-tip-bottom" qtip_title="<strong>Looking for this gene or this phenotype in other resources?</strong>" qtip_text="Select a related resource from the dropdown menu and click for a targeted link to information directly relevant.">
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</span>
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</span>
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<div class="col-lg-8 col-lg-pull-2 col-md-8 col-md-pull-2 col-sm-8 col-sm-pull-2 col-xs-12">
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<div>
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<a id="title" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div>
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<a id="number" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div class="text-right">
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<div>
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<span class="h3">
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<span class="mim-font mim-tip-hint" title="Gene description">
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<span class="text-danger"><strong>*</strong></span>
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192225
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</span>
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</span>
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</div>
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<div>
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<a id="preferredTitle" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<h3>
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<span class="mim-font">
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VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1; VCAM1
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</span>
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</h3>
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</div>
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<div>
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<br />
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</div>
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<a id="approvedGeneSymbols" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<p>
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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<strong><em>HGNC Approved Gene Symbol: <a href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=VCAM1" class="mim-tip-hint" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'HGNC', 'domain': 'genenames.org'})">VCAM1</a></em></strong>
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<a id="cytogeneticLocation" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<p>
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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<strong>
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<em>
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Cytogenetic location: <a href="/geneMap/1/840?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=840">1p21.2</a>
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Genomic coordinates <span class="small">(GRCh38)</span> : <a href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=hg38&position=chr1:100719742-100739045&dgv=pack&knownGene=pack&omimGene=pack" class="mim-tip-hint" title="UCSC Genome Browser; reference sequences and working draft assemblies for a large collection of genomes." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'UCSC Genome Browser', 'domain': 'genome.ucsc.edu'})">1:100,719,742-100,739,045</a> </span>
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</em>
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</strong>
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" target="_blank" class="small"> (from NCBI) </a>
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</span>
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</p>
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<div>
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<br />
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</div>
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<div>
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<a id="text" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<h4>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<span class="mim-tip-floating" qtip_title="<strong>Looking For More References?</strong>" qtip_text="Click the 'reference plus' icon <span class='glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign'></span> at the end of each OMIM text paragraph to see more references related to the content of the preceding paragraph.">
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<strong>TEXT</strong>
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</span>
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</span>
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</h4>
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<div>
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<a id="description" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<h4 href="#mimDescriptionFold" id="mimDescriptionToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
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<span id="mimDescriptionToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">▼</span>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>Description</strong>
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</h4>
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<div id="mimDescriptionFold" class="collapse in ">
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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<p>Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, a cell surface glycoprotein expressed by cytokine-activated endothelium, mediates the adhesion of monocytes and lymphocytes. In inflammatory conditions and in cardiac allografts undergoing rejection, VCAM1 is upregulated in endothelium of postcapillary venules. Arterial expression of VCAM1 is also found in experimental models of atherosclerosis in the rabbit (summary by <a href="#3" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Cybulsky, M., Fries, J. W., Williams, A. J., Sultan, P., Eddy, R. L., Byers, M. G., Shows, T. B., Gimbrone, M. A., Jr., Collins, T. <strong>The human VCAM1 gene is assigned to chromosome 1p31-p32. (Abstract)</strong> Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 58: 1852, 1991."None>Cybulsky et al., 1991</a>).</p>
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</span>
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<div>
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<br />
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</div>
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<a id="geneStructure" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<h4 href="#mimGeneStructureFold" id="mimGeneStructureToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
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<span id="mimGeneStructureToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">▼</span>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>Gene Structure</strong>
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</span>
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</h4>
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<div id="mimGeneStructureFold" class="collapse in mimTextToggleFold">
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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<p><a href="#4" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Cybulsky, M. I., Fries, J. W. U., Williams, A. J., Sultan, P., Eddy, R., Byers, M., Shows, T., Gimbrone, M. A., Jr., Collins, T. <strong>Gene structure, chromosomal location, and basis for alternative mRNA splicing of the human VCAM1 gene.</strong> Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 88: 7859-7863, 1991.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1715583/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">1715583</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.17.7859" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="1715583">Cybulsky et al. (1991)</a> demonstrated that VCAM1 is present in single copy in the human genome and contains 9 exons spanning about 25 kb of DNA. At least 2 different VCAM1 precursors can be generated from the human gene as a result of alternative mRNA splicing events, which include or exclude exon 5. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=1715583" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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</span>
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<div>
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<br />
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</div>
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<div>
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<a id="mapping" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<h4 href="#mimMappingFold" id="mimMappingToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
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<span id="mimMappingToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">▼</span>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>Mapping</strong>
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</span>
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</h4>
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</div>
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<div id="mimMappingFold" class="collapse in mimTextToggleFold">
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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<p><a href="#3" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Cybulsky, M., Fries, J. W., Williams, A. J., Sultan, P., Eddy, R. L., Byers, M. G., Shows, T. B., Gimbrone, M. A., Jr., Collins, T. <strong>The human VCAM1 gene is assigned to chromosome 1p31-p32. (Abstract)</strong> Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 58: 1852, 1991."None>Cybulsky et al. (1991)</a> mapped the VCAM1 gene to chromosome 1 by Southern analysis of somatic cell hybrids. A study of 2 hybrid lines carrying translocations involving chromosome 1 permitted regionalization to 1p34-p21. Fluorescence in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes further narrowed the localization to 1p32-p31. (Another endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule, ELAM1 (<a href="/entry/131210">131210</a>), is located on chromosome 1, but on the long arm.)</p><p><a href="#10" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Kumar, A. G., Dai, X. Y., Kozak, C. A., Mims, M. P., Gotto, A. M., Ballantyne, C. M. <strong>Murine VCAM-1: molecular cloning, mapping, and analysis of a truncated form.</strong> J. Immun. 153: 4088-4098, 1994.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7523515/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">7523515</a>]" pmid="7523515">Kumar et al. (1994)</a> mapped the murine Vcam1 gene to chromosome 3 near Amy1. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=7523515" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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</span>
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<div>
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<br />
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<div>
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<a id="geneFunction" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<h4 href="#mimGeneFunctionFold" id="mimGeneFunctionToggle" class="mimTriangleToggle" style="cursor: pointer;" data-toggle="collapse">
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<span id="mimGeneFunctionToggleTriangle" class="small mimTextToggleTriangle">▼</span>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>Gene Function</strong>
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</h4>
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<div id="mimGeneFunctionFold" class="collapse in mimTextToggleFold">
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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<p>In a review of molecular pathways controlling heart development, <a href="#14" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Olson, E., Srivastava, D. <strong>Molecular pathways controlling heart development.</strong> Science 272: 671-676, 1996.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8614825/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">8614825</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5262.671" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="8614825">Olson and Srivastava (1996)</a> cited studies indicating that deficiencies of the cell adhesion molecules VCAM and alpha-4 integrin (<a href="/entry/192975">192975</a>) result in epicardial dissolution and subsequent myocardial thinning. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=8614825" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#12" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Lu, T. T., Cyster, J. G. <strong>Integrin-mediated long-term B cell retention in the splenic marginal zone.</strong> Science 297: 409-412, 2002.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12130787/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">12130787</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1071632" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="12130787">Lu and Cyster (2002)</a> studied the mechanisms that control localization of marginal zone B cells. They demonstrated that marginal zone B cells express elevated levels of the integrins LFA1 (see <a href="/entry/153370">153370</a>/<a href="/entry/600065">600065</a>) and alpha-4 (<a href="/entry/192975">192975</a>)-beta-1 (<a href="/entry/135630">135630</a>), and that the marginal zone B cells bind to the ligands ICAM1 (<a href="/entry/147840">147840</a>) and VCAM1. These ligands are expressed within the marginal zone in a lymphotoxin-dependent manner. Combined inhibition of LFA1 and alpha-4-beta-1 causes a rapid and selective release of B cells from the marginal zone. Furthermore, lipopolysaccharide-triggered marginal zone B cell relocalization involves downregulation of integrin-mediated adhesion. <a href="#12" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Lu, T. T., Cyster, J. G. <strong>Integrin-mediated long-term B cell retention in the splenic marginal zone.</strong> Science 297: 409-412, 2002.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12130787/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">12130787</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1071632" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="12130787">Lu and Cyster (2002)</a> concluded that their studies identified key requirements for marginal zone B cell localization and established a role for integrins in peripheral lymphoid tissue compartmentalization. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=12130787" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#6" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Garmy-Susini, B., Jin, H., Zhu, Y., Sung, R.-J., Hwang, R., Varner, J. <strong>Integrin alpha-4-beta-1--VCAM-1--mediated adhesion between endothelial and mural cells is required for blood vessel maturation.</strong> J. Clin. Invest. 115: 1542-1551, 2005.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15902308/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">15902308</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=15902308[PMID]&report=imagesdocsum" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Image', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">images</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI23445" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="15902308">Garmy-Susini et al. (2005)</a> demonstrated that integrin alpha-4-beta-1 and VCAM1 are expressed by proliferating but not quiescent endothelial cells and mural cells, respectively. Antagonists of this integrin-ligand pair blocked the adhesion of mural cells to proliferating endothelia in vitro and in vivo, thereby inducing apoptosis of endothelial cells and pericytes and inhibiting neovascularization. <a href="#6" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Garmy-Susini, B., Jin, H., Zhu, Y., Sung, R.-J., Hwang, R., Varner, J. <strong>Integrin alpha-4-beta-1--VCAM-1--mediated adhesion between endothelial and mural cells is required for blood vessel maturation.</strong> J. Clin. Invest. 115: 1542-1551, 2005.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15902308/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">15902308</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=15902308[PMID]&report=imagesdocsum" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Image', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">images</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI23445" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="15902308">Garmy-Susini et al. (2005)</a> concluded that integrin alpha-4-beta-1 and VCAM1 facilitate a critical cell-cell adhesion event required for survival of endothelial and mural cells during vascularization. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=15902308" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#7" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Garrison, J. L., Kunkel, E. J., Hedge, R. S., Taunton, J. <strong>A substrate-specific inhibitor of protein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum. (Letter)</strong> Nature 436: 285-289, 2005.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16015336/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">16015336</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03821" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="16015336">Garrison et al. (2005)</a> described cotransin, a small molecule that inhibits protein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum. Cotransin acts in a signal-sequence-discriminatory manner to prevent the stable insertion of select nascent chains (specifically VCAM1, and P-selectin, <a href="/entry/173610">173610</a>) into the Sec61 translocation channel. <a href="#7" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Garrison, J. L., Kunkel, E. J., Hedge, R. S., Taunton, J. <strong>A substrate-specific inhibitor of protein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum. (Letter)</strong> Nature 436: 285-289, 2005.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16015336/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">16015336</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03821" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="16015336">Garrison et al. (2005)</a> concluded that the range of substrates accommodated by the channel can be specifically and reversibly modulated by a cell-permeable small molecule that alters the interaction between signal sequences and the Sec61 complex. This has various implications for drug development. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=16015336" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#1" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Besemer, J., Harant, H., Wang, S., Oberhauser, B., Marquardt, K., Foster, C. A., Schreiner, E. P., de Vries, J. E., Dascher-Nadel, C., Lindley, I. J. D. <strong>Selective inhibition of cotranslational translocation of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. (Letter)</strong> Nature 436: 290-293, 2005.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16015337/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">16015337</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03670" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="16015337">Besemer et al. (2005)</a> developed a very similar VCAM1 depressing agent, which they called CAM741. CAM741 works similar to cotransin in that it represses the biosynthesis of VCAM1 cells by blocking the process of cotranslational translocation, which is dependent on the signal peptide of VCAM1. CAM741 does not inhibit targeting of the VCAM1 nascent chains to the translocon channel but prevents translocation to the luminal side of the endoplasmic reticulum through a process that involves the translocon component Sec61-beta (<a href="/entry/609214">609214</a>). Consequently, the VCAM1 precursor protein is synthesized towards the cytosolic compartment of the cells, where it is degraded. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=16015337" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>By in vivo selection, transcriptomic analysis, functional verification, and clinical validation, <a href="#13" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Minn, A. J., Gupta, G. P., Siegel, P. M., Bos, P. D., Shu, W., Giri, D. D., Viale, A., Olshen, A. B., Gerald, W. L., Massague, J. <strong>Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to lung.</strong> Nature 436: 518-524, 2005.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16049480/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">16049480</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=16049480[PMID]&report=imagesdocsum" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Image', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">images</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03799" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="16049480">Minn et al. (2005)</a> identified a set of genes that marks and mediates breast cancer metastasis to the lungs. Some of these genes serve dual functions, providing growth advantages both in the primary tumor and in the lung microenvironment. Others contribute to aggressive growth selectivity in the lung. Among the lung metastasis signature genes identified, several, including VCAM1, were functionally validated. Those subjects expressing the lung metastasis signature had a significantly poorer lung metastasis-free survival, but not bone metastasis-free survival, compared to subjects without the signature. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=16049480" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#2" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Campbell, D. J., Woodward, M., Chalmers, J. P., Colman, S. A., Jenkins, A. J., Kemp, B. E., Neal, B. C., Patel, A., MacMahon, S. W. <strong>Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in predicting ischemic stroke in patients with cerebrovascular disease.</strong> Arch. Neurol. 63: 60-65, 2006.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16286536/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">16286536</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.63.1.noc50221" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="16286536">Campbell et al. (2006)</a> found that increased serum levels of soluble VCAM1 predicted recurrent ischemic stroke (<a href="/entry/601367">601367</a>) in a study of 252 patients. A smaller but similar trend was noted for serum levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NPPB; <a href="/entry/600295">600295</a>). Patients in the highest quarters for both sVCAM1 and NT-proBNP levels had 3.6 times the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke compared to patients in the lowest quarters for both biologic markers. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=16286536" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>By database analysis, <a href="#8" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Harris, T. A., Yamakuchi, M., Ferlito, M., Mendell, J. T., Lowenstein, C. J. <strong>MicroRNA-126 regulates endothelial expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.</strong> Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 105: 1516-1521, 2008.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18227515/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">18227515</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=18227515[PMID]&report=imagesdocsum" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Image', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">images</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707493105" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="18227515">Harris et al. (2008)</a> identified a potential target sequence for miR126 (MIRN126; <a href="/entry/611767">611767</a>), a microRNA selectively expressed in endothelial cells, in the 3-prime UTR of VCAM1. Transfection of human endothelial cells with antisense miR126 permitted an increase in TNF-alpha (TNF; <a href="/entry/191160">191160</a>)-stimulated VCAM1 expression. Conversely, overexpression of the miR126 precursor increased miR126 levels and decreased VCAM1 expression. Decreasing endogenous miR126 levels increased leukocyte adherence to endothelial cells. <a href="#8" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Harris, T. A., Yamakuchi, M., Ferlito, M., Mendell, J. T., Lowenstein, C. J. <strong>MicroRNA-126 regulates endothelial expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.</strong> Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 105: 1516-1521, 2008.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18227515/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">18227515</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=18227515[PMID]&report=imagesdocsum" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Image', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">images</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707493105" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="18227515">Harris et al. (2008)</a> concluded that miR126 inhibits VCAM1 expression. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=18227515" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#11" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Li, D., Xue, W., Li, M., Dong, M., Wang, J., Wang, X., Li, X., Chen, K., Zhang, W., Wu, S., Zhang, Y., Gao, L., Chen, Y., Chen, J., Zhou, B. O., Zhou, Y., Yao, X., Li, L., Wu, D., Pan, W. <strong>VCAM-1+ macrophages guide the homing of HSPCs to a vascular niche.</strong> Nature 564: 119-124, 2018.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30455424/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">30455424</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0709-7" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="30455424">Li et al. (2018)</a> used advanced live imaging and a cell labeling system to perform high-resolution analyses of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) homing in caudal hematopoietic tissue of zebrafish, equivalent to the fetal liver in mammals, and revealed the role of vascular architecture in the regulation of HSPC retention. <a href="#11" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Li, D., Xue, W., Li, M., Dong, M., Wang, J., Wang, X., Li, X., Chen, K., Zhang, W., Wu, S., Zhang, Y., Gao, L., Chen, Y., Chen, J., Zhou, B. O., Zhou, Y., Yao, X., Li, L., Wu, D., Pan, W. <strong>VCAM-1+ macrophages guide the homing of HSPCs to a vascular niche.</strong> Nature 564: 119-124, 2018.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30455424/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">30455424</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0709-7" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="30455424">Li et al. (2018)</a> identified a VCAM1-positive macrophage-like niche cell population that patrols the inner surface of the venous plexus, interacts with HSPCs in an ITGA4 (<a href="/entry/192975">192975</a>)-dependent manner, and directs HSPC retention. These cells, which they called 'usher cells,' together with caudal venous capillaries and plexus, defined retention hotspots within the homing microenvironment. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=30455424" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<p><a href="#15" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Taylor, J. G., VI, Tang, D. C., Savage, S. A., Leitman, S. F., Heller, S. I., Serjeant, G. R., Rodgers, G. P., Chanock, S. J. <strong>Variants in the VCAM1 gene and risk for symptomatic stroke in sickle cell disease.</strong> Blood 100: 4303-4309, 2002.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12393616/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">12393616</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2001-12-0306" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="12393616">Taylor et al. (2002)</a> identified 33 SNPs in the VCAM1 locus. They then analyzed a subset of these SNPs in 51 cases of stroke in sickle cell disease (<a href="/entry/603903">603903</a>) patients derived from a single institution in Jamaica and in 51 matched controls. They found that the C variant allele of the nonsynonymous SNP 1238G-C, which results in a gly413-to-ala amino acid change (G413A), may be associated with protection from stroke (odds ratio = 0.35). <a href="#5" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Dover, G. J. <strong>SS disease is not a single gene disorder. (Letter)</strong> Blood 100: 4255 only, 2002."None>Dover (2002)</a> stated that sickle cell disease is not a single gene disorder and emphasized the need for further studies of the relationship of VCAM1 to strokes in this disorder. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=12393616" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#9" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Idelman, G., Taylor, J. G., Tongbai, R., Chen, R. A., Haggerty, C. M., Bilke, S., Chanock, S. J., Gardner, K. <strong>Functional profiling of uncommon VCAM1 promoter polymorphisms prevalent in African American populations.</strong> Hum. Mutat. 28: 824-829, 2007.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17431880/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">17431880</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.20523" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="17431880">Idelman et al. (2007)</a> stated that VCAM1 transcription induction is highly dependent on cell and organ type and mode of stimulation by various transcription factors. The authors identified 8 VCAM1 promoter haplotypes comprising 13 SNPs previously identified by <a href="#15" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Taylor, J. G., VI, Tang, D. C., Savage, S. A., Leitman, S. F., Heller, S. I., Serjeant, G. R., Rodgers, G. P., Chanock, S. J. <strong>Variants in the VCAM1 gene and risk for symptomatic stroke in sickle cell disease.</strong> Blood 100: 4303-4309, 2002.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12393616/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">12393616</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2001-12-0306" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="12393616">Taylor et al. (2002)</a> in African Americans. Functional cellular expression studies in T cells stimulated by T-cell mitogens assessed the inducibility of expression of the different haplotypes. A -540A-G SNP (<a href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Variation/Summary?v=rs3783605;toggle_HGVS_names=open" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'dbSNP\', \'domain\': \'ensembl.org\'})">rs3783605</a>) was found to gain an ETS2 (<a href="/entry/164740">164740</a>)-binding site, which was postulated by <a href="#9" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Idelman, G., Taylor, J. G., Tongbai, R., Chen, R. A., Haggerty, C. M., Bilke, S., Chanock, S. J., Gardner, K. <strong>Functional profiling of uncommon VCAM1 promoter polymorphisms prevalent in African American populations.</strong> Hum. Mutat. 28: 824-829, 2007.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17431880/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">17431880</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.20523" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="17431880">Idelman et al. (2007)</a> to have functional importance. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=17431880+12393616" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<strong>REFERENCES</strong>
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.63.1.noc50221" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.17.7859" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI23445" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03821" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707493105" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.20523" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1071632" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5262.671" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2001-12-0306" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<a href="#mimCollapseContributors" role="button" data-toggle="collapse"> Contributors: </a>
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<div class="col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-6">
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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Ada Hamosh - updated : 02/26/2019
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Patricia A. Hartz - updated : 4/15/2008<br>Cassandra L. Kniffin - updated : 10/10/2007<br>Cassandra L. Kniffin - updated : 7/14/2006<br>Ada Hamosh - updated : 8/17/2005<br>Ada Hamosh - updated : 8/17/2005<br>Ada Hamosh - updated : 8/15/2005<br>Marla J. F. O'Neill - updated : 7/8/2005<br>Victor A. McKusick - updated : 2/12/2003<br>Ada Hamosh - updated : 9/11/2002<br>Moyra Smith - Updated : 5/18/1996
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Victor A. McKusick : 8/8/1991
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alopez : 02/26/2019
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carol : 06/17/2014<br>mgross : 4/15/2008<br>wwang : 10/18/2007<br>ckniffin : 10/10/2007<br>carol : 5/16/2007<br>carol : 7/19/2006<br>ckniffin : 7/14/2006<br>alopez : 8/23/2005<br>alopez : 8/18/2005<br>terry : 8/17/2005<br>terry : 8/17/2005<br>terry : 8/15/2005<br>wwang : 7/19/2005<br>wwang : 7/13/2005<br>terry : 7/8/2005<br>carol : 2/27/2003<br>tkritzer : 2/24/2003<br>terry : 2/12/2003<br>alopez : 9/11/2002<br>tkritzer : 9/11/2002<br>dkim : 7/17/1998<br>carol : 5/18/1996<br>carol : 1/27/1995<br>supermim : 3/16/1992<br>carol : 2/23/1992<br>carol : 9/27/1991<br>carol : 8/30/1991<br>carol : 8/8/1991
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<strong>*</strong> 192225
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VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1; VCAM1
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<strong><em>HGNC Approved Gene Symbol: VCAM1</em></strong>
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Cytogenetic location: 1p21.2
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Genomic coordinates <span class="small">(GRCh38)</span> : 1:100,719,742-100,739,045 </span>
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<span class="small">(from NCBI)</span>
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<p>Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, a cell surface glycoprotein expressed by cytokine-activated endothelium, mediates the adhesion of monocytes and lymphocytes. In inflammatory conditions and in cardiac allografts undergoing rejection, VCAM1 is upregulated in endothelium of postcapillary venules. Arterial expression of VCAM1 is also found in experimental models of atherosclerosis in the rabbit (summary by Cybulsky et al., 1991).</p>
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<strong>Gene Structure</strong>
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<p>Cybulsky et al. (1991) demonstrated that VCAM1 is present in single copy in the human genome and contains 9 exons spanning about 25 kb of DNA. At least 2 different VCAM1 precursors can be generated from the human gene as a result of alternative mRNA splicing events, which include or exclude exon 5. </p>
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<strong>Mapping</strong>
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<p>Cybulsky et al. (1991) mapped the VCAM1 gene to chromosome 1 by Southern analysis of somatic cell hybrids. A study of 2 hybrid lines carrying translocations involving chromosome 1 permitted regionalization to 1p34-p21. Fluorescence in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes further narrowed the localization to 1p32-p31. (Another endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule, ELAM1 (131210), is located on chromosome 1, but on the long arm.)</p><p>Kumar et al. (1994) mapped the murine Vcam1 gene to chromosome 3 near Amy1. </p>
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<strong>Gene Function</strong>
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<p>In a review of molecular pathways controlling heart development, Olson and Srivastava (1996) cited studies indicating that deficiencies of the cell adhesion molecules VCAM and alpha-4 integrin (192975) result in epicardial dissolution and subsequent myocardial thinning. </p><p>Lu and Cyster (2002) studied the mechanisms that control localization of marginal zone B cells. They demonstrated that marginal zone B cells express elevated levels of the integrins LFA1 (see 153370/600065) and alpha-4 (192975)-beta-1 (135630), and that the marginal zone B cells bind to the ligands ICAM1 (147840) and VCAM1. These ligands are expressed within the marginal zone in a lymphotoxin-dependent manner. Combined inhibition of LFA1 and alpha-4-beta-1 causes a rapid and selective release of B cells from the marginal zone. Furthermore, lipopolysaccharide-triggered marginal zone B cell relocalization involves downregulation of integrin-mediated adhesion. Lu and Cyster (2002) concluded that their studies identified key requirements for marginal zone B cell localization and established a role for integrins in peripheral lymphoid tissue compartmentalization. </p><p>Garmy-Susini et al. (2005) demonstrated that integrin alpha-4-beta-1 and VCAM1 are expressed by proliferating but not quiescent endothelial cells and mural cells, respectively. Antagonists of this integrin-ligand pair blocked the adhesion of mural cells to proliferating endothelia in vitro and in vivo, thereby inducing apoptosis of endothelial cells and pericytes and inhibiting neovascularization. Garmy-Susini et al. (2005) concluded that integrin alpha-4-beta-1 and VCAM1 facilitate a critical cell-cell adhesion event required for survival of endothelial and mural cells during vascularization. </p><p>Garrison et al. (2005) described cotransin, a small molecule that inhibits protein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum. Cotransin acts in a signal-sequence-discriminatory manner to prevent the stable insertion of select nascent chains (specifically VCAM1, and P-selectin, 173610) into the Sec61 translocation channel. Garrison et al. (2005) concluded that the range of substrates accommodated by the channel can be specifically and reversibly modulated by a cell-permeable small molecule that alters the interaction between signal sequences and the Sec61 complex. This has various implications for drug development. </p><p>Besemer et al. (2005) developed a very similar VCAM1 depressing agent, which they called CAM741. CAM741 works similar to cotransin in that it represses the biosynthesis of VCAM1 cells by blocking the process of cotranslational translocation, which is dependent on the signal peptide of VCAM1. CAM741 does not inhibit targeting of the VCAM1 nascent chains to the translocon channel but prevents translocation to the luminal side of the endoplasmic reticulum through a process that involves the translocon component Sec61-beta (609214). Consequently, the VCAM1 precursor protein is synthesized towards the cytosolic compartment of the cells, where it is degraded. </p><p>By in vivo selection, transcriptomic analysis, functional verification, and clinical validation, Minn et al. (2005) identified a set of genes that marks and mediates breast cancer metastasis to the lungs. Some of these genes serve dual functions, providing growth advantages both in the primary tumor and in the lung microenvironment. Others contribute to aggressive growth selectivity in the lung. Among the lung metastasis signature genes identified, several, including VCAM1, were functionally validated. Those subjects expressing the lung metastasis signature had a significantly poorer lung metastasis-free survival, but not bone metastasis-free survival, compared to subjects without the signature. </p><p>Campbell et al. (2006) found that increased serum levels of soluble VCAM1 predicted recurrent ischemic stroke (601367) in a study of 252 patients. A smaller but similar trend was noted for serum levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NPPB; 600295). Patients in the highest quarters for both sVCAM1 and NT-proBNP levels had 3.6 times the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke compared to patients in the lowest quarters for both biologic markers. </p><p>By database analysis, Harris et al. (2008) identified a potential target sequence for miR126 (MIRN126; 611767), a microRNA selectively expressed in endothelial cells, in the 3-prime UTR of VCAM1. Transfection of human endothelial cells with antisense miR126 permitted an increase in TNF-alpha (TNF; 191160)-stimulated VCAM1 expression. Conversely, overexpression of the miR126 precursor increased miR126 levels and decreased VCAM1 expression. Decreasing endogenous miR126 levels increased leukocyte adherence to endothelial cells. Harris et al. (2008) concluded that miR126 inhibits VCAM1 expression. </p><p>Li et al. (2018) used advanced live imaging and a cell labeling system to perform high-resolution analyses of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) homing in caudal hematopoietic tissue of zebrafish, equivalent to the fetal liver in mammals, and revealed the role of vascular architecture in the regulation of HSPC retention. Li et al. (2018) identified a VCAM1-positive macrophage-like niche cell population that patrols the inner surface of the venous plexus, interacts with HSPCs in an ITGA4 (192975)-dependent manner, and directs HSPC retention. These cells, which they called 'usher cells,' together with caudal venous capillaries and plexus, defined retention hotspots within the homing microenvironment. </p>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>Molecular Genetics</strong>
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<p>Taylor et al. (2002) identified 33 SNPs in the VCAM1 locus. They then analyzed a subset of these SNPs in 51 cases of stroke in sickle cell disease (603903) patients derived from a single institution in Jamaica and in 51 matched controls. They found that the C variant allele of the nonsynonymous SNP 1238G-C, which results in a gly413-to-ala amino acid change (G413A), may be associated with protection from stroke (odds ratio = 0.35). Dover (2002) stated that sickle cell disease is not a single gene disorder and emphasized the need for further studies of the relationship of VCAM1 to strokes in this disorder. </p><p>Idelman et al. (2007) stated that VCAM1 transcription induction is highly dependent on cell and organ type and mode of stimulation by various transcription factors. The authors identified 8 VCAM1 promoter haplotypes comprising 13 SNPs previously identified by Taylor et al. (2002) in African Americans. Functional cellular expression studies in T cells stimulated by T-cell mitogens assessed the inducibility of expression of the different haplotypes. A -540A-G SNP (rs3783605) was found to gain an ETS2 (164740)-binding site, which was postulated by Idelman et al. (2007) to have functional importance. </p>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>REFERENCES</strong>
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<ol>
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Besemer, J., Harant, H., Wang, S., Oberhauser, B., Marquardt, K., Foster, C. A., Schreiner, E. P., de Vries, J. E., Dascher-Nadel, C., Lindley, I. J. D.
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<strong>Selective inhibition of cotranslational translocation of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. (Letter)</strong>
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Nature 436: 290-293, 2005.
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[PubMed: 16015337]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03670]
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</li>
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<li>
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Campbell, D. J., Woodward, M., Chalmers, J. P., Colman, S. A., Jenkins, A. J., Kemp, B. E., Neal, B. C., Patel, A., MacMahon, S. W.
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<strong>Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in predicting ischemic stroke in patients with cerebrovascular disease.</strong>
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Arch. Neurol. 63: 60-65, 2006.
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[PubMed: 16286536]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.63.1.noc50221]
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Cybulsky, M., Fries, J. W., Williams, A. J., Sultan, P., Eddy, R. L., Byers, M. G., Shows, T. B., Gimbrone, M. A., Jr., Collins, T.
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<strong>The human VCAM1 gene is assigned to chromosome 1p31-p32. (Abstract)</strong>
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Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 58: 1852, 1991.
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Cybulsky, M. I., Fries, J. W. U., Williams, A. J., Sultan, P., Eddy, R., Byers, M., Shows, T., Gimbrone, M. A., Jr., Collins, T.
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<strong>Gene structure, chromosomal location, and basis for alternative mRNA splicing of the human VCAM1 gene.</strong>
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Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 88: 7859-7863, 1991.
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[PubMed: 1715583]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.17.7859]
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</li>
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<li>
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Dover, G. J.
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<strong>SS disease is not a single gene disorder. (Letter)</strong>
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Blood 100: 4255 only, 2002.
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Garmy-Susini, B., Jin, H., Zhu, Y., Sung, R.-J., Hwang, R., Varner, J.
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<strong>Integrin alpha-4-beta-1--VCAM-1--mediated adhesion between endothelial and mural cells is required for blood vessel maturation.</strong>
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J. Clin. Invest. 115: 1542-1551, 2005.
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[PubMed: 15902308]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI23445]
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Garrison, J. L., Kunkel, E. J., Hedge, R. S., Taunton, J.
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<strong>A substrate-specific inhibitor of protein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum. (Letter)</strong>
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Nature 436: 285-289, 2005.
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[PubMed: 16015336]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03821]
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Harris, T. A., Yamakuchi, M., Ferlito, M., Mendell, J. T., Lowenstein, C. J.
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<strong>MicroRNA-126 regulates endothelial expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.</strong>
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Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 105: 1516-1521, 2008.
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[PubMed: 18227515]
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Idelman, G., Taylor, J. G., Tongbai, R., Chen, R. A., Haggerty, C. M., Bilke, S., Chanock, S. J., Gardner, K.
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<strong>Functional profiling of uncommon VCAM1 promoter polymorphisms prevalent in African American populations.</strong>
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Hum. Mutat. 28: 824-829, 2007.
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[PubMed: 17431880]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.20523]
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Kumar, A. G., Dai, X. Y., Kozak, C. A., Mims, M. P., Gotto, A. M., Ballantyne, C. M.
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<strong>Murine VCAM-1: molecular cloning, mapping, and analysis of a truncated form.</strong>
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J. Immun. 153: 4088-4098, 1994.
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[PubMed: 7523515]
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Li, D., Xue, W., Li, M., Dong, M., Wang, J., Wang, X., Li, X., Chen, K., Zhang, W., Wu, S., Zhang, Y., Gao, L., Chen, Y., Chen, J., Zhou, B. O., Zhou, Y., Yao, X., Li, L., Wu, D., Pan, W.
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<strong>VCAM-1+ macrophages guide the homing of HSPCs to a vascular niche.</strong>
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Nature 564: 119-124, 2018.
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[PubMed: 30455424]
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Lu, T. T., Cyster, J. G.
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<strong>Integrin-mediated long-term B cell retention in the splenic marginal zone.</strong>
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Science 297: 409-412, 2002.
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<li>
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Minn, A. J., Gupta, G. P., Siegel, P. M., Bos, P. D., Shu, W., Giri, D. D., Viale, A., Olshen, A. B., Gerald, W. L., Massague, J.
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<strong>Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to lung.</strong>
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[PubMed: 16049480]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03799]
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</li>
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<li>
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Olson, E., Srivastava, D.
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<strong>Molecular pathways controlling heart development.</strong>
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Science 272: 671-676, 1996.
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[PubMed: 8614825]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5262.671]
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Taylor, J. G., VI, Tang, D. C., Savage, S. A., Leitman, S. F., Heller, S. I., Serjeant, G. R., Rodgers, G. P., Chanock, S. J.
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<strong>Variants in the VCAM1 gene and risk for symptomatic stroke in sickle cell disease.</strong>
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Blood 100: 4303-4309, 2002.
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[PubMed: 12393616]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2001-12-0306]
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Ada Hamosh - updated : 02/26/2019<br>Patricia A. Hartz - updated : 4/15/2008<br>Cassandra L. Kniffin - updated : 10/10/2007<br>Cassandra L. Kniffin - updated : 7/14/2006<br>Ada Hamosh - updated : 8/17/2005<br>Ada Hamosh - updated : 8/17/2005<br>Ada Hamosh - updated : 8/15/2005<br>Marla J. F. O'Neill - updated : 7/8/2005<br>Victor A. McKusick - updated : 2/12/2003<br>Ada Hamosh - updated : 9/11/2002<br>Moyra Smith - Updated : 5/18/1996
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Victor A. McKusick : 8/8/1991
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