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Entry
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- #117800 - APOCRINE GLAND SECRETION, VARIATION IN
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- OMIM
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<p>
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<span class="h4">#117800</span>
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<br />
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<strong>Table of Contents</strong>
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</p>
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<a href="#title"><strong>Title</strong></a>
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<li role="presentation">
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<a href="#phenotypeMap"><strong>Phenotype-Gene Relationships</strong></a>
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<li role="presentation">
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<a href="/clinicalSynopsis/117800"><strong>Clinical Synopsis</strong></a>
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<a href="#text"><strong>Text</strong></a>
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<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
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<a href="#clinicalFeatures">Clinical Features</a>
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<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
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<a href="#mapping">Mapping</a>
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<li role="presentation" style="margin-left: 1em">
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<a href="#molecularGenetics">Molecular Genetics</a>
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<a href="#populationGenetics">Population Genetics</a>
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<a href="#seeAlso"><strong>See Also</strong></a>
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<li role="presentation">
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<a href="#references"><strong>References</strong></a>
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<a href="#contributors"><strong>Contributors</strong></a>
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<a href="#creationDate"><strong>Creation Date</strong></a>
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<li role="presentation">
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<a href="#editHistory"><strong>Edit History</strong></a>
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<div class="panel-heading mim-panel-heading" role="tab" id="mimExternalLinks">
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<h4 class="panel-title">
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<div id="mimExternalLinksToggleTriangle" class="small" style="color: white; display: table-cell;">▼</div>
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<div style="display: table-cell;">External Links</div>
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</div>
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</a>
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</h4>
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</div>
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<div class="panel-heading mim-panel-heading" role="tab" id="mimClinicalResources">
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<span class="panel-title">
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<span class="small">
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<a href="#mimClinicalResourcesLinksFold" id="mimClinicalResourcesLinksToggle" class=" mimSingletonTriangleToggle" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#mimExternalLinksAccordion">
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<div style="display: table-row">
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<div id="mimClinicalResourcesLinksToggleTriangle" class="small mimSingletonTriangle" style="color: #337CB5; display: table-cell;">▼</div>
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<div style="display: table-cell;">Clinical Resources</div>
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</div>
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</a>
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</span>
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</span>
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</div>
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<div id="mimClinicalResourcesLinksFold" class="panel-collapse collapse in mimLinksFold" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="clinicalResources">
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<div class="panel-body small mim-panel-body">
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<div><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=APOCRINE GLAND SECRETION, VARIATION IN" class="mim-tip-hint" title="A registry of federally and privately supported clinical trials conducted in the United States and around the world." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Clinical Trials', 'domain': 'clinicaltrials.gov'})">Clinical Trials</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.diseaseinfosearch.org/x/7703" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Network of disease-specific advocacy organizations, universities, private companies, government agencies, and public policy organizations." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'Genetic Alliance', 'domain': 'diseaseinfosearch.org'})">Genetic Alliance</a></div>
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<div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/all/tests/?term=117800[mim]" class="mim-tip-hint" title="Genetic Testing Registry." target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'GTR', 'domain': 'ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">GTR</a></div>
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</div>
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<span>
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<span class="mim-tip-bottom" qtip_title="<strong>Looking for this gene or this phenotype in other resources?</strong>" qtip_text="Select a related resource from the dropdown menu and click for a targeted link to information directly relevant.">
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</span>
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</span>
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<div class="col-lg-8 col-lg-pull-2 col-md-8 col-md-pull-2 col-sm-8 col-sm-pull-2 col-xs-12">
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<a id="title" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div>
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<a id="number" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div class="text-right">
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<div>
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<span class="h3">
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<span class="mim-font mim-tip-hint" title="Phenotype description, molecular basis known">
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<span class="text-danger"><strong>#</strong></span>
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117800
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</span>
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</span>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<a id="preferredTitle" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<h3>
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<span class="mim-font">
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APOCRINE GLAND SECRETION, VARIATION IN
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</span>
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</h3>
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</div>
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<div>
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<br />
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</div>
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<div>
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<a id="alternativeTitles" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div>
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<p>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<em>Alternative titles; symbols</em>
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</span>
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</p>
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</div>
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<div>
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<h4>
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<span class="mim-font">
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EAR WAX, WET/DRY; EWWD<br />
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WET WAX; WW<br />
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CERUMEN, VARIATION IN<br />
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AXILLARY ODOR, VARIATION IN<br />
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COLOSTRUM SECRETION, VARIATION IN
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</span>
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</h4>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<br />
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<a id="phenotypeMap" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<h4>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>Phenotype-Gene Relationships</strong>
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</span>
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</h4>
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<div>
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<table class="table table-bordered table-condensed table-hover small mim-table-padding">
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<thead>
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<tr class="active">
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<th>
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Location
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</th>
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<th>
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Phenotype
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</th>
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<th>
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Phenotype <br /> MIM number
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</th>
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<th>
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Inheritance
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</th>
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<th>
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Phenotype <br /> mapping key
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</th>
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<th>
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Gene/Locus
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</th>
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<th>
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Gene/Locus <br /> MIM number
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</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
|
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<a href="/geneMap/16/416?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=416">
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16q12.1
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</a>
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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[Colostrum secretion, variation in]
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<a href="/entry/117800"> 117800 </a>
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</abbr>
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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ABCC11
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<a href="/entry/607040"> 607040 </a>
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</span>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<a href="/geneMap/16/416?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=416">
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16q12.1
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</a>
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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[Earwax, wet/dry]
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<a href="/entry/117800"> 117800 </a>
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</abbr>
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
|
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ABCC11
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
|
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<a href="/entry/607040"> 607040 </a>
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</span>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>
|
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<span class="mim-font">
|
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<a href="/geneMap/16/416?start=-3&limit=10&highlight=416">
|
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16q12.1
|
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</a>
|
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
|
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<span class="mim-font">
|
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[Axillary odor, variation in]
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
|
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<span class="mim-font">
|
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<a href="/entry/117800"> 117800 </a>
|
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</span>
|
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</td>
|
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<td>
|
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<span class="mim-font">
|
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<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</abbr>
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
|
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<span class="mim-font">
|
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<abbr class="mim-tip-hint" title="3 - The molecular basis of the disorder is known"> 3 </abbr>
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
|
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ABCC11
|
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
|
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<span class="mim-font">
|
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<a href="/entry/607040"> 607040 </a>
|
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</span>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<div class="btn-group ">
|
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<a href="/clinicalSynopsis/117800" class="btn btn-warning" role="button"> Clinical Synopsis </a>
|
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<button type="button" id="mimPhenotypicSeriesToggle" class="btn btn-warning dropdown-toggle mimSingletonFoldToggle" data-toggle="collapse" href="#mimClinicalSynopsisFold" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Unfurl', 'ClinicalSynopsis', 'omim.org')">
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<span class="caret"></span>
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<span class="sr-only">Toggle Dropdown</span>
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</button>
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<div class="btn-group">
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<button type="button" class="btn btn-success dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
|
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PheneGene Graphics <span class="caret"></span>
|
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</button>
|
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<ul class="dropdown-menu" style="width: 17em;">
|
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<li><a href="/graph/linear/117800" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_graph', {'destination': 'Linear'})"> Linear </a></li>
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- Autosomal Dominant <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[SNOMEDCT: <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/263681008" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">263681008</a>, <a href="https://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/771269000" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'SNOMEDCT\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">771269000</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[UMLS: <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C0443147&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C0443147</a>, <a href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/search?q=C1867440&searchproperties=true" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'UMLS\', \'domain\': \'bioontology.org\'})">C1867440</a> HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000006" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000006</a>]</span> <span class="mim-feature-ids hidden">[HPO: <a href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000006" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'HPO\', \'domain\': \'hpo.jax.org\'})">HP:0000006</a>]</span><br />
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<span class="mim-tip-floating" qtip_title="<strong>Looking For More References?</strong>" qtip_text="Click the 'reference plus' icon <span class='glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign'></span> at the end of each OMIM text paragraph to see more references related to the content of the preceding paragraph.">
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<p>A number sign (#) is used with this entry because of evidence that variation in apocrine gland secretion, which manifests as wet or dry ear wax type, presence or absence of axillary odor, and variation in colostrum secretion, is associated with variation in the ABCC11 gene (<a href="/entry/607040">607040</a>) on chromosome 16q12.</p>
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<p>In Japanese, <a href="#8" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Matsunaga, E. <strong>The dimorphism in human normal cerumen.</strong> Ann. Hum. Genet. 25: 273-286, 1962.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14471313/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">14471313</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1962.tb01766.x" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="14471313">Matsunaga (1962)</a> described a dimorphism of ear wax, the 2 types being wet and dry. This variation has been studied extensively in Japan since at least 1934. Less attention has been given to this variation elsewhere, probably because Caucasians and blacks have only the wet type of cerumen. In 80 to 85% of Japanese, the cerumen is gray, dry, and brittle. It is referred to as 'rice-bran ear wax' in Japanese. In the other Japanese, the cerumen is brown, sticky, and wet. This is referred to as 'honey ear wax,' 'oily ear wax' or 'cat ear wax.' In all except about 0.5% of Japanese, classification is simple. Family studies indicate monofactorial inheritance, with the rarer phenotype, wet wax, being dominant. Wet cerumen is often associated with axillary odor, which, because of its rarity in Japan, is considered in the lay mind a pathologic state requiring medical attention. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=14471313" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#10" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Petrakis, N. L., Molohon, K. T., Tepper, D. J. <strong>Cerumen in American Indians: genetic implications of sticky and dry types.</strong> Science 158: 1192-1193, 1967.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6075316/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">6075316</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.158.3805.1192" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="6075316">Petrakis et al. (1967)</a> found a high frequency of dry cerumen in pure-blooded American Indians. No qualitative differences in the chemical composition of the dry and wet types of cerumen were identified by <a href="#4" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Kataura, A., Kataura, K. <strong>The comparison of free and bound amino acids between dry and wet types of cerumen.</strong> Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 91: 215-225, 1967.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6055546/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">6055546</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.91.215" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="6055546">Kataura and Kataura (1967)</a>. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=6075316+6055546" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#11" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Petrakis, N. L. <strong>Cerumen genetics and human breast cancer.</strong> Science 173: 347-349, 1971.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5559907/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">5559907</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.173.3994.347" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="5559907">Petrakis (1971)</a> noted a positive correlation between wet ear wax and breast cancer in several countries and suggested an association. In a study of Chinese women in Hong Kong, <a href="#3" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Ing, R., Petrakis, N. L., Ho, H. C. <strong>Evidence against association between wet cerumen and breast cancer.</strong> Lancet 301: 41 only, 1973. Note: Originally Volume I.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4118561/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">4118561</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(73)91252-x" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="4118561">Ing et al. (1973)</a> could not confirm the association. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=4118561+5559907" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#2" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Ibraimov, A. I. <strong>Brief communication: cerumen phenotypes in certain populations of Eurasia and Africa.</strong> Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 84: 209-211, 1991.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2021195/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">2021195</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330840210" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="2021195">Ibraimov (1991)</a> presented data on the high frequency of dry cerumen in Mongoloid populations and low frequency among Europoids. Intermediate frequencies were found among peoples of subequatorial Africa. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=2021195" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#14" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Tomita, H., Yamada, K., Ghadami, M., Ogura, T., Yanai, Y., Nakatomi, K., Sadamatsu, M., Masui, A., Kato, N., Niikawa, N. <strong>Mapping of the wet/dry ear wax locus to the pericentromeric region of chromosome 16.</strong> Lancet 359: 2000-2002, 2002.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12076558/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">12076558</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08835-9" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="12076558">Tomita et al. (2002)</a> noted that the difference in nature of wet and dry cerumen is attributed to secretory products of ceruminous glands. Histologic studies have shown abundant lipid droplets and pigment granules in the cytoplasm of secretory cells in individuals with wet cerumen, whereas these cytoplasmic components are scarce in individuals with dry cerumen (<a href="#8" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Matsunaga, E. <strong>The dimorphism in human normal cerumen.</strong> Ann. Hum. Genet. 25: 273-286, 1962.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14471313/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">14471313</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1962.tb01766.x" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="14471313">Matsunaga, 1962</a>). The ceruminous gland is an apocrine gland, as are axillary and breast glands. In individuals with dry cerumen, the axillary apocrine gland is usually much less developed than in those with wet cerumen, and therefore the dry type is associated with less axillary odor. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=14471313+12076558" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>The wet cerumen phenotype is completely dominant to the dry type. <a href="#15" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Yoshiura, K., Kinoshita, A., Ishida, T., Ninokata, A., Ishikawa, T., Kaname, T., Bannai, M., Tokunaga, K., Sonoda, S., Komaki, R., Ihara, M., Saenko, V. A., and 27 others. <strong>A SNP in the ABCC11 gene is the determinant of human earwax type.</strong> Nature Genet. 38: 324-330, 2006.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16444273/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">16444273</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1733" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="16444273">Yoshiura et al. (2006)</a> stated that the dry ear wax type is seen frequently (80 to 95%) among East Asians, but uncommonly (0 to 3%) in populations of European and African origins. Intermediate frequencies (30 to 50%) of the dry type are seen in populations of southern Asia, the Pacific Islands, central Asia, and Asia Minor, as well as among the native North American and Inuit of Asian ancestry. These figures show geographic gradient distributions. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=16444273" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p>Among 225 Japanese women, <a href="#9" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Miura, K., Yoshiura, K., Miura, S., Shimada, T., Yamasaki, K., Yoshida, A., Nakayama, D., Shibata, Y., Niikawa, N., Masuzaki, H. <strong>A strong association between human earwax-type and apocrine colostrum secretion from the mammary gland.</strong> Hum. Genet. 121: 631-633, 2007.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17394018/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">17394018</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-007-0356-9" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="17394018">Miura et al. (2007)</a> reported an association between ear wax type and apocrine colostrum secretion from the mammary gland on the first postpartum day. The absence of colostrum secretion was more common among women with dry ear wax (105 of 155, 67.7%) compared to women with wet ear wax (28 of 70, 40%). The authors noted that both colostrum and cerumen have a common origin in the secretory glands and suggested that the ABCC11 gene product may play a role in colostrum secretion independent of endocrine control. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=17394018" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<p>In a Japanese family with paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis (<a href="/entry/128200">128200</a>) caused by mutation in a gene situated in the centromeric region of chromosome 16, <a href="#14" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Tomita, H., Yamada, K., Ghadami, M., Ogura, T., Yanai, Y., Nakatomi, K., Sadamatsu, M., Masui, A., Kato, N., Niikawa, N. <strong>Mapping of the wet/dry ear wax locus to the pericentromeric region of chromosome 16.</strong> Lancet 359: 2000-2002, 2002.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12076558/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">12076558</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08835-9" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="12076558">Tomita et al. (2002)</a> found 7 individuals who had the neurologic disorder and wet ear wax. Because the 2 characteristics were possibly cosegregating in the family, <a href="#14" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Tomita, H., Yamada, K., Ghadami, M., Ogura, T., Yanai, Y., Nakatomi, K., Sadamatsu, M., Masui, A., Kato, N., Niikawa, N. <strong>Mapping of the wet/dry ear wax locus to the pericentromeric region of chromosome 16.</strong> Lancet 359: 2000-2002, 2002.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12076558/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">12076558</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08835-9" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="12076558">Tomita et al. (2002)</a> undertook a study in 8 Japanese families segregating the dimorphism. They chose 11 microsatellite markers from the region 16p11.2-q12.1 where the neurologic disorder had been mapped. They calculated lod scores based on the assumption that wet ear wax is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with complete penetrance, and that allele frequencies of W and w in the general Japanese population are 0.085 and 0.915, respectively. Two-point linkage analysis gave a maximum lod score of 11.15 at the locus D16S3044. Haplotype analysis assigned the ear wax locus to 16p11.2-q12.1. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=12076558" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<p>With the aim of further mapping of the ear wax locus, <a href="#15" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Yoshiura, K., Kinoshita, A., Ishida, T., Ninokata, A., Ishikawa, T., Kaname, T., Bannai, M., Tokunaga, K., Sonoda, S., Komaki, R., Ihara, M., Saenko, V. A., and 27 others. <strong>A SNP in the ABCC11 gene is the determinant of human earwax type.</strong> Nature Genet. 38: 324-330, 2006.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16444273/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">16444273</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1733" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="16444273">Yoshiura et al. (2006)</a> performed genotyping in a case-control study of 64 Japanese individuals with dry ear wax and 54 with the wet type using 134 CA repeat markers. Two SNPs that showed an association with ear wax type localized to a 2.5-Mb pericentromeric region of 16q. All 64 individuals with dry ear wax were homozygotes for 1 allele each, consistent with an autosomal recessive trait and supporting the presence of the ear wax locus in this region. An association study of the 118 samples using 37 SNPs within a 5-gene interval showed that a nonsynonymous SNP (538G-A, G180R; <a href="/entry/607040#0001">607040.0001</a>) in exon 4 of the ABCC11 gene was 1 of 3 SNPs showing the lowest P values. Genotyping of a new series of 126 Japanese individuals whose ear wax types had been identified otologically showed 87 of 88 individuals with dry ear wax were AA homozygotes, and that all 38 individuals with the wet type were either GA heterozygotes or GG homozygotes at each of the 3 SNP loci with the lowest P values. Among the 3, only G180R was nonsynonymous; 1 of the others did not create any splicing sites or affect splicing factor binding motifs or known promoter sequences, and the third was located within the Alu-repetitive sequence. One exceptional individual showed discordance between phenotype (dry ear wax) and genotype; sequencing showed that he had a 27-bp deletion in ABCC11 exon 29 (<a href="/entry/607040#0002">607040.0002</a>). This deletion was also found in a few individuals of Asian ancestry. By a functional assay, <a href="#15" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Yoshiura, K., Kinoshita, A., Ishida, T., Ninokata, A., Ishikawa, T., Kaname, T., Bannai, M., Tokunaga, K., Sonoda, S., Komaki, R., Ihara, M., Saenko, V. A., and 27 others. <strong>A SNP in the ABCC11 gene is the determinant of human earwax type.</strong> Nature Genet. 38: 324-330, 2006.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16444273/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">16444273</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1733" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="16444273">Yoshiura et al. (2006)</a> determined that cells with allele A showed a lower excretory activity for cGMP than those with allele G. The allele A frequency showed a north-south and east-west downward geographic gradient; worldwide, it was highest in Chinese and Koreans, and a common dry-type haplotype was retained among various ethnic populations. These results suggested that the allele A arose in northeast Asia and thereafter spread through the world. The 538G-A SNP was the first example of DNA polymorphism determining a visible genetic trait. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=16444273" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p><p><a href="#6" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Martin, A., Saathoff, M., Kuhn, F., Max, H., Terstegen, L., Natsch, A. <strong>A functional ABCC11 allele is essential in the biochemical formation of human axillary odor.</strong> J. Invest. Derm. 130: 529-540, 2010.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19710689/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">19710689</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2009.254" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="19710689">Martin et al. (2010)</a> performed chemical analysis of axillary sweat samples from 25 individuals with different ABCC11 538G-A genotypes, including 18 Asian participants (11 AA homozygotes, 5 AG heterozygotes, and 2 GG homozygotes) and 7 Caucasian participants (2 AG heterozygotes and 5 GG homozygotes). Levels of 3 glutamine conjugates that are precursors for key body odorants were below detection limits in all participants with the AA genotype but were present in all AG and GG individuals, indicating that ABCC11 is essential for secretion of amino-acid conjugates of relevant axillary odors. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=19710689" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<p>The aboriginal Ainu population of the Japanese island of Hokkaido has an exceptionally high frequency of the dominant wet ear wax phenotype compared to those of neighboring Asian populations (see <a href="#15" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Yoshiura, K., Kinoshita, A., Ishida, T., Ninokata, A., Ishikawa, T., Kaname, T., Bannai, M., Tokunaga, K., Sonoda, S., Komaki, R., Ihara, M., Saenko, V. A., and 27 others. <strong>A SNP in the ABCC11 gene is the determinant of human earwax type.</strong> Nature Genet. 38: 324-330, 2006.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16444273/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">16444273</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1733" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="16444273">Yoshiura et al., 2006</a>). <a href="#13" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Sato, T., Amano, T., Ono, H., Ishida, H., Kodera, H., Matsumura, H., Yoneda, M., Masuda, R. <strong>Allele frequencies of the ABCC11 gene for earwax phenotypes among ancient populations of Hokkaido, Japan.</strong> J. Hum. Genet. 54: 409-413, 2009.[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19557017/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">19557017</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/jhg.2009.56" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'destination': 'Publisher'})">Full Text</a>]" pmid="19557017">Sato et al. (2009)</a> genotyped specimens from various Okhotsk and Jomon/Epi-Jomon archaeologic sites on Hokkaido for <a href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Variation/Summary?v=rs17822931;toggle_HGVS_names=open" target="_blank" onclick="gtag(\'event\', \'mim_outbound\', {\'name\': \'dbSNP\', \'domain\': \'ensembl.org\'})">rs17822931</a>. Analysis of 31 specimens of the Okhotsk people and 19 specimens of the Jomon/Epi-Jomon people showed that the frequency of the wet-type allele was higher among the Jomon/Epi-Jomon compared to other northeastern Asian populations, including even modern Ainu. In contrast, the Okhotsk had relatively higher frequencies of the dry-type allele compared to Ainu and Jomon/Epi-Jomon. The findings suggested that gene flow occurred from northeastern Asia to descendants of the Jomon/Epi-Jomon through the Okhotsk, resulting in the establishment of the Ainu. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=16444273+19557017" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign mim-tip-hint" title="Click this 'reference-plus' icon to see articles related to this paragraph in PubMed."></span></a></p>
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<a href="#Hyslop1971" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Hyslop, N. E., Jr. <strong>Ear wax and host defense. (Editorial)</strong> New Eng. J. Med. 284: 1099-1100, 1971.">Hyslop (1971)</a>; <a href="#Kataura1967" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Kataura, A., Kataura, K. <strong>The comparison of lipids between dry and wet types of cerumen.</strong> Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 91: 227-237, 1967.">Kataura and Kataura (1967)</a>; <a href="#Martin1969" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Martin, L. M., Jackson, J. F. <strong>Cerumen types in Choctaw Indians.</strong> Science 163: 677-678, 1969.">Martin and Jackson (1969)</a>; <a href="#Petrakis1977" class="mim-tip-reference" title="Petrakis, N. L. <strong>Genetic cerumen type, breast secretory activity, and breast cancer epidemiology. In: Mulvihill, J. J.; Miller, R. W.; Fraumeni, J. F., Jr. (eds.): Genetics of Human Cancer.</strong> New York: Raven Press (pub.) 1977. Pp. 297-300.">Petrakis (1977)</a>
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Hyslop, N. E., Jr.
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<strong>Ear wax and host defense. (Editorial)</strong>
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New Eng. J. Med. 284: 1099-1100, 1971.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5553201/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">5553201</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=5553201" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197105132841913" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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<strong>Brief communication: cerumen phenotypes in certain populations of Eurasia and Africa.</strong>
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Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 84: 209-211, 1991.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2021195/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">2021195</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=2021195" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330840210" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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Ing, R., Petrakis, N. L., Ho, H. C.
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<strong>Evidence against association between wet cerumen and breast cancer.</strong>
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Lancet 301: 41 only, 1973. Note: Originally Volume I.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4118561/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">4118561</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=4118561" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(73)91252-x" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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Kataura, A., Kataura, K.
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<strong>The comparison of free and bound amino acids between dry and wet types of cerumen.</strong>
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Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 91: 215-225, 1967.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6055546/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">6055546</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=6055546" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.91.215" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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Kataura, A., Kataura, K.
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<strong>The comparison of lipids between dry and wet types of cerumen.</strong>
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Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 91: 227-237, 1967.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6055547/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">6055547</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=6055547" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.91.227" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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Martin, A., Saathoff, M., Kuhn, F., Max, H., Terstegen, L., Natsch, A.
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<strong>A functional ABCC11 allele is essential in the biochemical formation of human axillary odor.</strong>
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J. Invest. Derm. 130: 529-540, 2010.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19710689/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">19710689</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=19710689" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2009.254" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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Martin, L. M., Jackson, J. F.
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<strong>Cerumen types in Choctaw Indians.</strong>
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Science 163: 677-678, 1969.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5762929/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">5762929</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=5762929" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.163.3868.677" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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Matsunaga, E.
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<strong>The dimorphism in human normal cerumen.</strong>
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Ann. Hum. Genet. 25: 273-286, 1962.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14471313/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">14471313</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=14471313" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1962.tb01766.x" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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Miura, K., Yoshiura, K., Miura, S., Shimada, T., Yamasaki, K., Yoshida, A., Nakayama, D., Shibata, Y., Niikawa, N., Masuzaki, H.
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<strong>A strong association between human earwax-type and apocrine colostrum secretion from the mammary gland.</strong>
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Hum. Genet. 121: 631-633, 2007.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17394018/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">17394018</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=17394018" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-007-0356-9" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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Petrakis, N. L., Molohon, K. T., Tepper, D. J.
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<strong>Cerumen in American Indians: genetic implications of sticky and dry types.</strong>
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Science 158: 1192-1193, 1967.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6075316/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">6075316</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=6075316" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.158.3805.1192" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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</p>
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</div>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a id="11" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<a id="Petrakis1971" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div class="">
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Petrakis, N. L.
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<strong>Cerumen genetics and human breast cancer.</strong>
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Science 173: 347-349, 1971.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5559907/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">5559907</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=5559907" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.173.3994.347" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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</p>
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<li>
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<a id="12" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<a id="Petrakis1977" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div class="">
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Petrakis, N. L.
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<strong>Genetic cerumen type, breast secretory activity, and breast cancer epidemiology. In: Mulvihill, J. J.; Miller, R. W.; Fraumeni, J. F., Jr. (eds.): Genetics of Human Cancer.</strong>
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New York: Raven Press (pub.) 1977. Pp. 297-300.
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</p>
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</div>
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<li>
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<a id="13" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<a id="Sato2009" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div class="">
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Sato, T., Amano, T., Ono, H., Ishida, H., Kodera, H., Matsumura, H., Yoneda, M., Masuda, R.
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<strong>Allele frequencies of the ABCC11 gene for earwax phenotypes among ancient populations of Hokkaido, Japan.</strong>
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J. Hum. Genet. 54: 409-413, 2009.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19557017/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">19557017</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=19557017" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/jhg.2009.56" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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</p>
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<li>
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<a id="14" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<a id="Tomita2002" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div class="">
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Tomita, H., Yamada, K., Ghadami, M., Ogura, T., Yanai, Y., Nakatomi, K., Sadamatsu, M., Masui, A., Kato, N., Niikawa, N.
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<strong>Mapping of the wet/dry ear wax locus to the pericentromeric region of chromosome 16.</strong>
|
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Lancet 359: 2000-2002, 2002.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12076558/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">12076558</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=12076558" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08835-9" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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</p>
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</div>
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<li>
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<a id="15" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<a id="Yoshiura2006" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div class="">
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Yoshiura, K., Kinoshita, A., Ishida, T., Ninokata, A., Ishikawa, T., Kaname, T., Bannai, M., Tokunaga, K., Sonoda, S., Komaki, R., Ihara, M., Saenko, V. A., and 27 others.
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<strong>A SNP in the ABCC11 gene is the determinant of human earwax type.</strong>
|
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Nature Genet. 38: 324-330, 2006.
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[PubMed: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16444273/" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">16444273</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=16444273" target="_blank" onclick="gtag('event', 'mim_outbound', {'name': 'PubMed Related', 'domain': 'pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'})">related citations</a>]
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[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1733" target="_blank">Full Text</a>]
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</p>
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</ol>
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<br />
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</div>
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<a id="contributors" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div class="col-lg-2 col-md-2 col-sm-4 col-xs-4">
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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<a href="#mimCollapseContributors" role="button" data-toggle="collapse"> Contributors: </a>
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</div>
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<div class="col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-6">
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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Marla J. F. O'Neill - updated : 11/22/2010
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</span>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="row collapse" id="mimCollapseContributors">
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<div class="col-lg-offset-2 col-md-offset-4 col-sm-offset-4 col-xs-offset-2 col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-6">
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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Cassandra L. Kniffin - updated : 1/7/2010<br>Victor A. McKusick - updated : 2/24/2006<br>Victor A. McKusick - updated : 9/16/2002
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</span>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<a id="creationDate" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div class="row">
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<div class="col-lg-2 col-md-2 col-sm-4 col-xs-4">
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<span class="text-nowrap mim-text-font">
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Creation Date:
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</span>
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</div>
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<div class="col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-6">
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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Victor A. McKusick : 6/4/1986
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</span>
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</div>
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<div>
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<a id="editHistory" class="mim-anchor"></a>
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<div class="row">
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<span class="text-nowrap mim-text-font">
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<a href="#mimCollapseEditHistory" role="button" data-toggle="collapse"> Edit History: </a>
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</span>
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</div>
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<div class="col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-6">
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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carol : 04/01/2022
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</span>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="row collapse" id="mimCollapseEditHistory">
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<div class="col-lg-offset-2 col-md-offset-2 col-sm-offset-4 col-xs-offset-4 col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-6">
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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carol : 03/31/2022<br>carol : 10/18/2016<br>wwang : 11/23/2010<br>terry : 11/22/2010<br>wwang : 1/22/2010<br>ckniffin : 1/7/2010<br>wwang : 5/27/2009<br>terry : 1/9/2009<br>alopez : 3/2/2006<br>alopez : 3/1/2006<br>terry : 2/24/2006<br>alopez : 3/18/2004<br>carol : 9/24/2002<br>tkritzer : 9/24/2002<br>tkritzer : 9/16/2002<br>tkritzer : 9/16/2002<br>mimadm : 6/25/1994<br>warfield : 3/31/1994<br>carol : 4/10/1992<br>supermim : 3/16/1992<br>carol : 3/14/1991<br>carol : 3/13/1991
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</span>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="container visible-print-block">
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<div class="row">
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<div class="col-md-8 col-md-offset-1">
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<div>
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<div>
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<h3>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>#</strong> 117800
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</span>
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</h3>
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</div>
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<div>
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<h3>
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<span class="mim-font">
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APOCRINE GLAND SECRETION, VARIATION IN
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</span>
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</h3>
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</div>
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<div>
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<br />
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</div>
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<div>
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<div >
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<p>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<em>Alternative titles; symbols</em>
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</span>
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</p>
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</div>
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<div>
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<h4>
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<span class="mim-font">
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EAR WAX, WET/DRY; EWWD<br />
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WET WAX; WW<br />
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CERUMEN, VARIATION IN<br />
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AXILLARY ODOR, VARIATION IN<br />
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COLOSTRUM SECRETION, VARIATION IN
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</span>
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</h4>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<br />
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<h4>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>Phenotype-Gene Relationships</strong>
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</span>
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</h4>
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<div>
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<table class="table table-bordered table-condensed small mim-table-padding">
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<thead>
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<tr class="active">
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<th>
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Location
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</th>
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<th>
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Phenotype
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</th>
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<th>
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Phenotype <br /> MIM number
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</th>
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<th>
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Inheritance
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</th>
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<th>
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Phenotype <br /> mapping key
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</th>
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<th>
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Gene/Locus
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</th>
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<th>
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Gene/Locus <br /> MIM number
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</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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16q12.1
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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[Colostrum secretion, variation in]
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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117800
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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Autosomal dominant
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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3
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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ABCC11
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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607040
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</span>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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16q12.1
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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[Earwax, wet/dry]
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
|
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117800
|
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
|
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Autosomal dominant
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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3
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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ABCC11
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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607040
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</span>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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16q12.1
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
|
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[Axillary odor, variation in]
|
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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117800
|
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
|
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Autosomal dominant
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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3
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
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ABCC11
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</span>
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</td>
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<td>
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<span class="mim-font">
|
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607040
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</span>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div>
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<br />
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</div>
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<div>
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<h4>
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<span class="mim-font">
|
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<strong>TEXT</strong>
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</span>
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</h4>
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<span class="mim-text-font">
|
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<p>A number sign (#) is used with this entry because of evidence that variation in apocrine gland secretion, which manifests as wet or dry ear wax type, presence or absence of axillary odor, and variation in colostrum secretion, is associated with variation in the ABCC11 gene (607040) on chromosome 16q12.</p>
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</span>
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<div>
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<br />
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</div>
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<div>
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<h4>
|
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<span class="mim-font">
|
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<strong>Clinical Features</strong>
|
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</span>
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</h4>
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</div>
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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<p>In Japanese, Matsunaga (1962) described a dimorphism of ear wax, the 2 types being wet and dry. This variation has been studied extensively in Japan since at least 1934. Less attention has been given to this variation elsewhere, probably because Caucasians and blacks have only the wet type of cerumen. In 80 to 85% of Japanese, the cerumen is gray, dry, and brittle. It is referred to as 'rice-bran ear wax' in Japanese. In the other Japanese, the cerumen is brown, sticky, and wet. This is referred to as 'honey ear wax,' 'oily ear wax' or 'cat ear wax.' In all except about 0.5% of Japanese, classification is simple. Family studies indicate monofactorial inheritance, with the rarer phenotype, wet wax, being dominant. Wet cerumen is often associated with axillary odor, which, because of its rarity in Japan, is considered in the lay mind a pathologic state requiring medical attention. </p><p>Petrakis et al. (1967) found a high frequency of dry cerumen in pure-blooded American Indians. No qualitative differences in the chemical composition of the dry and wet types of cerumen were identified by Kataura and Kataura (1967). </p><p>Petrakis (1971) noted a positive correlation between wet ear wax and breast cancer in several countries and suggested an association. In a study of Chinese women in Hong Kong, Ing et al. (1973) could not confirm the association. </p><p>Ibraimov (1991) presented data on the high frequency of dry cerumen in Mongoloid populations and low frequency among Europoids. Intermediate frequencies were found among peoples of subequatorial Africa. </p><p>Tomita et al. (2002) noted that the difference in nature of wet and dry cerumen is attributed to secretory products of ceruminous glands. Histologic studies have shown abundant lipid droplets and pigment granules in the cytoplasm of secretory cells in individuals with wet cerumen, whereas these cytoplasmic components are scarce in individuals with dry cerumen (Matsunaga, 1962). The ceruminous gland is an apocrine gland, as are axillary and breast glands. In individuals with dry cerumen, the axillary apocrine gland is usually much less developed than in those with wet cerumen, and therefore the dry type is associated with less axillary odor. </p><p>The wet cerumen phenotype is completely dominant to the dry type. Yoshiura et al. (2006) stated that the dry ear wax type is seen frequently (80 to 95%) among East Asians, but uncommonly (0 to 3%) in populations of European and African origins. Intermediate frequencies (30 to 50%) of the dry type are seen in populations of southern Asia, the Pacific Islands, central Asia, and Asia Minor, as well as among the native North American and Inuit of Asian ancestry. These figures show geographic gradient distributions. </p><p>Among 225 Japanese women, Miura et al. (2007) reported an association between ear wax type and apocrine colostrum secretion from the mammary gland on the first postpartum day. The absence of colostrum secretion was more common among women with dry ear wax (105 of 155, 67.7%) compared to women with wet ear wax (28 of 70, 40%). The authors noted that both colostrum and cerumen have a common origin in the secretory glands and suggested that the ABCC11 gene product may play a role in colostrum secretion independent of endocrine control. </p>
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</span>
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<div>
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<br />
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</div>
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<div>
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<h4>
|
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<span class="mim-font">
|
|
<strong>Mapping</strong>
|
|
</span>
|
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</h4>
|
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</div>
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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<p>In a Japanese family with paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis (128200) caused by mutation in a gene situated in the centromeric region of chromosome 16, Tomita et al. (2002) found 7 individuals who had the neurologic disorder and wet ear wax. Because the 2 characteristics were possibly cosegregating in the family, Tomita et al. (2002) undertook a study in 8 Japanese families segregating the dimorphism. They chose 11 microsatellite markers from the region 16p11.2-q12.1 where the neurologic disorder had been mapped. They calculated lod scores based on the assumption that wet ear wax is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with complete penetrance, and that allele frequencies of W and w in the general Japanese population are 0.085 and 0.915, respectively. Two-point linkage analysis gave a maximum lod score of 11.15 at the locus D16S3044. Haplotype analysis assigned the ear wax locus to 16p11.2-q12.1. </p>
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<p>With the aim of further mapping of the ear wax locus, Yoshiura et al. (2006) performed genotyping in a case-control study of 64 Japanese individuals with dry ear wax and 54 with the wet type using 134 CA repeat markers. Two SNPs that showed an association with ear wax type localized to a 2.5-Mb pericentromeric region of 16q. All 64 individuals with dry ear wax were homozygotes for 1 allele each, consistent with an autosomal recessive trait and supporting the presence of the ear wax locus in this region. An association study of the 118 samples using 37 SNPs within a 5-gene interval showed that a nonsynonymous SNP (538G-A, G180R; 607040.0001) in exon 4 of the ABCC11 gene was 1 of 3 SNPs showing the lowest P values. Genotyping of a new series of 126 Japanese individuals whose ear wax types had been identified otologically showed 87 of 88 individuals with dry ear wax were AA homozygotes, and that all 38 individuals with the wet type were either GA heterozygotes or GG homozygotes at each of the 3 SNP loci with the lowest P values. Among the 3, only G180R was nonsynonymous; 1 of the others did not create any splicing sites or affect splicing factor binding motifs or known promoter sequences, and the third was located within the Alu-repetitive sequence. One exceptional individual showed discordance between phenotype (dry ear wax) and genotype; sequencing showed that he had a 27-bp deletion in ABCC11 exon 29 (607040.0002). This deletion was also found in a few individuals of Asian ancestry. By a functional assay, Yoshiura et al. (2006) determined that cells with allele A showed a lower excretory activity for cGMP than those with allele G. The allele A frequency showed a north-south and east-west downward geographic gradient; worldwide, it was highest in Chinese and Koreans, and a common dry-type haplotype was retained among various ethnic populations. These results suggested that the allele A arose in northeast Asia and thereafter spread through the world. The 538G-A SNP was the first example of DNA polymorphism determining a visible genetic trait. </p><p>Martin et al. (2010) performed chemical analysis of axillary sweat samples from 25 individuals with different ABCC11 538G-A genotypes, including 18 Asian participants (11 AA homozygotes, 5 AG heterozygotes, and 2 GG homozygotes) and 7 Caucasian participants (2 AG heterozygotes and 5 GG homozygotes). Levels of 3 glutamine conjugates that are precursors for key body odorants were below detection limits in all participants with the AA genotype but were present in all AG and GG individuals, indicating that ABCC11 is essential for secretion of amino-acid conjugates of relevant axillary odors. </p>
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<strong>Population Genetics</strong>
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<p>The aboriginal Ainu population of the Japanese island of Hokkaido has an exceptionally high frequency of the dominant wet ear wax phenotype compared to those of neighboring Asian populations (see Yoshiura et al., 2006). Sato et al. (2009) genotyped specimens from various Okhotsk and Jomon/Epi-Jomon archaeologic sites on Hokkaido for rs17822931. Analysis of 31 specimens of the Okhotsk people and 19 specimens of the Jomon/Epi-Jomon people showed that the frequency of the wet-type allele was higher among the Jomon/Epi-Jomon compared to other northeastern Asian populations, including even modern Ainu. In contrast, the Okhotsk had relatively higher frequencies of the dry-type allele compared to Ainu and Jomon/Epi-Jomon. The findings suggested that gene flow occurred from northeastern Asia to descendants of the Jomon/Epi-Jomon through the Okhotsk, resulting in the establishment of the Ainu. </p>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>See Also:</strong>
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</h4>
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<span class="mim-text-font">
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Hyslop (1971); Kataura and Kataura (1967); Martin and Jackson (1969);
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Petrakis (1977)
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<h4>
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<span class="mim-font">
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<strong>REFERENCES</strong>
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</span>
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Hyslop, N. E., Jr.
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<strong>Ear wax and host defense. (Editorial)</strong>
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New Eng. J. Med. 284: 1099-1100, 1971.
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[PubMed: 5553201]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197105132841913]
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Ibraimov, A. I.
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<strong>Brief communication: cerumen phenotypes in certain populations of Eurasia and Africa.</strong>
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Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 84: 209-211, 1991.
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[PubMed: 2021195]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330840210]
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Ing, R., Petrakis, N. L., Ho, H. C.
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<strong>Evidence against association between wet cerumen and breast cancer.</strong>
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Lancet 301: 41 only, 1973. Note: Originally Volume I.
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[PubMed: 4118561]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(73)91252-x]
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Kataura, A., Kataura, K.
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<strong>The comparison of free and bound amino acids between dry and wet types of cerumen.</strong>
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Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 91: 215-225, 1967.
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[PubMed: 6055546]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.91.215]
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Kataura, A., Kataura, K.
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<strong>The comparison of lipids between dry and wet types of cerumen.</strong>
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Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 91: 227-237, 1967.
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[PubMed: 6055547]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.91.227]
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<p class="mim-text-font">
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Martin, A., Saathoff, M., Kuhn, F., Max, H., Terstegen, L., Natsch, A.
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<strong>A functional ABCC11 allele is essential in the biochemical formation of human axillary odor.</strong>
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J. Invest. Derm. 130: 529-540, 2010.
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[PubMed: 19710689]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2009.254]
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Martin, L. M., Jackson, J. F.
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<strong>Cerumen types in Choctaw Indians.</strong>
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Science 163: 677-678, 1969.
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[PubMed: 5762929]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.163.3868.677]
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Matsunaga, E.
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<strong>The dimorphism in human normal cerumen.</strong>
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Ann. Hum. Genet. 25: 273-286, 1962.
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[PubMed: 14471313]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1962.tb01766.x]
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Miura, K., Yoshiura, K., Miura, S., Shimada, T., Yamasaki, K., Yoshida, A., Nakayama, D., Shibata, Y., Niikawa, N., Masuzaki, H.
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<strong>A strong association between human earwax-type and apocrine colostrum secretion from the mammary gland.</strong>
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Hum. Genet. 121: 631-633, 2007.
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[PubMed: 17394018]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-007-0356-9]
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Petrakis, N. L., Molohon, K. T., Tepper, D. J.
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<strong>Cerumen in American Indians: genetic implications of sticky and dry types.</strong>
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Science 158: 1192-1193, 1967.
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[PubMed: 6075316]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.158.3805.1192]
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Petrakis, N. L.
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<strong>Cerumen genetics and human breast cancer.</strong>
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Science 173: 347-349, 1971.
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[PubMed: 5559907]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.173.3994.347]
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Petrakis, N. L.
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<strong>Genetic cerumen type, breast secretory activity, and breast cancer epidemiology. In: Mulvihill, J. J.; Miller, R. W.; Fraumeni, J. F., Jr. (eds.): Genetics of Human Cancer.</strong>
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New York: Raven Press (pub.) 1977. Pp. 297-300.
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Sato, T., Amano, T., Ono, H., Ishida, H., Kodera, H., Matsumura, H., Yoneda, M., Masuda, R.
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<strong>Allele frequencies of the ABCC11 gene for earwax phenotypes among ancient populations of Hokkaido, Japan.</strong>
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J. Hum. Genet. 54: 409-413, 2009.
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[PubMed: 19557017]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1038/jhg.2009.56]
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Tomita, H., Yamada, K., Ghadami, M., Ogura, T., Yanai, Y., Nakatomi, K., Sadamatsu, M., Masui, A., Kato, N., Niikawa, N.
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<strong>Mapping of the wet/dry ear wax locus to the pericentromeric region of chromosome 16.</strong>
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Lancet 359: 2000-2002, 2002.
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[PubMed: 12076558]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08835-9]
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Yoshiura, K., Kinoshita, A., Ishida, T., Ninokata, A., Ishikawa, T., Kaname, T., Bannai, M., Tokunaga, K., Sonoda, S., Komaki, R., Ihara, M., Saenko, V. A., and 27 others.
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<strong>A SNP in the ABCC11 gene is the determinant of human earwax type.</strong>
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Nature Genet. 38: 324-330, 2006.
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[PubMed: 16444273]
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[Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1733]
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Marla J. F. O'Neill - updated : 11/22/2010<br>Cassandra L. Kniffin - updated : 1/7/2010<br>Victor A. McKusick - updated : 2/24/2006<br>Victor A. McKusick - updated : 9/16/2002
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<p>
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Thank you in advance for your generous support, <br />
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Ada Hamosh, MD, MPH <br />
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Scientific Director, OMIM <br />
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