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<meta name="keywords" content="C1968804, disease or syndrome, dysplasminogenemia, hypoplasminogenemia, ligneous conjunctivitis, plasminogen deficiency type 1, plasminogen deficiency, type 1, plasminogen deficiency, type i, plg, type 1 plasminogen deficiency, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Congenital plasminogen deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized clinically by chronic mucosal pseudomembranous lesions consisting of subepithelial fibrin deposition and inflammation. The most common clinical manifestation is ligneous ('wood-like') conjunctivitis, a redness and subsequent formation of pseudomembranes mostly on the palpebral surfaces of the eye that progress to white, yellow-white, or red thick masses with a wood-like consistency that replace the normal mucosa. The lesions may be triggered by local injury and/or infection and often recur after local excision. Pseudomembranous lesions of other mucous membranes often occur in the mouth, nasopharynx, trachea, and female genital tract. Some affected children also have congenital occlusive hydrocephalus. A slightly increased female:male ratio has been observed (1.4:1 to 2:1) (Schuster and Seregard, 2003; Tefs et al., 2006).&#13; Type I plasminogen deficiency is characterized by decreased serum plasminogen activity, decreased plasminogen antigen levels, and clinical symptoms, whereas type II plasminogen deficiency, also known as 'dysplasminogenemia,' is characterized by decreased plasminogen activity with normal or slightly reduced antigen levels. Patients with type II deficiency are usually asymptomatic. Ligneous conjunctivitis and pseudomembranous formation has only been associated with type I plasminogen deficiency. Presumably, normal amounts of plasminogen antigen with decreased activity, as seen in type II, is sufficient for normal wound healing (Schuster and Seregard, 2003)." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<title>Plasminogen deficiency, type I (Concept Id: C1968804)
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<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Plasminogen deficiency, type I</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>369859</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C1968804</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>Hypoplasminogenemia; Type 1 plasminogen deficiency</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Dysplasminogenemia (95844003)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-loc">Gene (location):<img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div class="display-none" id="target-gene-loc">
Gene(s) directly associated with<br />
this condition or phenotype.</div></td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="PLG - ID: 5340 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/5340" class="medgenPMinfo">PLG</a> (6q26)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0009009" target="_blank">MONDO:0009009</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/217090" target="_blank">217090</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Congenital plasminogen deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized clinically by chronic mucosal pseudomembranous lesions consisting of subepithelial fibrin deposition and inflammation. The most common clinical manifestation is ligneous ('wood-like') conjunctivitis, a redness and subsequent formation of pseudomembranes mostly on the palpebral surfaces of the eye that progress to white, yellow-white, or red thick masses with a wood-like consistency that replace the normal mucosa. The lesions may be triggered by local injury and/or infection and often recur after local excision. Pseudomembranous lesions of other mucous membranes often occur in the mouth, nasopharynx, trachea, and female genital tract. Some affected children also have congenital occlusive hydrocephalus. A slightly increased female:male ratio has been observed (1.4:1 to 2:1) (Schuster and Seregard, 2003; Tefs et al., 2006).&#13; Type I plasminogen deficiency is characterized by decreased serum plasminogen activity, decreased plasminogen antigen levels, and clinical symptoms, whereas type II plasminogen deficiency, also known as 'dysplasminogenemia,' is characterized by decreased plasminogen activity with normal or slightly reduced antigen levels. Patients with type II deficiency are usually asymptomatic. Ligneous conjunctivitis and pseudomembranous formation has only been associated with type I plasminogen deficiency. Presumably, normal amounts of plasminogen antigen with decreased activity, as seen in type II, is sufficient for normal wound healing (Schuster and Seregard, 2003). [from <a title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man" href="http://www.omim.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">OMIM</a>]</div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_117">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Additional_description">Additional description</h1><a sid="117" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><div class="mgSection"><strong>From MedlinePlus Genetics</strong><br />Congenital plasminogen deficiency is a disorder that results in inflamed growths on the mucous membranes, which are the moist tissues that line body openings such as the eyelids and the inside of the mouth. Development of the growths are usually triggered by infections or injury, but they may also occur spontaneously in the absence of known triggers. The growths may recur after being removed.<br /><br />Congenital plasminogen deficiency most often affects the conjunctiva, which are the mucous membranes that protect the white part of the eye (the sclera) and line the eyelids. A characteristic feature of this disorder is ligneous conjunctivitis, in which a buildup of a protein called fibrin causes inflammation of the conjunctiva (conjunctivitis) and leads to thick, woody (ligneous), inflamed growths that are yellow, white, or red. Ligneous conjunctivitis most often occurs on the inside of the eyelids. However, in about one-third of cases, ligneous conjunctivitis over the sclera grows onto the cornea, which is the clear covering that protects the colored part of the eye (the iris) and pupil. Such growths can tear the cornea or cause scarring. These corneal problems as well as obstruction by growths inside the eyelid can lead to vision loss.<br /><br />People with congenital plasminogen deficiency may also develop ligneous growths on other mucous membranes, including the inside of the mouth and the gums; the lining of the nasal cavity; and in females, the vagina. Growths on the mucous membranes that line the gastrointestinal tract may result in ulcers. The growths may also develop in the windpipe, which can cause life-threatening airway obstruction, especially in children. In a small number of cases, affected individuals are born with impaired drainage of the fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord (the cerebrospinal fluid or CSF), resulting in a buildup of this fluid in the skull (occlusive hydrocephalus). It is unclear how this feature is related to the other signs and symptoms of congenital plasminogen deficiency.  <a target="_blank" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/congenital-plasminogen-deficiency">https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/congenital-plasminogen-deficiency</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_102">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_features">Clinical features</h1><a sid="102" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat"><strong>From HPO</strong><br />
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_98227"><div><strong>Nephrolithiasis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98227</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0392525</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The presence of calculi (stones) in the kidneys.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98227">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Nephrolithiasis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2098227%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_41670"><div><strong>Duodenal ulcer</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>41670</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0013295</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An erosion of the mucous membrane in a portion of the duodenum.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/41670">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Duodenal%20ulcer%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2041670%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_9335"><div><strong>Hydrocephalus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>9335</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0020255</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hydrocephalus is an active distension of the ventricular system of the brain resulting from inadequate passage of CSF from its point of production within the cerebral ventricles to its point of absorption into the systemic circulation.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/9335">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hydrocephalus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%209335%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_120578"><div><strong>Cerebellar hypoplasia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>120578</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0266470</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Cerebellar hypoplasia is a descriptive term implying a cerebellum with a reduced volume, but a normal shape and is stable over time.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/120578">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cerebellar%20hypoplasia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20120578%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_480553"><div><strong>Ventriculomegaly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>480553</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3278923</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An increase in size of the ventricular system of the brain.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/480553">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Ventriculomegaly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20480553%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_871247"><div><strong>Abnormal thrombosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>871247</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4025731</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Venous or arterial thrombosis (formation of blood clots) of spontaneous nature and which cannot be fully explained by acquired risk (e.g. atherosclerosis).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/871247">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Abnormal%20thrombosis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20871247%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_346841"><div><strong>Generalized hypotonia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>346841</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1858120</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Generalized muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/346841">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Generalized%20hypotonia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20346841%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_745757"><div><strong>Macrocephaly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>745757</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2243051</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Occipitofrontal (head) circumference greater than 97th centile compared to appropriate, age matched, sex-matched normal standards. Alternatively, a apparently increased size of the cranium.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/745757">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Macrocephaly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20745757%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_419183"><div><strong>Dandy-Walker malformation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>419183</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2931867</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A congenital brain malformation typically characterized by incomplete formation of the cerebellar vermis, dilation of the fourth ventricle, and enlargement of the posterior fossa. In layman's terms, Dandy Walker malformation is a cyst in the cerebellum (typically symmetrical) that is involved with the fourth ventricle. This may interfere with the ability to drain cerebrospinal fluid from the brain, resulting in hydrocephalus. Dandy Walker cysts are formed during early embryonic development, while the brain forms. The cyst in the cerebellum typically has several blood vessels running through it connecting to the brain, thereby prohibiting surgical removal.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/419183">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Dandy-Walker%20malformation%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20419183%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_154380"><div><strong>Recurrent upper respiratory tract infections</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>154380</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0581381</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An increased susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections as manifested by a history of recurrent upper respiratory tract infections (running ears - otitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/154380">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Recurrent%20upper%20respiratory%20tract%20infections%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20154380%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1093"><div><strong>Conjunctivitis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1093</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0009763</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Inflammation of the conjunctiva.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1093">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Conjunctivitis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201093%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_14328"><div><strong>Nephritis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>14328</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0027697</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The presence of inflammation affecting the kidney.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/14328">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Nephritis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2014328%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_45815"><div><strong>Periodontitis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>45815</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0031099</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Inflammation of the periodontium.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/45815">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Periodontitis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2045815%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_900318"><div><strong>Decreased level of plasminogen</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>900318</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4280715</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A decreased level of Plasminogen</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/900318">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Decreased%20level%20of%20plasminogen%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20900318%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_4895"><div><strong>Gingivitis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>4895</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0017574</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Inflammation of the gingiva.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/4895">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Gingivitis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%204895%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_87712"><div><strong>Gingival overgrowth</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>87712</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0376480</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hyperplasia of the gingiva (that is, a thickening of the soft tissue overlying the alveolar ridge. The degree of thickening ranges from involvement of the interdental papillae alone to gingival overgrowth covering the entire tooth crown.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/87712">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Gingival%20overgrowth%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2087712%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1845238"><div><strong>Abnormality of the skin</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1845238</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5848159</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An abnormality of the skin.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1845238">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Abnormality%20of%20the%20skin%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201845238%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_99138"><div><strong>Blindness</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>99138</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0456909</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Blindness is the condition of lacking visual perception defined as a profound reduction in visual perception. On the 6m visual acuity scale, blindness is defined as less than 3/60. On the 20ft visual acuity scale, blindness is defined as less than 20/400. On the decimal visual acuity scale, blindness is defined as less than 0.05. Blindness is typically characterized by a visual field of no greater than 10 degrees in radius around central fixation.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/99138">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Blindness%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2099138%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div><div class="TreeLite" data-jigconfig="closed: 1"><div class="concept-def"><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().openAll(); return false;">Show all</a><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().closeAll(); return false;">Hide all</a></div><ul><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of blood and blood-forming tissues</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_871247" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Abnormal thrombosis</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of head or neck</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_87712" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Gingival overgrowth</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_4895" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Gingivitis</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_900318" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Decreased level of plasminogen</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the digestive system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_41670" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Duodenal ulcer</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the eye</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_99138" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Blindness</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the genitourinary system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_98227" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Nephrolithiasis</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the immune system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1093" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Conjunctivitis</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_14328" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Nephritis</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_45815" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Periodontitis</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the integument</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1845238" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Abnormality of the skin</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_419183" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Dandy-Walker malformation</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_346841" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Generalized hypotonia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_745757" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Macrocephaly</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the nervous system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_120578" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cerebellar hypoplasia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_9335" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hydrocephalus</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_480553" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Ventriculomegaly</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the respiratory system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_154380" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Recurrent upper respiratory tract infections</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39334536">Main oral characteristics and treatment of ligneous gingivitis and periodontitis in individuals with plasminogen deficiency: A systematic review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Santos DBDN,
da Silva LC,
da Silva IDVD,
de Andrade BAB,
Maia LC,
Tenório JR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Spec Care Dentist</span>
2025 Jan-Feb;45(1):e13068.
Epub 2024 Sep 27
doi: 10.1111/scd.13068.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39334536" target="_blank">39334536</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/15488842">Therapeutic approaches in the treatment of ligneous conjunctivitis, the most common clinical manifestation of a systemic disease, caused by severe type I plasminogen deficiency.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tefs K,
Hügle B,
Schuster V</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Ophthalmol</span>
2004 Oct;138(4):699; author reply 699-700.
doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2004.05.054.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/15488842" target="_blank">15488842</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22plasminogen%20deficiency%2C%20type%20i%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (2)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39334536">Main oral characteristics and treatment of ligneous gingivitis and periodontitis in individuals with plasminogen deficiency: A systematic review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Santos DBDN,
da Silva LC,
da Silva IDVD,
de Andrade BAB,
Maia LC,
Tenório JR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Spec Care Dentist</span>
2025 Jan-Feb;45(1):e13068.
Epub 2024 Sep 27
doi: 10.1111/scd.13068.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39334536" target="_blank">39334536</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33735914">Plasminogen: an enigmatic zymogen.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Keragala CB,
Medcalf RL</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Blood</span>
2021 May 27;137(21):2881-2889.
doi: 10.1182/blood.2020008951.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33735914" target="_blank">33735914</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32369847">Functional Fibrinolysis Assays Reveal Different Mechanisms underlying Plasminogen Dysfunction in Ligneous Conjunctivitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bourrienne MC,
Loyau S,
Faille D,
de Raucourt E,
de Mazancourt P,
Ho-Tin-Noé B,
Gabison E,
Ajzenberg N</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Thromb Haemost</span>
2020 May;120(5):758-767.
Epub 2020 May 5
doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1709526.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32369847" target="_blank">32369847</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24842363">Tranexamic acid-induced ligneous conjunctivitis with renal failure showed reversible hypoplasminogenaemia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Song Y,
Izumi N,
Potts LB,
Yoshida A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Case Rep</span>
2014 May 19;2014
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-204138.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24842363" target="_blank">24842363</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4039943" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23772166">A case of acute pulmonary embolism associated with dysplasminogenemia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yoo H,
Kim HJ,
Yi CA,
Cho YY,
Joung JY,
Jeong H,
Jeon K</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Korean Med Sci</span>
2013 Jun;28(6):959-61.
Epub 2013 Jun 3
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2013.28.6.959.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23772166" target="_blank">23772166</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3678018" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Plasminogen%20deficiency%2C%20type%20I%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (15)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36459582">Ligneous Conjunctivitis Secondary to Viral Conjunctivitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Quintero-Estades JA,
Iacob CE,
Donnenfeld ED,
Perry HD</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cornea</span>
2023 Jan 1;42(1):118-120.
Epub 2022 Sep 29
doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000003154.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36459582" target="_blank">36459582</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35346720">Treatment of Ligneous Conjunctivitis with Plasminogen Eyedrops.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Caputo R,
Shapiro AD,
Sartori MT,
Leonardi A,
Jeng BH,
Nakar C,
Di Pasquale I,
Price FW Jr,
Thukral N,
Suffredini AL,
Pino L,
Crea R,
Mathew P,
Calcinai M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ophthalmology</span>
2022 Aug;129(8):955-957.
Epub 2022 Mar 26
doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.03.019.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35346720" target="_blank">35346720</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33735914">Plasminogen: an enigmatic zymogen.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Keragala CB,
Medcalf RL</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Blood</span>
2021 May 27;137(21):2881-2889.
doi: 10.1182/blood.2020008951.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33735914" target="_blank">33735914</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30442487">Ligneous conjunctivitis due to plasminogen deficit: Diagnostic and therapeutic approach. With literature review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Rouatbi A,
Chebbi A,
Bouguila H</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Fr Ophtalmol</span>
2018 Dec;41(10):916-919.
Epub 2018 Nov 12
doi: 10.1016/j.jfo.2018.03.012.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30442487" target="_blank">30442487</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27609168">Co-existing ligneous conjunctivitis and IgG4-related disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Chiang WY,
Liu TT,
Huang WT,
Kuo MT</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Indian J Ophthalmol</span>
2016 Jul;64(7):532-4.
doi: 10.4103/0301-4738.190154.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27609168" target="_blank">27609168</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5026081" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Plasminogen%20deficiency%2C%20type%20I%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (34)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37866375">Acquired plasminogen deficiency and ligneous conjunctivitis associated with chronic tranexamic acid use.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Leister JR,
McEwen ST,
Rashidi V,
Chanbour W,
Boucher AA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet Haematol</span>
2023 Dec;10(12):e1016.
Epub 2023 Oct 19
doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(23)00247-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37866375" target="_blank">37866375</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36660187">Delayed-onset ligneous conjunctivitis as a rare association with congenital hydrocephalous: a case report and review of the literature.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ghassemi H,
Atighehchian M,
Amoli FA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Digit J Ophthalmol</span>
2022;28(4):110-115.
Epub 2022 Oct 28
doi: 10.5693/djo.02.2022.08.005.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36660187" target="_blank">36660187</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9838180" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35225240">The first Moroccan case of severe type II congenital plasminogen deficiency with ligneous conjunctivitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Esselmani H,
Mabrouki YA,
Yassine A,
Akhatar B,
Lfakir A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ann Biol Clin (Paris)</span>
2022 Feb 1;80(1):81-83.
doi: 10.1684/abc.2022.1707.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35225240" target="_blank">35225240</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33735914">Plasminogen: an enigmatic zymogen.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Keragala CB,
Medcalf RL</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Blood</span>
2021 May 27;137(21):2881-2889.
doi: 10.1182/blood.2020008951.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33735914" target="_blank">33735914</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27629020">Plasminogen deficiency.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Celkan T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Thromb Thrombolysis</span>
2017 Jan;43(1):132-138.
doi: 10.1007/s11239-016-1416-6.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27629020" target="_blank">27629020</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Plasminogen%20deficiency%2C%20type%20I%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (19)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33427557">Novel homozygous mutation of plasminogen in ligneous conjunctivitis: a case report and literature review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Xu L,
Sun Y,
Yang K,
Zhao D,
Wang Y,
Ren S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ophthalmic Genet</span>
2021 Apr;42(2):105-109.
Epub 2021 Jan 11
doi: 10.1080/13816810.2020.1867753.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33427557" target="_blank">33427557</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33290319">Anterior Segment Surgeries Under Topical Fresh Frozen Plasma Treatment in Ligneous Conjunctivitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ozbek-Uzman S,
Yalniz-Akkaya Z,
Nurozler Tabakci B,
Singar E,
Burcu A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cornea</span>
2021 Mar 1;40(3):299-302.
doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000002573.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33290319" target="_blank">33290319</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32369847">Functional Fibrinolysis Assays Reveal Different Mechanisms underlying Plasminogen Dysfunction in Ligneous Conjunctivitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bourrienne MC,
Loyau S,
Faille D,
de Raucourt E,
de Mazancourt P,
Ho-Tin-Noé B,
Gabison E,
Ajzenberg N</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Thromb Haemost</span>
2020 May;120(5):758-767.
Epub 2020 May 5
doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1709526.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32369847" target="_blank">32369847</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27609168">Co-existing ligneous conjunctivitis and IgG4-related disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Chiang WY,
Liu TT,
Huang WT,
Kuo MT</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Indian J Ophthalmol</span>
2016 Jul;64(7):532-4.
doi: 10.4103/0301-4738.190154.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27609168" target="_blank">27609168</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5026081" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24842363">Tranexamic acid-induced ligneous conjunctivitis with renal failure showed reversible hypoplasminogenaemia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Song Y,
Izumi N,
Potts LB,
Yoshida A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Case Rep</span>
2014 May 19;2014
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-204138.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24842363" target="_blank">24842363</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4039943" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Plasminogen%20deficiency%2C%20type%20I%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (11)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33427557">Novel homozygous mutation of plasminogen in ligneous conjunctivitis: a case report and literature review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Xu L,
Sun Y,
Yang K,
Zhao D,
Wang Y,
Ren S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ophthalmic Genet</span>
2021 Apr;42(2):105-109.
Epub 2021 Jan 11
doi: 10.1080/13816810.2020.1867753.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33427557" target="_blank">33427557</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33290319">Anterior Segment Surgeries Under Topical Fresh Frozen Plasma Treatment in Ligneous Conjunctivitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ozbek-Uzman S,
Yalniz-Akkaya Z,
Nurozler Tabakci B,
Singar E,
Burcu A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cornea</span>
2021 Mar 1;40(3):299-302.
doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000002573.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33290319" target="_blank">33290319</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32369847">Functional Fibrinolysis Assays Reveal Different Mechanisms underlying Plasminogen Dysfunction in Ligneous Conjunctivitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bourrienne MC,
Loyau S,
Faille D,
de Raucourt E,
de Mazancourt P,
Ho-Tin-Noé B,
Gabison E,
Ajzenberg N</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Thromb Haemost</span>
2020 May;120(5):758-767.
Epub 2020 May 5
doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1709526.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32369847" target="_blank">32369847</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27552374">Immunohistochemical analysis of the gingiva with periodontitis of type I plasminogen deficiency compared to gingiva with gingivitis and periodontitis and healthy gingiva.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kurtulus Waschulewski I,
Gökbuget AY,
Christiansen NM,
Ziegler M,
Schuster V,
Wahl G,
Götz W</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Arch Oral Biol</span>
2016 Dec;72:75-86.
Epub 2016 Aug 2
doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.07.013.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27552374" target="_blank">27552374</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25281489">Root dentin anomaly and a PLG mutation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tananuvat N,
Charoenkwan P,
Ohazama A,
Ketuda Cairns JR,
Kaewgahya M,
Kantaputra PN</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Med Genet</span>
2014 Nov-Dec;57(11-12):630-5.
Epub 2014 Sep 30
doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.09.006.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25281489" target="_blank">25281489</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Plasminogen%20deficiency%2C%20type%20I%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (15)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39334536">Main oral characteristics and treatment of ligneous gingivitis and periodontitis in individuals with plasminogen deficiency: A systematic review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Santos DBDN,
da Silva LC,
da Silva IDVD,
de Andrade BAB,
Maia LC,
Tenório JR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Spec Care Dentist</span>
2025 Jan-Feb;45(1):e13068.
Epub 2024 Sep 27
doi: 10.1111/scd.13068.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39334536" target="_blank">39334536</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Plasminogen%20deficiency%2C%20type%20I%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C1968804%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (16)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C1968804%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (23)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C1968804%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F19" target="_blank">Targeted variant analysis (1)</a></li>
<li class="portletSeeAll portletSeeAllPad"><total><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C1968804%5bDISCUI%5d" target="_blank">See all (25)</a></total></li>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul class="a_poppers"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22plasminogen%20deficiency%2C%20type%20i%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">PubMed</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li><li><a target="_blank" href="/books/?term=((%22clinical%20guidelines%22%5BResource%20Type%5D)%20OR%20%22practice%20guideline%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)%20AND%20(%22Plasminogen%20deficiency%2C%20type%20I%22)">Bookshelf</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li></ul></div>
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