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<meta name="keywords" content="C0432217, disease or syndrome, early-onset diabetes mellitus with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, eif2ak3, epiphyseal dysplasia multiple with early-onset diabetes mellitus, epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple, with early onset diabetes mellitus, epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple, with early-onset diabetes mellitus, iddm-med syndrome, med-iddm syndrome, multiple epiphyseal dysplasia with early-onset diabetes mellitus, wolcott rallison syndrome, wolcott-rallison dysplasia, wolcott-rallison syndrome, wrs, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Wolcott-Rallison syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by permanent neonatal or early infancy insulin-dependent diabetes. Epiphyseal dysplasia, osteoporosis, and growth retardation develop at a later age. Other frequent multisystem manifestations include hepatic and renal dysfunction, mental retardation, and cardiovascular abnormalities (summary by Delepine et al., 2000)." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<title>Wolcott-Rallison dysplasia (Concept Id: C0432217)
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<!--
UID=140926
ConceptID=C0432217
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Wolcott-Rallison dysplasia</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>140926</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C0432217</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>MED-IDDM SYNDROME; Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia with Early-Onset Diabetes Mellitus; Wolcott-Rallison syndrome</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Wolcott-Rallison dysplasia (254066006); Wolcott-Rallison syndrome (254066006); Epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple, with early onset diabetes mellitus (254066006)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Modes of inheritance:</td>
<td>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="moi_141025"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive inheritance</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>141025</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0441748</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Intellectual Product</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Source: Orphanet</div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele).</div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#moi_141025" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Autosomal recessive inheritance</a><span> (Orphanet)</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-loc">Gene (location):<img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div class="display-none" id="target-gene-loc">
Gene(s) directly associated with<br />
this condition or phenotype.</div></td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="EIF2AK3 - ID: 9451 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/9451" class="medgenPMinfo">EIF2AK3</a> (2p11.2)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0009192" target="_blank">MONDO:0009192</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/226980" target="_blank">226980</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Orphanet:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Orphanet: The portal for rare diseases and orphan drugs" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&amp;Expert=1667">ORPHA1667</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="rprt-body jig-ncbiinpagenav" data-jigconfig="smoothScroll: false, gotoTopLink: true, gotoTopLinkText: '', gotoTopLinkAttrs: {'title': 'Go to the top of the page'},allHeadingLevels: ['h1'], topOfPageTOC: true, tocId: 'my-toc'"><div id="rprt-tabs-1" class="rprt-tab"><div id="tb-termsProp-1"><div class="leftCol mgCol"><div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Wolcott-Rallison syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by permanent neonatal or early infancy insulin-dependent diabetes. Epiphyseal dysplasia, osteoporosis, and growth retardation develop at a later age. Other frequent multisystem manifestations include hepatic and renal dysfunction, mental retardation, and cardiovascular abnormalities (summary by Delepine et al., 2000). [from <a title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man" href="http://www.omim.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">OMIM</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_102">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_features">Clinical features</h1><a sid="102" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat"><strong>From HPO</strong><br />
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_332529"><div><strong>Renal insufficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>332529</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1565489</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A reduction in the level of performance of the kidneys in areas of function comprising the concentration of urine, removal of wastes, the maintenance of electrolyte balance, homeostasis of blood pressure, and calcium metabolism.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/332529">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Renal%20insufficiency%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20332529%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_116080"><div><strong>Coxa valga</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>116080</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0239137</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Coxa valga is a deformity of the hip in which the angle between the femoral shaft and the femoral neck is increased compared to age-adjusted values (about 150 degrees in newborns gradually reducing to 120-130 degrees in adults).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/116080">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Coxa%20valga%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20116080%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_140946"><div><strong>Hip subluxation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>140946</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0434785</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Injury or Poisoning</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A partial dislocation of the hip joint, whereby the head of the femur is partially displaced from the socket.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hip%20subluxation%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20140946%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_154364"><div><strong>Genu valgum</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>154364</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0576093</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The legs angle inward, such that the knees are close together and the ankles far apart.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/154364">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Genu%20valgum%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20154364%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_347331"><div><strong>Shortening of all middle phalanges of the fingers</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>347331</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1856912</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Short, hypoplastic middle phalanx of finger, affecting all fingers.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/347331">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Shortening%20of%20all%20middle%20phalanges%20of%20the%20fingers%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20347331%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_346631"><div><strong>Ivory epiphyses of the phalanges of the hand</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>346631</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1857651</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Sclerosis of the epiphyses of the phalanges of the fingers, leading to an increased degree of radiopacity (white or ivory appearance) in X-rays.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/346631">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Ivory%20epiphyses%20of%20the%20phalanges%20of%20the%20hand%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20346631%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_355049"><div><strong>Carpal bone hypoplasia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>355049</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1863749</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Underdevelopment of one or more carpal bones.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/355049">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Carpal%20bone%20hypoplasia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20355049%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_870939"><div><strong>Irregular carpal bones</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>870939</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4025401</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Carpal bones with irregular or fragmented margins.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/870939">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Irregular%20carpal%20bones%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20870939%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_87607"><div><strong>Short stature</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>87607</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0349588</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A height below that which is expected according to age and gender norms. Although there is no universally accepted definition of short stature, many refer to "short stature" as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender (or below the 3rd percentile for age and gender dependent norms).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/87607">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Short%20stature%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2087607%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_42428"><div><strong>Hepatomegaly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>42428</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0019209</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Abnormally increased size of the liver.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/42428">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hepatomegaly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2042428%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_341644"><div><strong>Reduced pancreatic beta cells</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>341644</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1856904</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Reduced number of beta cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/341644">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Reduced%20pancreatic%20beta%20cells%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20341644%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_107838"><div><strong>Global developmental delay</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>107838</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0557874</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/107838">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Global%20developmental%20delay%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20107838%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_42455"><div><strong>Hip dislocation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>42455</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0019554</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Injury or Poisoning</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Displacement of the femur from its normal location in the hip joint.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hip%20dislocation%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2042455%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_9805"><div><strong>Hyperlordosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>9805</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0024003</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Abnormally increased curvature (anterior concavity) of the lumbar or cervical spine.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/9805">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hyperlordosis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%209805%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_6461"><div><strong>Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>6461</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0026760</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A rare group of primary bone dysplasia disorders characterized by the association of epiphyseal anomalies of long bones causing joint pain early in life, recurrent osteochondritis and early arthrosis. This group contains an heterogeneous group of diseases with variable expression. Common reported clinical signs include waddling gait and pain at onset, and moderate short stature. Some forms are mainly limited to the femoral epiphyses, while several other syndromes are characterized by the association of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia with other clinical manifestations such as myopia, deafness and facial dysmorphism. Diagnosis relies on identification of the radiological features.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/6461">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Multiple%20epiphyseal%20dysplasia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%206461%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_10132"><div><strong>Hypertonia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>10132</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0026826</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A condition in which there is increased muscle tone so that arms or legs, for example, are stiff and difficult to move.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/10132">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypertonia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2010132%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_14535"><div><strong>Osteoporosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>14535</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0029456</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone density and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue with a consequent increase in bone fragility. According to the WHO criteria, osteoporosis is defined as a BMD that lies 2.5 standard deviations or more below the average value for young healthy adults (a T-score below -2.5 SD).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/14535">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Osteoporosis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2014535%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_120497"><div><strong>Barrel-shaped chest</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>120497</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0264172</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A rounded, bulging chest that resembles the shape of a barrel. That is, there is an increased anteroposterior diameter and usually some degree of kyphosis.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/120497">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Barrel-shaped%20chest%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20120497%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_95932"><div><strong>Epiphyseal dysplasia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>95932</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0392476</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/95932">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Epiphyseal%20dysplasia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2095932%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_373150"><div><strong>Narrow iliac wing</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>373150</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1836688</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Decreased width of the wing (or ala) of the ilium (which is the large expanded portion which bounds the greater pelvis laterally).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/373150">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Narrow%20iliac%20wing%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20373150%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_331233"><div><strong>Irregular vertebral endplates</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>331233</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1842153</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An irregular surface of the vertebral end plates, which are normally relatively smooth.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/331233">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Irregular%20vertebral%20endplates%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20331233%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_335010"><div><strong>Platyspondyly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>335010</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1844704</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A flattened vertebral body shape with reduced distance between the vertebral endplates.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/335010">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Platyspondyly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20335010%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_339524"><div><strong>Odontoid hypoplasia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>339524</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1846439</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The odontoid process, or dens, is a bony projection from the axis (C2) upward into the ring of the atlas (C1) at the top of the spine. During embryogenesis, the body of the odontoid derives from the centrum of the atlas and separates from the atlas, fusing with the superior portion of the axis. If the odontoid is hypoplastic or absent, the attachments for the apical and alar ligaments are missing, allowing for excessive rotation of the atlas, craniocervical instability, and possibly cord compression (summary by Stevens et al., 2009).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/339524">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Odontoid%20hypoplasia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20339524%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_339612"><div><strong>Small epiphyses</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>339612</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1846803</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Reduction in the size or volume of epiphyses.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/339612">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Small%20epiphyses%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20339612%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_387844"><div><strong>Flattened epiphysis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>387844</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1857527</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Abnormal flatness (decreased height) of epiphyses.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/387844">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Flattened%20epiphysis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20387844%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_347156"><div><strong>Cone-shaped epiphyses of the phalanges of the hand</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>347156</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1859480</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A cone-shaped appearance of the epiphyses of the fingers of the hand, producing a 'ball-in-a-socket' appearance. The related entity 'angel-shaped' epiphysis refers to a pronounced cone-shaped epiphysis in combination with a pseudoepiphysis at the distal end of a phalanx.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/347156">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cone-shaped%20epiphyses%20of%20the%20phalanges%20of%20the%20hand%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20347156%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_867196"><div><strong>Irregular tarsal ossification</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>867196</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4021554</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Defective ossification in an irregular pattern of the seven bones of the foot comprising the calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, and the cuneiform bones.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/867196">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Irregular%20tarsal%20ossification%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20867196%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_869563"><div><strong>Ivory epiphyses of the toes</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>869563</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4023991</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/869563">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Ivory%20epiphyses%20of%20the%20toes%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20869563%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1644158"><div><strong>Microcephaly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1644158</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551563</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1644158">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Microcephaly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201644158%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_41522"><div><strong>Diabetes mellitus type 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>41522</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0011854</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), also designated insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is a disorder of glucose homeostasis characterized by susceptibility to ketoacidosis in the absence of insulin therapy. It is a genetically heterogeneous autoimmune disease affecting about 0.3% of Caucasian populations (Todd, 1990). Genetic studies of T1D have focused on the identification of loci associated with increased susceptibility to this multifactorial phenotype.&#13; The classic phenotype of diabetes mellitus is polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria which result from hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis and secondary thirst. These derangements result in long-term complications that affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/41522">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Diabetes%20mellitus%20type%201%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2041522%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_163439"><div><strong>Insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>163439</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0854110</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of diabetes mellitus related not to lack of insulin but rather to lack of response to insulin on the part of the target tissues of insulin such as muscle, fat, and liver cells. This type of diabetes is typically associated with increases both in blood glucose concentrations as well as in fasting and postprandial serum insulin levels.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/163439">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Insulin-resistant%20diabetes%20mellitus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20163439%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_66814"><div><strong>High palate</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>66814</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0240635</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Height of the palate more than 2 SD above the mean (objective) or palatal height at the level of the first permanent molar more than twice the height of the teeth (subjective).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/66814">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22High%20palate%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2066814%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_98390"><div><strong>Upslanted palpebral fissure</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98390</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0423109</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The palpebral fissure inclination is more than two standard deviations above the mean for age (objective); or, the inclination of the palpebral fissure is greater than typical for age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98390">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Upslanted%20palpebral%20fissure%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2098390%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_373112"><div><strong>Depressed nasal bridge</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>373112</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1836542</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Posterior positioning of the nasal root in relation to the overall facial profile for age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/373112">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Depressed%20nasal%20bridge%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20373112%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_120587"><div><strong>Preauricular pit</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>120587</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0266610</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Small indentation anterior to the insertion of the ear.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/120587">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Preauricular%20pit%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20120587%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_9373"><div><strong>Hypertelorism</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>9373</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0020534</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Although hypertelorism means an excessive distance between any paired organs (e.g., the nipples), the use of the word has come to be confined to ocular hypertelorism. Hypertelorism occurs as an isolated feature and is also a feature of many syndromes, e.g., Opitz G syndrome (see 300000), Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (175700), and Noonan syndrome (163950) (summary by Cohen et al., 1995).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/9373">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypertelorism%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%209373%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div><div class="TreeLite" data-jigconfig="closed: 1"><div class="concept-def"><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().openAll(); return false;">Show all</a><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().closeAll(); return false;">Hide all</a></div><ul><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of head or neck</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_373112" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Depressed nasal bridge</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_66814" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">High palate</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_98390" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Upslanted palpebral fissure</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of limbs</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_355049" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Carpal bone hypoplasia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_116080" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Coxa valga</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_154364" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Genu valgum</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_140946" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hip subluxation</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_870939" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Irregular carpal bones</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_346631" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Ivory epiphyses of the phalanges of the hand</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_347331" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Shortening of all middle phalanges of the fingers</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_41522" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Diabetes mellitus type 1</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_163439" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the digestive system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_42428" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hepatomegaly</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_341644" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Reduced pancreatic beta cells</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the eye</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_9373" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypertelorism</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the genitourinary system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_332529" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Renal insufficiency</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the integument</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_120587" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Preauricular pit</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_120497" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Barrel-shaped chest</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_347156" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cone-shaped epiphyses of the phalanges of the hand</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_95932" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Epiphyseal dysplasia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_387844" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Flattened epiphysis</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_42455" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hip dislocation</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_9805" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hyperlordosis</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_10132" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypertonia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_867196" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Irregular tarsal ossification</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_331233" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Irregular vertebral endplates</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_869563" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Ivory epiphyses of the toes</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1644158" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Microcephaly</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_6461" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_373150" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Narrow iliac wing</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_339524" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Odontoid hypoplasia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_14535" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Osteoporosis</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_335010" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Platyspondyly</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_339612" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Small epiphyses</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the nervous system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_107838" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Global developmental delay</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Growth abnormality</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_87607" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Short stature</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li><li><a href="#tabORDO">Orphanet</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0432217[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=140926">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=140926" target="_blank" href="/omim/226980">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=140926" ref="ncbi_uid=140926">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline">Wolcott-Rallison dysplasia</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/18325" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Pathological process">Pathological process</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/4347" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Disease">Disease</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/232130" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Disorder by Site">Disorder by Site</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/4043" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Disorder of endocrine system">Disorder of endocrine system</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/8350" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Diabetes mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1392102" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Monogenic diabetes">Monogenic diabetes</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Wolcott-Rallison dysplasia</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div id="tabORDO">Follow <a target="_blank" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Classif.php?lng=EN&amp;data_id=156&amp;PatId=1754&amp;search=Disease_Classif_Simple&amp;new=1" class="ital bold">this link</a> to review classifications for <span class="ital">Wolcott-Rallison dysplasia</span> in Orphanet.</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32321554">Diabetes management in Wolcott-Rallison syndrome: analysis from the German/Austrian DPV database.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Welters A,
Meissner T,
Konrad K,
Freiberg C,
Warncke K,
Judmaier S,
Kordonouri O,
Wurm M,
Papsch M,
Fitzke G,
Schmidt SC,
Tittel SR,
Holl RW</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orphanet J Rare Dis</span>
2020 Apr 22;15(1):100.
doi: 10.1186/s13023-020-01359-y.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32321554" target="_blank">32321554</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7178620" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28843469">A Genotype-First Approach for Clinical and Genetic Evaluation of Wolcott-Rallison Syndrome in a Large Cohort of Iranian Children With Neonatal Diabetes.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Abbasi F,
Habibi M,
Enayati S,
Bitarafan F,
Razzaghy-Azar M,
Sotodeh A,
Omran SP,
Maroofian R,
Amoli MM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Can J Diabetes</span>
2018 Jun;42(3):272-275.
Epub 2017 Aug 23
doi: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.06.009.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28843469" target="_blank">28843469</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(wolcott-rallison%20dysplasia)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (2)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38230874">Natural history of Wolcott-Rallison syndrome: A systematic review and follow-up study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Aldrian D,
Bochdansky C,
Kavallar AM,
Mayerhofer C,
Deeb A,
Habeb A,
Romera Rabasa A,
Khadilkar A,
Uçar A,
Knoppke B,
Zafeiriou D,
Lang-Muritano M,
Miqdady M,
Judmaier S,
McLin V,
Furdela V,
Müller T,
Vogel GF</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Liver Int</span>
2024 Mar;44(3):811-822.
Epub 2024 Jan 17
doi: 10.1111/liv.15834.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38230874" target="_blank">38230874</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36106422">Wolcott-Rallison syndrome: a case series of three patients.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Memon F,
Arif M,
Kirmani S,
Humayun K</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab</span>
2022;28(3):238-240.
doi: 10.5114/pedm.2022.118325.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36106422" target="_blank">36106422</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10214929" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33986015">Long-term follow-up of a child with Wolcott-Rallison syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Shah N,
Karguppikar MB,
Khadilkar V,
Khadilkar A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Case Rep</span>
2021 May 13;14(5)
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-242376.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33986015" target="_blank">33986015</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8126271" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25384546">Liver, pancreas and kidney transplantation for the treatment of Wolcott-Rallison syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tzakis AG,
Nunnelley MJ,
Tekin A,
Buccini LD,
Garcia J,
Uchida K,
Neville HL,
Nares MA,
Ruiz P,
Bodamer O</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Transplant</span>
2015 Feb;15(2):565-7.
Epub 2014 Nov 10
doi: 10.1111/ajt.13005.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25384546" target="_blank">25384546</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21050479">Wolcott-Rallison syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Julier C,
Nicolino M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orphanet J Rare Dis</span>
2010 Nov 4;5:29.
doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-29.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21050479" target="_blank">21050479</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2991281" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Wolcott-Rallison%20dysplasia%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (12)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33986015">Long-term follow-up of a child with Wolcott-Rallison syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Shah N,
Karguppikar MB,
Khadilkar V,
Khadilkar A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Case Rep</span>
2021 May 13;14(5)
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-242376.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33986015" target="_blank">33986015</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8126271" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23759358">Frequency and spectrum of Wolcott-Rallison syndrome in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Habeb AM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Libyan J Med</span>
2013 Jun 10;8(1):21137.
doi: 10.3402/ljm.v8i0.21137.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23759358" target="_blank">23759358</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3679509" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23263430">Wolcott-Rallison syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Juneja A,
Sultan A,
Bhatnagar S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent</span>
2012 Jul-Sep;30(3):250-3.
doi: 10.4103/0970-4388.105019.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23263430" target="_blank">23263430</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21050479">Wolcott-Rallison syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Julier C,
Nicolino M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orphanet J Rare Dis</span>
2010 Nov 4;5:29.
doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-29.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21050479" target="_blank">21050479</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2991281" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/15384883">Wolcott-Rallison syndrome: a clinical and genetic study of three children, novel mutation in EIF2AK3 and a review of the literature.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Iyer S,
Korada M,
Rainbow L,
Kirk J,
Brown RM,
Shaw N,
Barrett TG</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Acta Paediatr</span>
2004 Sep;93(9):1195-201.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/15384883" target="_blank">15384883</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Wolcott-Rallison%20dysplasia%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (28)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26433138">Relative hypoaldosteronism in a patient with Wolcott-Rallison syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Uçar A,
Aydemir Y,
Doğan A,
Tunçez E</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Diabet Med</span>
2016 Mar;33(3):e13-6.
doi: 10.1111/dme.12968.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26433138" target="_blank">26433138</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25659842">Liver disease and other comorbidities in Wolcott-Rallison syndrome: different phenotype and variable associations in a large cohort.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Habeb AM,
Deeb A,
Johnson M,
Abdullah M,
Abdulrasoul M,
Al-Awneh H,
Al-Maghamsi MS,
Al-Murshedi F,
Al-Saif R,
Al-Sinani S,
Ramadan D,
Tfayli H,
Flanagan SE,
Ellard S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Horm Res Paediatr</span>
2015;83(3):190-7.
Epub 2015 Feb 5
doi: 10.1159/000369804.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25659842" target="_blank">25659842</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4464042" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/7094931">Wolcott-Rallison syndrome: diabetes mellitus and spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Stöss H,
Pesch HJ,
Pontz B,
Otten A,
Spranger J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Pediatr</span>
1982 Mar;138(2):120-9.
doi: 10.1007/BF00441137.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/7094931" target="_blank">7094931</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Wolcott-Rallison%20dysplasia%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (3)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38230874">Natural history of Wolcott-Rallison syndrome: A systematic review and follow-up study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Aldrian D,
Bochdansky C,
Kavallar AM,
Mayerhofer C,
Deeb A,
Habeb A,
Romera Rabasa A,
Khadilkar A,
Uçar A,
Knoppke B,
Zafeiriou D,
Lang-Muritano M,
Miqdady M,
Judmaier S,
McLin V,
Furdela V,
Müller T,
Vogel GF</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Liver Int</span>
2024 Mar;44(3):811-822.
Epub 2024 Jan 17
doi: 10.1111/liv.15834.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38230874" target="_blank">38230874</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33986015">Long-term follow-up of a child with Wolcott-Rallison syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Shah N,
Karguppikar MB,
Khadilkar V,
Khadilkar A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Case Rep</span>
2021 May 13;14(5)
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-242376.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33986015" target="_blank">33986015</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8126271" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23759358">Frequency and spectrum of Wolcott-Rallison syndrome in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Habeb AM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Libyan J Med</span>
2013 Jun 10;8(1):21137.
doi: 10.3402/ljm.v8i0.21137.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23759358" target="_blank">23759358</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3679509" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21050479">Wolcott-Rallison syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Julier C,
Nicolino M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orphanet J Rare Dis</span>
2010 Nov 4;5:29.
doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-29.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21050479" target="_blank">21050479</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2991281" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20202148">Wolcott-Rallison syndrome due to the same mutation (W522X) in EIF2AK3 in two unrelated families and review of the literature.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ozbek MN,
Senée V,
Aydemir S,
Kotan LD,
Mungan NO,
Yuksel B,
Julier C,
Topaloglu AK</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Diabetes</span>
2010 Jun;11(4):279-85.
Epub 2010 Feb 25
doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00591.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20202148" target="_blank">20202148</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Wolcott-Rallison%20dysplasia%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (13)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30922274">EIF2AK3 novel mutation in a child with early-onset diabetes mellitus, a case report.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Fatani TH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMC Pediatr</span>
2019 Mar 28;19(1):85.
doi: 10.1186/s12887-019-1432-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30922274" target="_blank">30922274</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6438019" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24168455">EIF2AK3 mutations in South Indian children with permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus associated with Wolcott-Rallison syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Jahnavi S,
Poovazhagi V,
Kanthimathi S,
Gayathri V,
Mohan V,
Radha V</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Diabetes</span>
2014 Jun;15(4):313-8.
Epub 2013 Oct 30
doi: 10.1111/pedi.12089.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24168455" target="_blank">24168455</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20202148">Wolcott-Rallison syndrome due to the same mutation (W522X) in EIF2AK3 in two unrelated families and review of the literature.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ozbek MN,
Senée V,
Aydemir S,
Kotan LD,
Mungan NO,
Yuksel B,
Julier C,
Topaloglu AK</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Diabetes</span>
2010 Jun;11(4):279-85.
Epub 2010 Feb 25
doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00591.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20202148" target="_blank">20202148</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/15726110">Exclusion of the dymeclin and PAPSS2 genes in a novel form of spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia and mental retardation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Geneviève D,
Héron D,
El Ghouzzi V,
Prost-Squarcioni C,
Le Merrer M,
Jacquette A,
Sanlaville D,
Pinton F,
Villeneuve N,
Kalifa G,
Munnich A,
Cormier-Daire V</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Hum Genet</span>
2005 May;13(5):541-6.
doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201339.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/15726110" target="_blank">15726110</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/7094931">Wolcott-Rallison syndrome: diabetes mellitus and spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Stöss H,
Pesch HJ,
Pontz B,
Otten A,
Spranger J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Pediatr</span>
1982 Mar;138(2):120-9.
doi: 10.1007/BF00441137.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/7094931" target="_blank">7094931</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Wolcott-Rallison%20dysplasia%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (8)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_104">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38230874">Natural history of Wolcott-Rallison syndrome: A systematic review and follow-up study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Aldrian D,
Bochdansky C,
Kavallar AM,
Mayerhofer C,
Deeb A,
Habeb A,
Romera Rabasa A,
Khadilkar A,
Uçar A,
Knoppke B,
Zafeiriou D,
Lang-Muritano M,
Miqdady M,
Judmaier S,
McLin V,
Furdela V,
Müller T,
Vogel GF</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Liver Int</span>
2024 Mar;44(3):811-822.
Epub 2024 Jan 17
doi: 10.1111/liv.15834.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38230874" target="_blank">38230874</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23759358">Frequency and spectrum of Wolcott-Rallison syndrome in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Habeb AM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Libyan J Med</span>
2013 Jun 10;8(1):21137.
doi: 10.3402/ljm.v8i0.21137.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23759358" target="_blank">23759358</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3679509" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Wolcott-Rallison%20dysplasia%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (2)</a></div></div>
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<h2 class="offscreen_noflow">Supplemental Content</h2>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_113">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Table_of_contents">Table of contents</h1><a sid="113" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul id="my-toc"></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_106">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Genetic_Testing_Registry">Genetic Testing Registry</h1><a sid="106" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0432217%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (26)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0432217%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F15" target="_blank">Methylation analysis (1)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0432217%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (31)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0432217%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F19" target="_blank">Targeted variant analysis (7)</a></li>
<li class="portletSeeAll portletSeeAllPad"><total><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0432217%5bDISCUI%5d" target="_blank">See all (35)</a></total></li>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_119">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_resources">Clinical resources</h1><a sid="119" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=226980" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Expert=1667" target="_blank">Orphanet</a></li><li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=Wolcott-Rallison%20dysplasia" target="_blank">ClinicalTrials.gov</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Practice_guidelines">Practice guidelines</h1><a sid="121" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul class="a_poppers"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(wolcott-rallison%20dysplasia)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">PubMed</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="http://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=604032" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=9451[geneid]" target="_blank">View EIF2AK3 variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="/nuccore/284795355" target="_blank">RefSeqGene</a></li><li><a href="https://catalog.coriell.org/Search?q=226980" target="_blank">Coriell Institute for Medical Research</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="http://www.diseaseinfosearch.org/Epiphyseal+Dysplasia+Multiple+with+Early-Onset+Diabetes+Mellitus/2619" target="_blank">Genetic Alliance</a></li><li><a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/epiphyseal_dysplasia_multiple_with_early_onset_diabetes_mellitus_2" target="_blank">MalaCards</a></li><li><a href="https://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v:project=medlineplus&amp;query=Wolcott-Rallison%20dysplasia" target="_blank">MedlinePlus</a></li><li><a href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5589/disease" target="_blank">NCATS Office of Rare Diseases Research (GARD)</a></li></ul></div>
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