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<meta name="keywords" content="C0000744, abetalipoproteinaemia, abetalipoproteinemia, abetalipoproteinemia neuropathy, abl, abl - abetalipoproteinemia, acanthocytoses, acanthocytosis, apolipoprotein b deficiency, bassen kornzweig disease, bassen kornzweig syndrome, bassen-kornzweig disease, bassen-kornzweig syndrome, betalipoprotein deficiency disease, betalipoprotein deficiency diseases, congenital betalipoprotein deficiency syndrome, deficiency disease, betalipoprotein, deficiency diseases, betalipoprotein, disease or syndrome, disease, betalipoprotein deficiency, diseases, betalipoprotein deficiency, familial hypobetalipoproteinemia, homozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia, low-density beta lipoprotein deficiency, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein deficiency, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein deficiency disease, microsomal-triglyceride transfer protein deficiency, mtp deficiency, mttp, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Abetalipoproteinemia typically presents in infancy with failure to thrive, diarrhea, vomiting, and malabsorption of fat. Hematologic manifestations may include acanthocytosis (irregularly spiculated erythrocytes), anemia, reticulocytosis, and hemolysis with resultant hyperbilirubinemia. Malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) can result in an increased international normalized ratio (INR). Untreated individuals may develop atypical pigmentation of the retina that may present with progressive loss of night vision and/or color vision in adulthood. Neuromuscular findings in untreated individuals including progressive loss of deep tendon reflexes, vibratory sense, and proprioception; muscle weakness; dysarthria; and ataxia typically manifest in the first or second decades of life." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<title>Abetalipoproteinaemia (Concept Id: C0000744)
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<!--
UID=1253
ConceptID=C0000744
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<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Abetalipoproteinaemia<span class="h1sub">(ABL)</span></div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1253</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C0000744</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>Abetalipoproteinemia; Abetalipoproteinemia neuropathy; ABL; Apolipoprotein B deficiency; Bassen Kornzweig syndrome; Betalipoprotein deficiency disease; Congenital betalipoprotein deficiency syndrome; Low-density beta lipoprotein deficiency; Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein deficiency disease; Microsomal-triglyceride transfer protein deficiency; MTP DEFICIENCY</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Abetalipoproteinemia (190787008); ABL - Abetalipoproteinemia (190787008); Bassen-Kornzweig disease (190787008); Homozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (190787008)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Modes of inheritance:</td>
<td>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="moi_141025"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive inheritance</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>141025</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0441748</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Intellectual Product</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Source: Orphanet</div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele).</div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#moi_141025" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Autosomal recessive inheritance</a><span> (Orphanet)</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-loc">Gene (location):<img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div class="display-none" id="target-gene-loc">
Gene(s) directly associated with<br />
this condition or phenotype.</div></td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="MTTP - ID: 4547 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/4547" class="medgenPMinfo">MTTP</a> (4q23)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0008181">HP:0008181</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008692" target="_blank">MONDO:0008692</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/200100" target="_blank">200100</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Orphanet:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Orphanet: The portal for rare diseases and orphan drugs" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&amp;Expert=14">ORPHA14</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="rprt-body jig-ncbiinpagenav" data-jigconfig="smoothScroll: false, gotoTopLink: true, gotoTopLinkText: '', gotoTopLinkAttrs: {'title': 'Go to the top of the page'},allHeadingLevels: ['h1'], topOfPageTOC: true, tocId: 'my-toc'"><div id="rprt-tabs-1" class="rprt-tab"><div id="tb-termsProp-1"><div class="leftCol mgCol"><div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_101">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Disease_characteristics">Disease characteristics</h1><a sid="101" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><div class="excerpt">Excerpted from the <i>GeneReview: </i><a href="/books/NBK532447" target="_blank">Abetalipoproteinemia</a></div><div>Abetalipoproteinemia typically presents in infancy with failure to thrive, diarrhea, vomiting, and malabsorption of fat. Hematologic manifestations may include acanthocytosis (irregularly spiculated erythrocytes), anemia, reticulocytosis, and hemolysis with resultant hyperbilirubinemia. Malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) can result in an increased international normalized ratio (INR). Untreated individuals may develop atypical pigmentation of the retina that may present with progressive loss of night vision and/or color vision in adulthood. Neuromuscular findings in untreated individuals including progressive loss of deep tendon reflexes, vibratory sense, and proprioception; muscle weakness; dysarthria; and ataxia typically manifest in the first or second decades of life. [from <a title="GeneReviews" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1116" class="defSource" target="_blank">GeneReviews</a>]</div><div class="spaceAbove"><strong>Full text of <i>GeneReview</i> (by section):</strong><br /><a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK532447#ab-lipo-p.Summary" target="NBK532447">Summary</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK532447#ab-lipo-p.Diagnosis" target="NBK532447">Diagnosis</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK532447#ab-lipo-p.Clinical_Characteristics" target="NBK532447">Clinical Characteristics</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK532447#ab-lipo-p.Genetically_Related_Allelic_Di" target="NBK532447">Genetically Related (Allelic) Disorders</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK532447#ab-lipo-p.Differential_Diagnosis" target="NBK532447">Differential Diagnosis</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK532447#ab-lipo-p.Management" target="NBK532447">Management</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK532447#ab-lipo-p.Genetic_Counseling" target="NBK532447">Genetic Counseling</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK532447#ab-lipo-p.Resources" target="NBK532447">Resources</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK532447#ab-lipo-p.Molecular_Genetics" target="NBK532447">Molecular Genetics</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK532447#ab-lipo-p.Chapter_Notes" target="NBK532447">Chapter Notes</a>  |  <a class="medgenPMinfo" href="/books/NBK532447#ab-lipo-p.References" target="NBK532447">References</a></div><div class="spaceAbove"><strong>Authors:</strong><br />
John R Burnett  |  Amanda J Hooper  |  Robert A Hegele   <a href="/books/NBK532447" target="NBK532447" title="NCBI Bookshelf: Abetalipoproteinemia">view full author information</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_117">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Additional_description">Additional description</h1><a sid="117" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><div class="mgSection"><strong>From OMIM</strong><br />Abetalipoproteinemia and familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FBHL; 615558) are rare diseases characterized by hypocholesterolemia and malabsorption of lipid-soluble vitamins leading to retinal degeneration, neuropathy, and coagulopathy. Hepatic steatosis is also common. The root cause of both disorders is improper packaging and secretion of apolipoprotein B-containing particles. Obligate heterozygous parents of ABL patients usually have normal lipids consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance, whereas obligate heterozygous parents of FBHL patients typically have half normal levels of apoB-containing lipoproteins consistent with autosomal codominant inheritance (summary by Lee and Hegele, 2014).  <a target="_blank" href="http://www.omim.org/entry/200100">http://www.omim.org/entry/200100</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_102">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_features">Clinical features</h1><a sid="102" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat"><strong>From HPO</strong><br />
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_108215"><div><strong>Fat malabsorption</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>108215</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0554103</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Pathologic Function</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Abnormality of the absorption of fat from the gastrointestinal tract.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/108215">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Fat%20malabsorption%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20108215%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_849"><div><strong>Cerebellar ataxia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>849</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0007758</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Cerebellar ataxia refers to ataxia due to dysfunction of the cerebellum. This causes a variety of elementary neurological deficits including asynergy (lack of coordination between muscles, limbs and joints), dysmetria (lack of ability to judge distances that can lead to under- or overshoot in grasping movements), and dysdiadochokinesia (inability to perform rapid movements requiring antagonizing muscle groups to be switched on and off repeatedly).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/849">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cerebellar%20ataxia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20849%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_137898"><div><strong>CNS demyelination</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>137898</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0338474</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A loss of myelin from nerve fibers in the central nervous system.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/137898">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22CNS%20demyelination%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20137898%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_451074"><div><strong>Peripheral demyelination</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>451074</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0878575</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Pathologic Function</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A loss of myelin from the internode regions along myelinated nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/451074">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Peripheral%20demyelination%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20451074%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_195801"><div><strong>Acanthocytosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>195801</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0687751</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Acanthocytosis is a type of poikilocytosis characterized by the presence of spikes on the cell surface. The cells have an irregular shape resembling many-pointed stars.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/195801">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Acanthocytosis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20195801%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1253"><div><strong>Abetalipoproteinaemia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1253</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C0000744</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Abetalipoproteinemia typically presents in infancy with failure to thrive, diarrhea, vomiting, and malabsorption of fat. Hematologic manifestations may include acanthocytosis (irregularly spiculated erythrocytes), anemia, reticulocytosis, and hemolysis with resultant hyperbilirubinemia. Malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) can result in an increased international normalized ratio (INR). Untreated individuals may develop atypical pigmentation of the retina that may present with progressive loss of night vision and/or color vision in adulthood. Neuromuscular findings in untreated individuals including progressive loss of deep tendon reflexes, vibratory sense, and proprioception; muscle weakness; dysarthria; and ataxia typically manifest in the first or second decades of life.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1253">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Abetalipoproteinaemia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201253%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_48432"><div><strong>Retinal degeneration</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>48432</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0035304</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A nonspecific term denoting degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium and/or retinal photoreceptor cells.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/48432">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Retinal%20degeneration%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2048432%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_11209"><div><strong>Retinal disorder</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>11209</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0035309</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Any noninflammatory disease of the retina. This nonspecific term is retained here because of its wide use in the literature, but if possible new annotations should indicate the precise type of retinal abnormality.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/11209">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Retinal%20disorder%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2011209%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div><div class="TreeLite" data-jigconfig="closed: 1"><div class="concept-def"><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().openAll(); return false;">Show all</a><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().closeAll(); return false;">Hide all</a></div><ul><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of blood and blood-forming tissues</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_195801" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Acanthocytosis</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1253" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Abetalipoproteinaemia</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the digestive system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_108215" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Fat malabsorption</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the eye</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_48432" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Retinal degeneration</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_11209" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Retinal disorder</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the nervous system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_849" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cerebellar ataxia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_137898" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">CNS demyelination</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_451074" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Peripheral demyelination</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li><li><a href="#tabORDO">Orphanet</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0000744[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=1253">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=1253" target="_blank" href="/omim/157147">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK532447/" ref="ncbi_uid=1253">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=1253" ref="ncbi_uid=1253">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline">Abetalipoproteinaemia</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867443" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Phenotypic abnormality">Phenotypic abnormality</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/163092" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of blood and blood-forming tissues">Abnormality of blood and blood-forming tissues</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/488883" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal erythrocyte morphology">Abnormal erythrocyte morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/67451" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Poikilocytosis">Poikilocytosis</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/195801" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Acanthocytosis">Acanthocytosis</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Abetalipoproteinaemia</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div id="tabORDO">Follow <a target="_blank" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Classif.php?lng=EN&amp;data_id=156&amp;PatId=252&amp;search=Disease_Classif_Simple&amp;new=1" class="ital bold">this link</a> to review classifications for <span class="ital">Abetalipoproteinaemia</span> in Orphanet.</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_112">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1253"><div><strong>Abetalipoproteinaemia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1253</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C0000744</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Abetalipoproteinemia typically presents in infancy with failure to thrive, diarrhea, vomiting, and malabsorption of fat. Hematologic manifestations may include acanthocytosis (irregularly spiculated erythrocytes), anemia, reticulocytosis, and hemolysis with resultant hyperbilirubinemia. Malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) can result in an increased international normalized ratio (INR). Untreated individuals may develop atypical pigmentation of the retina that may present with progressive loss of night vision and/or color vision in adulthood. Neuromuscular findings in untreated individuals including progressive loss of deep tendon reflexes, vibratory sense, and proprioception; muscle weakness; dysarthria; and ataxia typically manifest in the first or second decades of life.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1253">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1253" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Abetalipoproteinaemia</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25335492">Clinical utility gene card for: Abetalipoproteinaemia--Update 2014.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Burnett JR,
Bell DA,
Hooper AJ,
Hegele RA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Hum Genet</span>
2015 Jun;23(6):890-.
Epub 2014 Oct 22
doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.224.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25335492" target="_blank">25335492</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4795071" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/22378282">Clinical utility gene card for: Abetalipoproteinaemia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Burnett JR,
Bell DA,
Hooper AJ,
Hegele RA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Hum Genet</span>
2012 Aug;20(8)
Epub 2012 Feb 29
doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.30.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/22378282" target="_blank">22378282</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3400737" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/3930848">The role of vitamin E in the treatment of the neurological features of abetalipoproteinaemia and other disorders of fat absorption.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Muller DP,
Lloyd JK,
Wolff OH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Inherit Metab Dis</span>
1985;8 Suppl 1:88-92.
doi: 10.1007/BF01800666.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/3930848" target="_blank">3930848</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22abetalipoproteinaemia%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (3)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Curated<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpCurated"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3><h3 class="nl vspace"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ejhg201230a.html" target="_blank">Clinical utility gene card for: Abetalipoproteinaemia</a></h3>
</div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28295777">Can LDL cholesterol be too low? Possible risks of extremely low levels.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Olsson AG,
Angelin B,
Assmann G,
Binder CJ,
Björkhem I,
Cedazo-Minguez A,
Cohen J,
von Eckardstein A,
Farinaro E,
Müller-Wieland D,
Parhofer KG,
Parini P,
Rosenson RS,
Starup-Linde J,
Tikkanen MJ,
Yvan-Charvet L</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Intern Med</span>
2017 Jun;281(6):534-553.
doi: 10.1111/joim.12614.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28295777" target="_blank">28295777</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/16390683">Monogenic hypocholesterolaemic lipid disorders and apolipoprotein B metabolism.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hooper AJ,
van Bockxmeer FM,
Burnett JR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci</span>
2005;42(5-6):515-45.
doi: 10.1080/10408360500295113.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/16390683" target="_blank">16390683</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/12185448">Clinical features and molecular bases of neuroacanthocytosis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Rampoldi L,
Danek A,
Monaco AP</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Mol Med (Berl)</span>
2002 Aug;80(8):475-91.
Epub 2002 Jun 18
doi: 10.1007/s00109-002-0349-z.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/12185448" target="_blank">12185448</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/11284140">Acanthocytosis and neurological disorders.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Stevenson VL,
Hardie RJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neurol</span>
2001 Feb;248(2):87-94.
doi: 10.1007/s004150170241.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/11284140" target="_blank">11284140</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/9875061">The assembly of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins: an essential role for the microsomal triacylglycerol transfer protein.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">White DA,
Bennett AJ,
Billett MA,
Salter AM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Br J Nutr</span>
1998 Sep;80(3):219-29.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/9875061" target="_blank">9875061</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Abetalipoproteinaemia%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (15)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25335492">Clinical utility gene card for: Abetalipoproteinaemia--Update 2014.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Burnett JR,
Bell DA,
Hooper AJ,
Hegele RA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Hum Genet</span>
2015 Jun;23(6):890-.
Epub 2014 Oct 22
doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.224.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25335492" target="_blank">25335492</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4795071" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/22378282">Clinical utility gene card for: Abetalipoproteinaemia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Burnett JR,
Bell DA,
Hooper AJ,
Hegele RA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Hum Genet</span>
2012 Aug;20(8)
Epub 2012 Feb 29
doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.30.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/22378282" target="_blank">22378282</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3400737" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/9467817">The use of a highly informative CA repeat polymorphism within the abetalipoproteinaemia locus (4q22-24).</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Heath KE,
Luong LA,
Leonard JV,
Chester A,
Shoulders CC,
Scott J,
Middleton-Price HR,
Humphries SE,
Talmud PJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Prenat Diagn</span>
1997 Dec;17(12):1181-6.
doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199712)17:12&lt;1181::aid-pd205&gt;3.0.co;2-a.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/9467817" target="_blank">9467817</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/5492702">Acanthocytosis, normolipoproteinaemia and multiple tics.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Critchley EM,
Nicholson JT,
Betts JJ,
Weatherall DJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Postgrad Med J</span>
1970 Dec;46(542):698-701.
doi: 10.1136/pgmj.46.542.698.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/5492702" target="_blank">5492702</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2467126" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/5862046">A-beta-lipoproteinaemia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Wolff O</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Dev Med Child Neurol</span>
1965 Aug;7(4):430-2.
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1965.tb08237.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/5862046" target="_blank">5862046</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Abetalipoproteinaemia%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (17)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28295777">Can LDL cholesterol be too low? Possible risks of extremely low levels.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Olsson AG,
Angelin B,
Assmann G,
Binder CJ,
Björkhem I,
Cedazo-Minguez A,
Cohen J,
von Eckardstein A,
Farinaro E,
Müller-Wieland D,
Parhofer KG,
Parini P,
Rosenson RS,
Starup-Linde J,
Tikkanen MJ,
Yvan-Charvet L</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Intern Med</span>
2017 Jun;281(6):534-553.
doi: 10.1111/joim.12614.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28295777" target="_blank">28295777</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/3540925">Vitamin E--its role in neurological function.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Muller DP</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Postgrad Med J</span>
1986 Feb;62(724):107-12.
doi: 10.1136/pgmj.62.724.107.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/3540925" target="_blank">3540925</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2418603" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/3930848">The role of vitamin E in the treatment of the neurological features of abetalipoproteinaemia and other disorders of fat absorption.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Muller DP,
Lloyd JK,
Wolff OH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Inherit Metab Dis</span>
1985;8 Suppl 1:88-92.
doi: 10.1007/BF01800666.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/3930848" target="_blank">3930848</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/6557902">Vitamin E and neurological function: abetalipoproteinaemia and other disorders of fat absorption.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Muller DP,
Lloyd JK,
Wolff OH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ciba Found Symp</span>
1983;101:106-21.
doi: 10.1002/9780470720820.ch8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/6557902" target="_blank">6557902</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/1013003">Abetalipoproteinaemia. A case report with pathological studies.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yuill GM,
Scholz C,
Lascelles RG</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Postgrad Med J</span>
1976 Nov;52(613):713-20.
doi: 10.1136/pgmj.52.613.713.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/1013003" target="_blank">1013003</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2496333" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Abetalipoproteinaemia%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (19)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31914726">Novel MTTP Gene Mutation in a Case of Abetalipoproteinemia with Central Hypothyroidism.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Soylu Ustkoyuncu P,
Gokay S,
Eren E,
Dogan D,
Yildiz G,
Yilmaz A,
Turkan Mutlu F</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol</span>
2020 Nov 25;12(4):427-431.
Epub 2020 Jan 9
doi: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2019.2019.0144.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31914726" target="_blank">31914726</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7711635" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27460185">Keys to overcoming the challenge of diagnosing autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Arias M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurologia (Engl Ed)</span>
2019 May;34(4):248-258.
Epub 2016 Jul 25
doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2016.06.006.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27460185" target="_blank">27460185</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/11767031">Long-term assessment of combined vitamin A and E treatment for the prevention of retinal degeneration in abetalipoproteinaemia and hypobetalipoproteinaemia patients.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Chowers I,
Banin E,
Merin S,
Cooper M,
Granot E</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eye (Lond)</span>
2001 Aug;15(Pt 4):525-30.
doi: 10.1038/eye.2001.167.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/11767031" target="_blank">11767031</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/848999">Long-term management of abetalipoproteinaemia. Possible role for vitamin E.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Muller DP,
Lloyd JK,
Bird AC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Arch Dis Child</span>
1977 Mar;52(3):209-14.
doi: 10.1136/adc.52.3.209.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/848999" target="_blank">848999</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1546285" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Abetalipoproteinaemia%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (4)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/7851471">Diurnal variations in the plasma concentrations of mevalonic acid in patients with abetalipoproteinaemia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pappu AS,
Illingworth DR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Clin Invest</span>
1994 Oct;24(10):698-702.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1994.tb01063.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/7851471" target="_blank">7851471</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/3954973">Oral vitamin E supplements can prevent the retinopathy of abetalipoproteinaemia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Runge P,
Muller DP,
McAllister J,
Calver D,
Lloyd JK,
Taylor D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Br J Ophthalmol</span>
1986 Mar;70(3):166-73.
doi: 10.1136/bjo.70.3.166.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/3954973" target="_blank">3954973</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1040960" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/6130255">Vitamin E and neurological function.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Muller DP,
Lloyd JK,
Wolff OH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet</span>
1983 Jan 29;1(8318):225-8.
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(83)92598-9.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/6130255" target="_blank">6130255</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/210827">Surface binding and catabolism of low-density lipoprotein by circulating lymphocytes from patients with abetalipoproteinaemia, with observations on sterol synthesis in lymphocytes from one patient.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Reichl D,
Myant NB,
Lloyd JK</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Biochim Biophys Acta</span>
1978 Jul 25;530(1):124-31.
doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(78)90132-7.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/210827" target="_blank">210827</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Abetalipoproteinaemia%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (4)</a></div></div>
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<h2 class="offscreen_noflow">Supplemental Content</h2>
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<!-- MedGen supplemental column starts here -->
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_113">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Table_of_contents">Table of contents</h1><a sid="113" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul id="my-toc"></ul></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_106">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Genetic_Testing_Registry">Genetic Testing Registry</h1><a sid="106" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0000744%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (32)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0000744%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A1%5F2" target="_blank">Enzyme assay (3)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0000744%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F18" target="_blank">Mutation scanning of select exons (2)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0000744%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F9" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of select exons (12)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0000744%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (59)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0000744%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F19" target="_blank">Targeted variant analysis (16)</a></li>
<li class="portletSeeAll portletSeeAllPad"><total><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0000744%5bDISCUI%5d" target="_blank">See all (62)</a></total></li>
</ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_resources">Clinical resources</h1><a sid="119" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=200100" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Expert=14" target="_blank">Orphanet</a></li><li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=Abetalipoproteinaemia" target="_blank">ClinicalTrials.gov</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Practice_guidelines">Practice guidelines</h1><a sid="121" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul class="a_poppers"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22abetalipoproteinaemia%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">PubMed</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li></ul><h3 class="subhead">Curated</h3><ul class="a_poppers"><li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ejhg201230a.html">EuroGentest, 2012</a><div>Clinical utility gene card for: Abetalipoproteinaemia</div></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Molecular_resources">Molecular resources</h1><a sid="115" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="http://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=157147" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=4547[geneid]" target="_blank">View MTTP variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="/nuccore/224809263" target="_blank">RefSeqGene</a></li><li><a href="https://catalog.coriell.org/Search?q=200100" target="_blank">Coriell Institute for Medical Research</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Consumer_resources">Consumer resources</h1><a sid="116" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="http://www.diseaseinfosearch.org/Familial+Hypobetalipoproteinemia+%28FHBL%29/2751" target="_blank">Genetic Alliance</a></li><li><a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/abetalipoproteinemia" target="_blank">MalaCards</a></li><li><a href="https://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v:project=medlineplus&amp;query=Abetalipoproteinaemia" target="_blank">MedlinePlus</a></li><li><a href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5/disease" target="_blank">NCATS Office of Rare Diseases Research (GARD)</a></li></ul></div>
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<h3>Reviews</h3>
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<a href="/pubmed/30358967" ref="ncbi_uid=&amp;discoId=gtr_reviews&amp;linkpos=1&amp;linkpostotal=3" target="_blank"><span class="gene_reviews">GeneReviews</span></a>
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<li>
<a href="/pubmed/clinical?term=Abetalipoproteinaemia" ref="ncbi_uid=&amp;discoId=gtr_reviews&amp;linkpos=2&amp;linkpostotal=3" target="_blank">PubMed Clinical Queries</a>
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<a href="/pubmed?term=Abetalipoproteinaemia%20AND%20humans[mesh]%20AND%20review[publication%20type]" ref="ncbi_uid=&amp;discoId=gtr_reviews&amp;linkpos=3&amp;linkpostotal=3" target="_blank">Reviews in PubMed</a>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=1253" ref="log$=recordlinks">ClinVar</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Related medical variations</div>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/gene?LinkName=medgen_gene_diseases&amp;from_uid=1253" ref="log$=recordlinks">Gene</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Related information in NCBI Gene</div>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/gtr/tests?term=C0000744[DISCUI]" ref="log$=recordlinks">GTR</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Related information in GTR</div>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/gtr/tests?term=C0000744[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="log$=recordlinks">GTR(Clinical)</a>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/mesh?LinkName=medgen_mesh&amp;from_uid=1253" ref="log$=recordlinks">MeSH</a>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/omim?LinkName=medgen_omim_gene&amp;from_uid=1253" ref="log$=recordlinks">OMIM(Genes)</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">OMIM records containing genes associated with phenotypes registered in MedGen</div>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pmc?LinkName=medgen_pmc&amp;from_uid=1253" ref="log$=recordlinks">PMC Articles</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Related information in PubMed Central Links</div>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed?LinkName=medgen_pubmed&amp;from_uid=1253" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubMed</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Related literature resources in PubMed</div>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed?LinkName=medgen_pubmed_bookshelf_cited&amp;from_uid=1253" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubMed (Bookshelf cited)</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Links to PubMed based on citations in GeneReviews and Medical Genetics Summaries</div>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed?LinkName=medgen_pubmed_genereviews&amp;from_uid=1253" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubMed (GeneReviews)</a>
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