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<!--
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UID=9359
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ConceptID=C0020440
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<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Hypercapnia</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>9359</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0020440</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding; Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
|
||
<td>High blood carbon dioxide level; Hypercapnemia; Hypercarbia</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
|
||
<td>Hypercapnia (29596007); Hypercapnemia (29596007); Hypercarbia (29596007)</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
|
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<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0012416">HP:0012416</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
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||
<div class="portlet_content ln">Abnormally elevated blood carbon dioxide (CO2) level. [from <a title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="http://www.human-phenotype-ontology.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">HPO</a>]</div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test, </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test, </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM, </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>, </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline">Hypercapnia</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867443" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Phenotypic abnormality">Phenotypic abnormality</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/866322" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the respiratory system">Abnormality of the respiratory system</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/220360" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal respiratory system physiology">Abnormal respiratory system physiology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/635138" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal blood gas level">Abnormal blood gas level</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1701592" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal blood carbon dioxide level">Abnormal blood carbon dioxide level</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Hypercapnia</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
|
||
</div>
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||
|
||
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_112">
|
||
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_340586"><div><strong>Bailey-Bloch congenital myopathy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>340586</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C1850625</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">STAC3 disorder is characterized by congenital myopathy, musculoskeletal involvement of the trunk and extremities, feeding difficulties, and delayed motor milestones. Most affected individuals have weakness with myopathic facies, scoliosis, kyphosis or kyphoscoliosis, and contractures. Other common findings are ptosis, abnormalities of the palate (including cleft palate), and short stature. Risk for malignant hyperthermia susceptibility and restrictive lung disease are increased. Intellect is typically normal. Originally described in individuals from the Lumbee Native American tribe (an admixture of Cheraw Indian, English, and African American ancestry) in the state of North Carolina and reported as Native American myopathy, STAC3 disorder has now been identified in numerous other populations worldwide.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/340586">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_356151"><div><strong>Malignant hyperthermia, susceptibility to, 5</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>356151</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C1866077</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility (MHS) is a pharmacogenetic disorder of skeletal muscle calcium regulation associated with uncontrolled skeletal muscle hypermetabolism. Manifestations of malignant hyperthermia (MH) are precipitated by certain volatile anesthetics (i.e., halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane, enflurane), either alone or in conjunction with a depolarizing muscle relaxant (specifically, succinylcholine). The triggering substances cause uncontrolled release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and may promote entry of extracellular calcium into the myoplasm, causing contracture of skeletal muscles, glycogenolysis, and increased cellular metabolism, resulting in production of heat and excess lactate. Affected individuals experience acidosis, hypercapnia, tachycardia, hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, compartment syndrome, rhabdomyolysis with subsequent increase in serum creatine kinase (CK) concentration, hyperkalemia with a risk for cardiac arrhythmia or even cardiac arrest, and myoglobinuria with a risk for renal failure. In nearly all cases, the first manifestations of MH (tachycardia and tachypnea) occur in the operating room; however, MH may also occur in the early postoperative period. There is mounting evidence that some individuals with MHS will also develop MH with exercise and/or on exposure to hot environments. Without proper and prompt treatment with dantrolene sodium, mortality is extremely high.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/356151">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1648466"><div><strong>Mitochondrial complex 1 deficiency, nuclear type 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1648466</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C4748737</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1648466">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1684682"><div><strong>Oculopharyngodistal myopathy 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1684682</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C5231388</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Oculopharyngodistal myopathy-1 (OPDM1) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by adult-onset ptosis, external ophthalmoplegia, facial muscle weakness, distal limb muscle weakness and atrophy, and pharyngeal involvement, resulting in dysphagia and dysarthria. Skeletal muscle biopsy shows myopathic changes with rimmed vacuoles. There are variable manifestations of the disorder regarding muscle involvement and severity (summary by Ishiura et al., 2019). Genetic Heterogeneity of Oculopharyngodistal Myopathy See also OPDM2 (618940), caused by trinucleotide repeat expansion in the GIPC1 gene (605072) on chromosome 19p13; OPDM3 (619473), caused by trinucleotide repeat expansion in the NOTCH2NLC gene (618025) on chromosome 1q21; and OPDM4 (619790), caused by trinucleotide repeat expansion in the RILPL1 gene (614092) on chromosome 12q24. Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD; 164300) is a similar disorder with overlapping features. It is caused by a similar heterozygous trinucleotide repeat expansion in the PABPN1 gene (602279) (summary by Durmus et al., 2011).</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1684682">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1794285"><div><strong>Central hypoventilation syndrome, congenital, 1, with or without Hirschsprung disease</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1794285</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C5562075</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) represents the extreme manifestation of autonomic nervous system dysregulation (ANSD) with the hallmark of disordered respiratory control. The age of initial recognition of CCHS ranges from neonatal onset (i.e., in the first 30 days of life) to (less commonly) later onset (from 1 month to adulthood). Neonatal-onset CCHS is characterized by apparent hypoventilation with monotonous respiratory rates and shallow breathing either during sleep only or while awake as well as asleep; ANSD including decreased heart rate beat-to-beat variability and sinus pauses; altered temperature regulation; and altered pupillary response to light. Some children have altered development of neural crest-derived structures (i.e., Hirschsprung disease, altered esophageal motility/dysphagia, and severe constipation even in the absence of Hirschsprung disease) and/or tumors of neural crest origin (neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma, and ganglioneuroblastoma). Neurocognitive delay is variable, and possibly influenced by cyanotic breath holding, prolonged sinus pauses, need for 24-hour/day artificial ventilation, and seizures. Later-onset CCHS is characterized by alveolar hypoventilation during sleep and attenuated manifestations of ANSD.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1794285">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_340586" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Bailey-Bloch congenital myopathy</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1794285" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Central hypoventilation syndrome, congenital, 1, with or without Hirschsprung disease</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_356151" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Malignant hyperthermia, susceptibility to, 5</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1648466" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Mitochondrial complex 1 deficiency, nuclear type 2</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1684682" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Oculopharyngodistal myopathy 1</a></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
|
||
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38432694">Diagnosis and Management of Acute Respiratory Failure.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lagina M,
|
||
Valley TS</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Crit Care Clin</span>
|
||
2024 Apr;40(2):235-253.
|
||
Epub 2024 Jan 25
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2024.01.002.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38432694" target="_blank">38432694</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10910131" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37164495">Umbilical cord pH, blood gases, and lactate at birth: normal values, interpretation, and clinical utility.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Olofsson P</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Obstet Gynecol</span>
|
||
2023 May;228(5S):S1222-S1240.
|
||
Epub 2023 Mar 19
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.07.001.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37164495" target="_blank">37164495</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35218742">Management of Life-Threatening Asthma: Severe Asthma Series.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Garner O,
|
||
Ramey JS,
|
||
Hanania NA</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Chest</span>
|
||
2022 Oct;162(4):747-756.
|
||
Epub 2022 Feb 23
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2022.02.029.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35218742" target="_blank">35218742</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22hypercapnia%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (182)</a></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
|
||
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
|
||
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
|
||
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36412131">Oxygen-induced hypercapnia: physiological mechanisms and clinical implications.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sarkar M,
|
||
Madabhavi I,
|
||
Kadakol N</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Monaldi Arch Chest Dis</span>
|
||
2022 Nov 18;93(3)
|
||
doi: 10.4081/monaldi.2022.2399.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36412131" target="_blank">36412131</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30636373">Benefits of non-invasive ventilation in acute hypercapnic respiratory failure.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Comellini V,
|
||
Pacilli AMG,
|
||
Nava S</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Respirology</span>
|
||
2019 Apr;24(4):308-317.
|
||
Epub 2019 Jan 12
|
||
doi: 10.1111/resp.13469.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30636373" target="_blank">30636373</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26976648">BTS/ICS guideline for the ventilatory management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure in adults.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Davidson AC,
|
||
Banham S,
|
||
Elliott M,
|
||
Kennedy D,
|
||
Gelder C,
|
||
Glossop A,
|
||
Church AC,
|
||
Creagh-Brown B,
|
||
Dodd JW,
|
||
Felton T,
|
||
Foëx B,
|
||
Mansfield L,
|
||
McDonnell L,
|
||
Parker R,
|
||
Patterson CM,
|
||
Sovani M,
|
||
Thomas L;
|
||
BTS Standards of Care Committee Member, British Thoracic Society/Intensive Care Society Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure Guideline Development Group, On behalf of the British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Thorax</span>
|
||
2016 Apr;71 Suppl 2:ii1-35.
|
||
doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-208209.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26976648" target="_blank">26976648</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/12481813">Permissive hypercapnia.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hickling KG</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Respir Care Clin N Am</span>
|
||
2002 Jun;8(2):155-69, v.
|
||
doi: 10.1016/s1078-5337(02)00006-0.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/12481813" target="_blank">12481813</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/11373509">Permissive hypercapnia.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bigatello LM,
|
||
Patroniti N,
|
||
Sangalli F</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Curr Opin Crit Care</span>
|
||
2001 Feb;7(1):34-40.
|
||
doi: 10.1097/00075198-200102000-00006.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/11373509" target="_blank">11373509</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hypercapnia%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (2825)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30872398">Obesity hypoventilation syndrome.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Masa JF,
|
||
Pépin JL,
|
||
Borel JC,
|
||
Mokhlesi B,
|
||
Murphy PB,
|
||
Sánchez-Quiroga MÁ</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur Respir Rev</span>
|
||
2019 Mar 31;28(151)
|
||
Epub 2019 Mar 14
|
||
doi: 10.1183/16000617.0097-2018.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30872398" target="_blank">30872398</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9491327" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25361907">Respiratory failure.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Vo P,
|
||
Kharasch VS</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Rev</span>
|
||
2014 Nov;35(11):476-84; quiz 485-6.
|
||
doi: 10.1542/pir.35-11-476.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25361907" target="_blank">25361907</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24703539">Metabolic headaches.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lagman-Bartolome AM,
|
||
Gladstone J</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurol Clin</span>
|
||
2014 May;32(2):451-69.
|
||
Epub 2014 Jan 11
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2013.11.011.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24703539" target="_blank">24703539</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/19811552">Obstructive sleep apnoea--an update.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Chan AS,
|
||
Phillips CL,
|
||
Cistulli PA</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Intern Med J</span>
|
||
2010 Feb;40(2):102-6.
|
||
Epub 2009 Oct 7
|
||
doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2009.02069.x.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/19811552" target="_blank">19811552</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/18625107">The metabolic headaches.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bigal ME,
|
||
Gladstone J</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Curr Pain Headache Rep</span>
|
||
2008 Aug;12(4):292-5.
|
||
doi: 10.1007/s11916-008-0049-7.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/18625107" target="_blank">18625107</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hypercapnia%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1756)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37251703">Comparison of High Flow Nasal Therapy with Non-Invasive Ventilation and Conventional Oxygen Therapy for Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Xu C,
|
||
Yang F,
|
||
Wang Q,
|
||
Gao W</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis</span>
|
||
2023;18:955-973.
|
||
Epub 2023 May 22
|
||
doi: 10.2147/COPD.S410958.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37251703" target="_blank">37251703</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10215944" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35771533">Home High-Flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen Therapy for Stable Hypercapnic COPD: A Randomized Clinical Trial.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Nagata K,
|
||
Horie T,
|
||
Chohnabayashi N,
|
||
Jinta T,
|
||
Tsugitomi R,
|
||
Shiraki A,
|
||
Tokioka F,
|
||
Kadowaki T,
|
||
Watanabe A,
|
||
Fukui M,
|
||
Kitajima T,
|
||
Sato S,
|
||
Tsuda T,
|
||
Kishimoto N,
|
||
Kita H,
|
||
Mori Y,
|
||
Nakayama M,
|
||
Takahashi K,
|
||
Tsuboi T,
|
||
Yoshida M,
|
||
Hataji O,
|
||
Fuke S,
|
||
Kagajo M,
|
||
Nishine H,
|
||
Kobayashi H,
|
||
Nakamura H,
|
||
Okuda M,
|
||
Tachibana S,
|
||
Takata S,
|
||
Osoreda H,
|
||
Minami K,
|
||
Nishimura T,
|
||
Ishida T,
|
||
Terada J,
|
||
Takeuchi N,
|
||
Kohashi Y,
|
||
Inoue H,
|
||
Nakagawa Y,
|
||
Kikuchi T,
|
||
Tomii K</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Respir Crit Care Med</span>
|
||
2022 Dec 1;206(11):1326-1335.
|
||
doi: 10.1164/rccm.202201-0199OC.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35771533" target="_blank">35771533</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9746854" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30299309">Noninvasive ventilation as acute therapy.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Thille AW,
|
||
Frat JP</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Curr Opin Crit Care</span>
|
||
2018 Dec;24(6):519-524.
|
||
doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000554.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30299309" target="_blank">30299309</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28967439">New evidence in one-lung ventilation.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Meleiro H,
|
||
Correia I,
|
||
Charco Mora P</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim (Engl Ed)</span>
|
||
2018 Mar;65(3):149-153.
|
||
Epub 2017 Sep 28
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.redar.2017.06.007.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28967439" target="_blank">28967439</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25405229">Sodium bicarbonate therapy in patients with metabolic acidosis.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Adeva-Andany MM,
|
||
Fernández-Fernández C,
|
||
Mouriño-Bayolo D,
|
||
Castro-Quintela E,
|
||
Domínguez-Montero A</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">ScientificWorldJournal</span>
|
||
2014;2014:627673.
|
||
Epub 2014 Oct 21
|
||
doi: 10.1155/2014/627673.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25405229" target="_blank">25405229</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4227445" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hypercapnia%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (2385)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33243839">Oxygen therapy and inpatient mortality in COPD exacerbation.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Echevarria C,
|
||
Steer J,
|
||
Wason J,
|
||
Bourke S</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Emerg Med J</span>
|
||
2021 Mar;38(3):170-177.
|
||
Epub 2020 Nov 26
|
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doi: 10.1136/emermed-2019-209257.
|
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33243839" target="_blank">33243839</a></div>
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30950507">Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (CPAP or bilevel NPPV) for cardiogenic pulmonary oedema.</a></div>
|
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Berbenetz N,
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Wang Y,
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Brown J,
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Godfrey C,
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Ahmad M,
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Lambiase P,
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26627537">Management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pisani L,
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26033128">Mechanical ventilation for severe asthma.</a></div>
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/9554224">Hypoventilation syndromes.</a></div>
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<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hypercapnia%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1347)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36427897">NEWS2, patient safety and hypercapnic respiratory failure.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Juniper M</span><br />
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Med (Lond)</span>
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2022 Nov;22(6):518-521.
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doi: 10.7861/clinmed.2022-0352.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36427897" target="_blank">36427897</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9761431" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33780397">Comparing Central Venous Blood Gas to Arterial Blood Gas and Determining Its Utility in Critically Ill Patients: Narrative Review.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Chong WH,
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Saha BK,
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Medarov BI</span><br />
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Anesth Analg</span>
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2021 Aug 1;133(2):374-378.
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doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005501.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33780397" target="_blank">33780397</a></div>
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32001088">Time-Resolved Response of Cerebral Stiffness to Hypercapnia in Humans.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kreft B,
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Tzschätzsch H,
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Schrank F,
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Bergs J,
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Streitberger KJ,
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Wäldchen S,
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Hetzer S,
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2020 Apr;46(4):936-943.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32001088" target="_blank">32001088</a></div>
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29784264">STOP-Bang Assessment and Postoperative Outcomes.</a></div>
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2018 Jun;33(3):330-337.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29784264" target="_blank">29784264</a></div>
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23873117">Acidemia versus hypercapnia and risk for severe intraventricular hemorrhage.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zayek MM,
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Alrifai W,
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2014 Apr;31(4):345-52.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23873117" target="_blank">23873117</a></div>
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<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hypercapnia%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1922)</a></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_104">
|
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln">
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36065316">High-Flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen Therapy versus Non-Invasive Ventilation for AECOPD Patients After Extubation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Feng Z,
|
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Zhang L,
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Yu H,
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Su X,
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Shuai T,
|
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Zhu L,
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Chen D,
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Liu J</span><br />
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis</span>
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2022;17:1987-1999.
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||
Epub 2022 Aug 30
|
||
doi: 10.2147/COPD.S375107.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36065316" target="_blank">36065316</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9440713" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35688435">Osteoporosis in COPD patients: Risk factors and pulmonary rehabilitation.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Li Y,
|
||
Gao H,
|
||
Zhao L,
|
||
Wang J</span><br />
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Respir J</span>
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||
2022 Jul;16(7):487-496.
|
||
Epub 2022 Jun 10
|
||
doi: 10.1111/crj.13514.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35688435" target="_blank">35688435</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9329018" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34368950">Chronic non-invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Raveling T,
|
||
Vonk J,
|
||
Struik FM,
|
||
Goldstein R,
|
||
Kerstjens HA,
|
||
Wijkstra PJ,
|
||
Duiverman ML</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
|
||
2021 Aug 9;8(8):CD002878.
|
||
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002878.pub3.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34368950" target="_blank">34368950</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8407093" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31591056">High flow through nasal cannula in exacerbated COPD patients: a systematic review.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pisani L,
|
||
Astuto M,
|
||
Prediletto I,
|
||
Longhini F</span><br />
|
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pulmonology</span>
|
||
2019 Nov-Dec;25(6):348-354.
|
||
Epub 2019 Oct 5
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2019.08.001.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31591056" target="_blank">31591056</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30950507">Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (CPAP or bilevel NPPV) for cardiogenic pulmonary oedema.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Berbenetz N,
|
||
Wang Y,
|
||
Brown J,
|
||
Godfrey C,
|
||
Ahmad M,
|
||
Vital FM,
|
||
Lambiase P,
|
||
Banerjee A,
|
||
Bakhai A,
|
||
Chong M</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
|
||
2019 Apr 5;4(4):CD005351.
|
||
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005351.pub4.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30950507" target="_blank">30950507</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6449889" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hypercapnia%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (92)</a></div></div>
|
||
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|
||
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|
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|
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<h2 class="offscreen_noflow">Supplemental Content</h2>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=Hypercapnia" target="_blank">ClinicalTrials.gov</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul class="a_poppers"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22hypercapnia%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">PubMed</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li><li><a target="_blank" href="/books/?term=((%22clinical%20guidelines%22%5BResource%20Type%5D)%20OR%20%22practice%20guideline%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)%20AND%20(%22Hypercapnia%22)">Bookshelf</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li></ul></div>
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<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/careers.html" class="text-white">Careers</a></p>
|
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<div class="row">
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<div class="col-lg-12 centered-lg">
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<li>
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||
<a class="text-white" href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/">NLM</a>
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||
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<li>
|
||
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>
|
||
</li>
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<li>
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<a class="text-white" href="https://www.hhs.gov/">HHS</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a class="text-white" href="https://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a>
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