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<meta name="keywords" content="C0019189, ch - chronic hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, chronic liver inflammation, disease or syndrome, hepatitis, chronic, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Hepatitis that lasts for more than six months." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<!--
UID=9223
ConceptID=C0019189
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Chronic hepatitis</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>9223</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0019189</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>Chronic Hepatitis; Hepatitis, Chronic</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Chronic hepatitis (76783007); CH - Chronic hepatitis (76783007)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0200123">HP:0200123</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="rprt-body jig-ncbiinpagenav" data-jigconfig="smoothScroll: false, gotoTopLink: true, gotoTopLinkText: '', gotoTopLinkAttrs: {'title': 'Go to the top of the page'},allHeadingLevels: ['h1'], topOfPageTOC: true, tocId: 'my-toc'"><div id="rprt-tabs-1" class="rprt-tab"><div id="tb-termsProp-1"><div class="leftCol mgCol"><div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Hepatitis that lasts for more than six months. [from <a title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="http://www.human-phenotype-ontology.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">HPO</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline">Chronic hepatitis</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/21047" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms">Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/18325" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Pathological process">Pathological process</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/199876" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Disease Attributes">Disease Attributes</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/3453" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Chronic disease">Chronic disease</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Chronic hepatitis</span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/105441" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Chronic active hepatitis">Chronic active hepatitis</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/69144" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Chronic autoimmune hepatitis">Chronic autoimmune hepatitis</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/99834" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Chronic hepatitis B virus infection">Chronic hepatitis B virus infection</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/815150" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Chronic hepatitis due to cryptosporidium infection">Chronic hepatitis due to cryptosporidium infection</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/82915" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Chronic viral hepatitis">Chronic viral hepatitis</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/6807" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Hepatitis B virus infection">Hepatitis B virus infection</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1791737" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Current Hepatitis B Infection">Current Hepatitis B Infection</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/42425" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Hepatitis C virus infection">Hepatitis C virus infection</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/105623" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Hepatitis C, Chronic">Hepatitis C, Chronic</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/105624" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Hepatitis D, Chronic">Hepatitis D, Chronic</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_112">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_39126"><div><strong>Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome, type 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>39126</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0085860</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type II (APS2), or Schmidt syndrome, is characterized by the presence of autoimmune Addison disease in association with either autoimmune thyroid disease or type I diabetes mellitus, or both. Chronic candidiasis is not present. APS2 may occur at any age and in both sexes, but is most common in middle-aged females and is very rare in childhood (summary by Betterle et al., 2004).&#13; See 240300 for a phenotypic description of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I (APS1).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/39126">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_96019"><div><strong>Hyper-IgM syndrome type 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>96019</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C0398689</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">X-linked hyper IgM syndrome (HIGM1), a disorder of abnormal T- and B-cell function, is characterized by low serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, and IgE with normal or elevated serum concentrations of IgM. Mitogen proliferation may be normal, but NK- and T-cell cytotoxicity can be impaired. Antigen-specific responses are usually decreased or absent. Total numbers of B cells are normal but there is a marked reduction of class-switched memory B cells. Defective oxidative burst of both neutrophils and macrophages has been reported. The range of clinical findings varies, even within the same family. More than 50% of males with HIGM1 develop symptoms by age one year, and more than 90% are symptomatic by age four years. HIGM1 usually presents in infancy with recurrent upper- and lower-respiratory tract bacterial infections, opportunistic infections including Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, and recurrent or protracted diarrhea that can be infectious or noninfectious and is associated with failure to thrive. Neutropenia is common; thrombocytopenia and anemia are less commonly seen. Autoimmune and/or inflammatory disorders (such as sclerosing cholangitis) as well as increased risk for neoplasms have been reported as medical complications of this disorder. Significant neurologic complications, often the result of a CNS infection, are seen in 5%-15% of affected males. Liver disease, a serious complication of HIGM1 once observed in more than 80% of affected males by age 20 years, may be decreasing with adequate screening and treatment of Cryptosporidium infection.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/96019">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_414536"><div><strong>PGM1-congenital disorder of glycosylation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>414536</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2752015</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital disorder of glycosylation type It (CDG1T) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a wide range of clinical manifestations and severity. The most common features include cleft lip and bifid uvula, apparent at birth, followed by hepatopathy, intermittent hypoglycemia, short stature, and exercise intolerance, often accompanied by increased serum creatine kinase. Less common features include rhabdomyolysis, dilated cardiomyopathy, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (summary by Tegtmeyer et al., 2014).&#13; For a discussion of the classification of CDGs, see CDG1A (212065).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/414536">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_482919"><div><strong>Trichohepatoenteric syndrome 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>482919</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3281289</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Trichohepatoenteric syndrome (THES), generally considered to be a neonatal enteropathy, is characterized by intractable diarrhea (seen in almost all affected children), woolly hair (seen in all), intrauterine growth restriction, facial dysmorphism, and short stature. Additional findings include poorly characterized immunodeficiency, recurrent infections, skin abnormalities, and liver disease. Mild intellectual disability (ID) is seen in about 50% of affected individuals. Less common findings include congenital heart defects and platelet anomalies. To date 52 affected individuals have been reported.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/482919">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_96019" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hyper-IgM syndrome type 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_414536" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">PGM1-congenital disorder of glycosylation</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_39126" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome, type 2</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_482919" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Trichohepatoenteric syndrome 2</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30811163">Hepatitis B: Screening, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Wilkins T,
Sams R,
Carpenter M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am Fam Physician</span>
2019 Mar 1;99(5):314-323.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30811163" target="_blank">30811163</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29405329">Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Terrault NA,
Lok ASF,
McMahon BJ,
Chang KM,
Hwang JP,
Jonas MM,
Brown RS Jr,
Bzowej NH,
Wong JB</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Hepatology</span>
2018 Apr;67(4):1560-1599.
doi: 10.1002/hep.29800.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29405329" target="_blank">29405329</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5975958" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28427875">EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">European Association for the Study of the Liver</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Hepatol</span>
2017 Aug;67(2):370-398.
Epub 2017 Apr 18
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.03.021.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28427875" target="_blank">28427875</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22chronic%20hepatitis%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (6030)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34557195">Interferon and Hepatitis B: Current and Future Perspectives.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ye J,
Chen J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Front Immunol</span>
2021;12:733364.
Epub 2021 Sep 7
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.733364.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34557195" target="_blank">34557195</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8452902" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30266158">Hepatitis B and C.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mysore KR,
Leung DH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Liver Dis</span>
2018 Nov;22(4):703-722.
Epub 2018 Aug 22
doi: 10.1016/j.cld.2018.06.002.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30266158" target="_blank">30266158</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21901174">Chronic hepatitis B infection: a workshop consensus statement and algorithm.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">McHugh JA,
Cullison S,
Apuzzio J,
Block JM,
Cohen C,
Leong SL,
London WT,
McNellis RJ,
Neubauer RL,
Perrillo R,
Squires R,
Tarrant D,
McMahon BJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Fam Pract</span>
2011 Sep;60(9):E1-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21901174" target="_blank">21901174</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/18664880">Chronic hepatitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Murray KF,
Shah U,
Mohan N,
Heller S,
González-Peralta RP,
Kelly D,
Chang MH,
Mieli-Vergani G,
Jara P,
Fujisawa T;
Chronic Hepatitis Working Group</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr</span>
2008 Aug;47(2):225-33.
doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e318181b08b.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/18664880" target="_blank">18664880</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/16356583">Natural history and predictors of disease severity in chronic hepatitis C.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Massard J,
Ratziu V,
Thabut D,
Moussalli J,
Lebray P,
Benhamou Y,
Poynard T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Hepatol</span>
2006;44(1 Suppl):S19-24.
Epub 2005 Nov 21
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.11.009.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/16356583" target="_blank">16356583</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Chronic%20hepatitis%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (27027)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27726758">Chronic Hepatitis B, C, and D.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Cobb BR,
Valsamakis A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Microbiol Spectr</span>
2016 Aug;4(4)
doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0025-2015.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27726758" target="_blank">27726758</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/18664880">Chronic hepatitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Murray KF,
Shah U,
Mohan N,
Heller S,
González-Peralta RP,
Kelly D,
Chang MH,
Mieli-Vergani G,
Jara P,
Fujisawa T;
Chronic Hepatitis Working Group</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr</span>
2008 Aug;47(2):225-33.
doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e318181b08b.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/18664880" target="_blank">18664880</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/17256718">Chronic hepatitis B.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lok AS,
McMahon BJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Hepatology</span>
2007 Feb;45(2):507-39.
doi: 10.1002/hep.21513.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/17256718" target="_blank">17256718</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/15229255">Diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis B.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">D'Souza R,
Foster GR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J R Soc Med</span>
2004 Jul;97(7):318-21.
doi: 10.1177/014107680409700703.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/15229255" target="_blank">15229255</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1079522" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/7863400">Chronic hepatitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hift RJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">S Afr Med J</span>
1994 Aug;84(8 Pt 2):559-63.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/7863400" target="_blank">7863400</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Chronic%20hepatitis%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (16742)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37902953">Bepirovirsen (GSK3228836) in chronic hepatitis B infection: an evaluation of phase II progress.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mak LY,
Hui RW,
Fung J,
Seto WK,
Yuen MF</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Expert Opin Investig Drugs</span>
2023 Jul-Dec;32(11):971-983.
Epub 2023 Nov 24
doi: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2277389.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37902953" target="_blank">37902953</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37377088">Guidance on treatment endpoints and study design for clinical trials aiming to achieve cure in chronic hepatitis B and D: Report from the 2022 AASLD-EASL HBV-HDV Treatment Endpoints Conference.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ghany MG,
Buti M,
Lampertico P,
Lee HM;
2022 AASLD-EASL HBV-HDV Treatment Endpoints Conference Faculty</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Hepatol</span>
2023 Nov;79(5):1254-1269.
Epub 2023 Jun 21
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.06.002.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37377088" target="_blank">37377088</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32926353">Bulevirtide: First Approval.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kang C,
Syed YY</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Drugs</span>
2020 Oct;80(15):1601-1605.
doi: 10.1007/s40265-020-01400-1.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32926353" target="_blank">32926353</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30896149">Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection Using Small Molecule Modulators of Nucleocapsid Assembly: Recent Advances and Perspectives.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yang L,
Liu F,
Tong X,
Hoffmann D,
Zuo J,
Lu M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">ACS Infect Dis</span>
2019 May 10;5(5):713-724.
Epub 2019 Mar 29
doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00337.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30896149" target="_blank">30896149</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24457562">Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi) for chronic hepatitis C.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMjournal">Med Lett Drugs Ther</span>
2014 Jan 20;56(1434):5-6.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24457562" target="_blank">24457562</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Chronic%20hepatitis%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (26839)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35039863">Incidence of Malignancies Among Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B in US Health Care Organizations, 2006-2018.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Spradling PR,
Xing J,
Zhong Y,
Rupp LB,
Moorman AC,
Lu M,
Teshale EH,
Schmidt MA,
Daida YG,
Boscarino JA,
Gordon SC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Infect Dis</span>
2022 Sep 13;226(5):896-900.
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiac011.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35039863" target="_blank">35039863</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32043613">Changes in the Global Burden of Chronic Liver Diseases From 2012 to 2017: The Growing Impact of NAFLD.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Paik JM,
Golabi P,
Younossi Y,
Mishra A,
Younossi ZM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Hepatology</span>
2020 Nov;72(5):1605-1616.
Epub 2020 Oct 27
doi: 10.1002/hep.31173.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32043613" target="_blank">32043613</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20001636">Update on survival in thalassemia major.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Telfer P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Hemoglobin</span>
2009;33 Suppl 1:S76-80.
doi: 10.3109/03630260903347336.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20001636" target="_blank">20001636</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/12057148">Hepatocellular carcinoma.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Venook AP</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Curr Treat Options Oncol</span>
2000 Dec;1(5):407-15.
doi: 10.1007/s11864-000-0068-z.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/12057148" target="_blank">12057148</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/2047885">Small-duct primary sclerosing cholangitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ludwig J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Semin Liver Dis</span>
1991 Feb;11(1):11-7.
doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1040417.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/2047885" target="_blank">2047885</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Chronic%20hepatitis%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (16902)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33982942">Noninvasive Diagnosis of Portal Hypertension in Patients With Compensated Advanced Chronic Liver Disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pons M,
Augustin S,
Scheiner B,
Guillaume M,
Rosselli M,
Rodrigues SG,
Stefanescu H,
Ma MM,
Mandorfer M,
Mergeay-Fabre M,
Procopet B,
Schwabl P,
Ferlitsch A,
Semmler G,
Berzigotti A,
Tsochatzis E,
Bureau C,
Reiberger T,
Bosch J,
Abraldes JG,
Genescà J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Gastroenterol</span>
2021 Apr;116(4):723-732.
doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000994.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33982942" target="_blank">33982942</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32707225">aMAP risk score predicts hepatocellular carcinoma development in patients with chronic hepatitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Fan R,
Papatheodoridis G,
Sun J,
Innes H,
Toyoda H,
Xie Q,
Mo S,
Sypsa V,
Guha IN,
Kumada T,
Niu J,
Dalekos G,
Yasuda S,
Barnes E,
Lian J,
Suri V,
Idilman R,
Barclay ST,
Dou X,
Berg T,
Hayes PC,
Flaherty JF,
Zhou Y,
Zhang Z,
Buti M,
Hutchinson SJ,
Guo Y,
Calleja JL,
Lin L,
Zhao L,
Chen Y,
Janssen HLA,
Zhu C,
Shi L,
Tang X,
Gaggar A,
Wei L,
Jia J,
Irving WL,
Johnson PJ,
Lampertico P,
Hou J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Hepatol</span>
2020 Dec;73(6):1368-1378.
Epub 2020 Jul 21
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.07.025.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32707225" target="_blank">32707225</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/17708599">Noninvasive diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Stauber RE,
Lackner C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">World J Gastroenterol</span>
2007 Aug 28;13(32):4287-94.
doi: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i32.4287.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/17708599" target="_blank">17708599</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4250852" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/12883497">A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Wai CT,
Greenson JK,
Fontana RJ,
Kalbfleisch JD,
Marrero JA,
Conjeevaram HS,
Lok AS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Hepatology</span>
2003 Aug;38(2):518-26.
doi: 10.1053/jhep.2003.50346.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/12883497" target="_blank">12883497</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/2000347">Abnormal liver enzyme levels. Evaluation in asymptomatic patients.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">King PD</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Postgrad Med</span>
1991 Mar;89(4):137-41.
doi: 10.1080/00325481.1991.11700866.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/2000347" target="_blank">2000347</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Chronic%20hepatitis%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (19231)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_104">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37798085">Changing prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in China between 1973 and 2021: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of 3740 studies and 231 million people.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Liu Z,
Lin C,
Mao X,
Guo C,
Suo C,
Zhu D,
Jiang W,
Li Y,
Fan J,
Song C,
Zhang T,
Jin L,
De Martel C,
Clifford GM,
Chen X</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Gut</span>
2023 Nov 24;72(12):2354-2363.
doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-330691.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37798085" target="_blank">37798085</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10715530" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32043613">Changes in the Global Burden of Chronic Liver Diseases From 2012 to 2017: The Growing Impact of NAFLD.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Paik JM,
Golabi P,
Younossi Y,
Mishra A,
Younossi ZM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Hepatology</span>
2020 Nov;72(5):1605-1616.
Epub 2020 Oct 27
doi: 10.1002/hep.31173.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32043613" target="_blank">32043613</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26566246">Antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B viral infection in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lok AS,
McMahon BJ,
Brown RS Jr,
Wong JB,
Ahmed AT,
Farah W,
Almasri J,
Alahdab F,
Benkhadra K,
Mouchli MA,
Singh S,
Mohamed EA,
Abu Dabrh AM,
Prokop LJ,
Wang Z,
Murad MH,
Mohammed K</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Hepatology</span>
2016 Jan;63(1):284-306.
Epub 2015 Nov 13
doi: 10.1002/hep.28280.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26566246" target="_blank">26566246</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26231459">Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Schweitzer A,
Horn J,
Mikolajczyk RT,
Krause G,
Ott JJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet</span>
2015 Oct 17;386(10003):1546-55.
Epub 2015 Jul 28
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61412-X.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26231459" target="_blank">26231459</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/22788669">Urban legends series: lichen planus.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Baccaglini L,
Thongprasom K,
Carrozzo M,
Bigby M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Oral Dis</span>
2013 Mar;19(2):128-43.
Epub 2012 Jul 13
doi: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2012.01953.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/22788669" target="_blank">22788669</a></div>
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