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<meta name="keywords" content="C4025836, abnormal choroid morphology, abnormality of the choroid, anatomical abnormality, choroid disease, choroid disorder, disease of optic choroid, disease or disorder of optic choroid, disorder of optic choroid, optic choroid disease, optic choroid disease or disorder, optic choroid disorder, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Any structural abnormality of the choroid." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<!--
UID=892839
ConceptID=C4025836
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Abnormal choroid morphology</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>892839</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4025836</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonym:</td>
<td>Abnormality of the choroid</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000610">HP:0000610</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001898" target="_blank">MONDO:0001898</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="rprt-body jig-ncbiinpagenav" data-jigconfig="smoothScroll: false, gotoTopLink: true, gotoTopLinkText: '', gotoTopLinkAttrs: {'title': 'Go to the top of the page'},allHeadingLevels: ['h1'], topOfPageTOC: true, tocId: 'my-toc'"><div id="rprt-tabs-1" class="rprt-tab"><div id="tb-termsProp-1"><div class="leftCol mgCol"><div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Any structural abnormality of the choroid. [from <a title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="http://www.human-phenotype-ontology.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">HPO</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="TLline">Abnormal choroid morphology</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867443" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Phenotypic abnormality">Phenotypic abnormality</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1370071" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the eye">Abnormality of the eye</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/868526" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal eye morphology">Abnormal eye morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/870893" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal posterior eye segment morphology">Abnormal posterior eye segment morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/871316" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal fundus morphology">Abnormal fundus morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Abnormal choroid morphology</span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/871350" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal chorioretinal morphology">Abnormal chorioretinal morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/870374" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of chorioretinal pigmentation">Abnormality of chorioretinal pigmentation</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/868091" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Chorioretinal hyperpigmentation">Chorioretinal hyperpigmentation</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/868092" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Chorioretinal hypopigmentation">Chorioretinal hypopigmentation</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/147591" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Central serous chorioretinopathy">Central serous chorioretinopathy</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/99273" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Chorioretinal degeneration">Chorioretinal degeneration</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/884881" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Chorioretinal atrophy">Chorioretinal atrophy</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/40279" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Chorioretinal scar">Chorioretinal scar</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/870365" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Chorioretinal dysplasia">Chorioretinal dysplasia</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/375497" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Chorioretinal lacunae">Chorioretinal lacunae</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/942" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Chorioretinitis">Chorioretinitis</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/340098" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Birdshot chorioretinopathy">Birdshot chorioretinopathy</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1643109" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal morphology of the choroidal vasculature">Abnormal morphology of the choroidal vasculature</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/83424" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Choroidal hemangioma">Choroidal hemangioma</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/154726" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Choroidal neovascularization">Choroidal neovascularization</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1620659" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Extrafoveal choroidal neovascularization">Extrafoveal choroidal neovascularization</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1622726" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Juxtafoveal choroidal neovascularization">Juxtafoveal choroidal neovascularization</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1616433" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Subfoveal choroidal neovascularization">Subfoveal choroidal neovascularization</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1635167" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Choroidal vascular hyperpermeability">Choroidal vascular hyperpermeability</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1383515" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Dilatation of large choroidal vessels">Dilatation of large choroidal vessels</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1630949" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy">Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1056215" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Choroid thickening">Choroid thickening</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/577387" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Choroidal nevus">Choroidal nevus</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/944" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Choroideremia">Choroideremia</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1369252" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Dark choroid">Dark choroid</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_112">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_335399"><div><strong>Bartter disease type 3</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>335399</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1846343</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Bartter syndrome refers to a group of disorders that are unified by autosomal recessive transmission of impaired salt reabsorption in the thick ascending loop of Henle with pronounced salt wasting, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, and hypercalciuria. Clinical disease results from defective renal reabsorption of sodium chloride in the thick ascending limb (TAL) of the Henle loop, where 30% of filtered salt is normally reabsorbed (Simon et al., 1997).&#13; Patients with antenatal (or neonatal) forms of Bartter syndrome (e.g., BARTS1, 601678) typically present with premature birth associated with polyhydramnios and low birth weight and may develop life-threatening dehydration in the neonatal period. Patients with classic Bartter syndrome present later in life and may be sporadically asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic (summary by Simon et al., 1996 and Fremont and Chan, 2012).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Bartter Syndrome&#13; Antenatal Bartter syndrome type 1 (601678) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the butmetanide-sensitive Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC2 (SLC12A1; 600839). Antenatal Bartter syndrome type 2 (241200) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the ATP-sensitive potassium channel ROMK (KCNJ1; 600359). One form of neonatal Bartter syndrome with sensorineural deafness, Bartter syndrome type 4A (602522), is caused by mutation in the BSND gene (606412). Another form of neonatal Bartter syndrome with sensorineural deafness, Bartter syndrome type 4B (613090), is caused by simultaneous mutation in both the CLCNKA (602024) and CLCNKB (602023) genes.&#13; Also see autosomal dominant hypocalcemia-1 with Bartter syndrome (601198), which is sometimes referred to as Bartter syndrome type 5 (Fremont and Chan, 2012), caused by mutation in the CASR gene (601199).&#13; See Gitelman syndrome (GTLMN; 263800), which is often referred to as a mild variant of Bartter syndrome, caused by mutation in the thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter SLC12A3 (600968).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/335399">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_335399" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Bartter disease type 3</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34171388">Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #57: Evaluation and management of isolated soft ultrasound markers for aneuploidy in the second trimester: (Replaces Consults #10, Single umbilical artery, October 2010; #16, Isolated echogenic bowel diagnosed on second-trimester ultrasound, August 2011; #17, Evaluation and management of isolated renal pelviectasis on second-trimester ultrasound, December 2011; #25, Isolated fetal choroid plexus cysts, April 2013; #27, Isolated echogenic intracardiac focus, August 2013).</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM). Electronic address: pubs@smfm.org,
Prabhu M,
Kuller JA,
Biggio JR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Obstet Gynecol</span>
2021 Oct;225(4):B2-B15.
Epub 2021 Jun 23
doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.06.079.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34171388" target="_blank">34171388</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29941728">Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: Pearls in diagnosis and management.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Anantharaman G,
Sheth J,
Bhende M,
Narayanan R,
Natarajan S,
Rajendran A,
Manayath G,
Sen P,
Biswas R,
Banker A,
Gupta C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Indian J Ophthalmol</span>
2018 Jul;66(7):896-908.
doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1136_17.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29941728" target="_blank">29941728</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6032720" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/3905154">Ultrasonic diagnosis of fetal and neonatal hydrocephalus.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Manco-Johnson ML,
Pretorius DH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Neurosurg</span>
1985;32:574-92.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/3905154" target="_blank">3905154</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(abnormal%20choroid%20morphology)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (41)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34171388">Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #57: Evaluation and management of isolated soft ultrasound markers for aneuploidy in the second trimester: (Replaces Consults #10, Single umbilical artery, October 2010; #16, Isolated echogenic bowel diagnosed on second-trimester ultrasound, August 2011; #17, Evaluation and management of isolated renal pelviectasis on second-trimester ultrasound, December 2011; #25, Isolated fetal choroid plexus cysts, April 2013; #27, Isolated echogenic intracardiac focus, August 2013).</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM). Electronic address: pubs@smfm.org,
Prabhu M,
Kuller JA,
Biggio JR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Obstet Gynecol</span>
2021 Oct;225(4):B2-B15.
Epub 2021 Jun 23
doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.06.079.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34171388" target="_blank">34171388</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29190234">FAMILIAL CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">van Dijk EHC,
Schellevis RL,
Breukink MB,
Mohabati D,
Dijkman G,
Keunen JEE,
Yzer S,
den Hollander AI,
Hoyng CB,
de Jong EK,
Boon CJF</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Retina</span>
2019 Feb;39(2):398-407.
doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001966.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29190234" target="_blank">29190234</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27083007">An Update on Oculodermal Melanocytosis and Rare Associated Conditions.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Plateroti AM,
Scavella V,
Abdolrahimzadeh B,
Plateroti R,
Rahimi S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Semin Ophthalmol</span>
2017;32(4):524-528.
Epub 2016 Apr 15
doi: 10.3109/08820538.2015.1118133.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27083007" target="_blank">27083007</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/12515086">Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ciardella AP,
Donsoff IM,
Yannuzzi LA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ophthalmol Clin North Am</span>
2002 Dec;15(4):537-54.
doi: 10.1016/s0896-1549(02)00053-6.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/12515086" target="_blank">12515086</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/6782689">Ocular coloboma.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pagon RA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Surv Ophthalmol</span>
1981 Jan-Feb;25(4):223-36.
doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(81)90092-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/6782689" target="_blank">6782689</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Abnormal%20choroid%20morphology%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (948)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32788327">Focal choroidal excavation: review of literature.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Verma S,
Kumar V,
Azad S,
Bhayana AA,
Surve A,
Kumar S,
Agarwal P,
Chawla R,
Venkatesh P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Br J Ophthalmol</span>
2021 Aug;105(8):1043-1048.
Epub 2020 Aug 11
doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316992.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32788327" target="_blank">32788327</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29995841">Pachychoroid disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Cheung CMG,
Lee WK,
Koizumi H,
Dansingani K,
Lai TYY,
Freund KB</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eye (Lond)</span>
2019 Jan;33(1):14-33.
Epub 2018 Jul 11
doi: 10.1038/s41433-018-0158-4.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29995841" target="_blank">29995841</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6328576" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28351049">Macular Edema of Choroidal Origin.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Soubrane G</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Dev Ophthalmol</span>
2017;58:202-219.
Epub 2017 Mar 28
doi: 10.1159/000455282.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28351049" target="_blank">28351049</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26902562">Choroidal Macrovessel.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pichi F,
Nucci P,
Srivastava SK</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ophthalmology</span>
2016 Mar;123(3):531.
doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.12.036.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26902562" target="_blank">26902562</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/12515086">Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ciardella AP,
Donsoff IM,
Yannuzzi LA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ophthalmol Clin North Am</span>
2002 Dec;15(4):537-54.
doi: 10.1016/s0896-1549(02)00053-6.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/12515086" target="_blank">12515086</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Abnormal%20choroid%20morphology%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1322)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33469018">Choroid plexus NKCC1 mediates cerebrospinal fluid clearance during mouse early postnatal development.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Xu H,
Fame RM,
Sadegh C,
Sutin J,
Naranjo C,
Della Syau,
Cui J,
Shipley FB,
Vernon A,
Gao F,
Zhang Y,
Holtzman MJ,
Heiman M,
Warf BC,
Lin PY,
Lehtinen MK</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Nat Commun</span>
2021 Jan 19;12(1):447.
doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20666-3.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33469018" target="_blank">33469018</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7815709" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31342778">Aniridia with lenticular and choroidal coloboma.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Angmo D,
Dewan L,
Behera A,
Gagrani M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Ophthalmol</span>
2021 Mar;31(2):NP116-NP118.
Epub 2019 Jul 25
doi: 10.1177/1120672119866106.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31342778" target="_blank">31342778</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29117007">Ocular Features of Cerebro-Costo-Mandibular Syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hameed Z,
Taylor S,
Lindfield D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Glaucoma</span>
2018 Jan;27(1):e21-e23.
doi: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000000815.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29117007" target="_blank">29117007</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/16845209">Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): pathogenesis and therapy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Nowak JZ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pharmacol Rep</span>
2006 May-Jun;58(3):353-63.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/16845209" target="_blank">16845209</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/12515086">Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ciardella AP,
Donsoff IM,
Yannuzzi LA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ophthalmol Clin North Am</span>
2002 Dec;15(4):537-54.
doi: 10.1016/s0896-1549(02)00053-6.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/12515086" target="_blank">12515086</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Abnormal%20choroid%20morphology%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (320)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35314414">Infantile Choroid Plexus Papilloma with Multiple Peritumoral Cysts.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Horinouchi S,
Watanabe T,
Takeshima H</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">World Neurosurg</span>
2022 Jun;162:74-76.
Epub 2022 Mar 18
doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.03.068.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35314414" target="_blank">35314414</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29190234">FAMILIAL CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">van Dijk EHC,
Schellevis RL,
Breukink MB,
Mohabati D,
Dijkman G,
Keunen JEE,
Yzer S,
den Hollander AI,
Hoyng CB,
de Jong EK,
Boon CJF</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Retina</span>
2019 Feb;39(2):398-407.
doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001966.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29190234" target="_blank">29190234</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24280967">Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: clinical features and genetic predisposition.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Honda S,
Matsumiya W,
Negi A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ophthalmologica</span>
2014;231(2):59-74.
Epub 2013 Nov 21
doi: 10.1159/000355488.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24280967" target="_blank">24280967</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/6782689">Ocular coloboma.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pagon RA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Surv Ophthalmol</span>
1981 Jan-Feb;25(4):223-36.
doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(81)90092-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/6782689" target="_blank">6782689</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/7446664">Birdshot retinochoroidopathy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kaplan HJ,
Aaberg TM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Ophthalmol</span>
1980 Dec;90(6):773-82.
doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)75192-x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/7446664" target="_blank">7446664</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Abnormal%20choroid%20morphology%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (509)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38181975">Punctate inner choroidopathy: A review of the current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kalogeropoulos D,
Rahman N,
Afshar F,
Hall N,
Lotery AJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Prog Retin Eye Res</span>
2024 Mar;99:101235.
Epub 2024 Jan 3
doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101235.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38181975" target="_blank">38181975</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34175342">Sildenafil in ophthalmology: An update.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Arora S,
Surakiatchanukul T,
Arora T,
Cagini C,
Lupidi M,
Chhablani J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Surv Ophthalmol</span>
2022 Mar-Apr;67(2):463-487.
Epub 2021 Jun 25
doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.06.004.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34175342" target="_blank">34175342</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31928211">Optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetes: A review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Battista M,
Borrelli E,
Sacconi R,
Bandello F,
Querques G</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Ophthalmol</span>
2020 May;30(3):411-416.
Epub 2020 Jan 12
doi: 10.1177/1120672119899901.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31928211" target="_blank">31928211</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29190234">FAMILIAL CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">van Dijk EHC,
Schellevis RL,
Breukink MB,
Mohabati D,
Dijkman G,
Keunen JEE,
Yzer S,
den Hollander AI,
Hoyng CB,
de Jong EK,
Boon CJF</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Retina</span>
2019 Feb;39(2):398-407.
doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001966.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29190234" target="_blank">29190234</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/6205340">Mechanisms of maculopathy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Eagle RC Jr</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ophthalmology</span>
1984 Jun;91(6):613-25.
doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(84)34259-2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/6205340" target="_blank">6205340</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Abnormal%20choroid%20morphology%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (668)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_104">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37801091">Symptomatic intraventricular choroid plexus cysts. Illustrative case and systematic review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Stanishevskiy A,
Gavrilov G,
Svistov D,
Cherebillo V,
Kurnukhina M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurosurg Rev</span>
2023 Oct 6;46(1):264.
doi: 10.1007/s10143-023-02176-0.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37801091" target="_blank">37801091</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29511372">Clinical importance of the anterior choroidal artery: a review of the literature.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yu J,
Xu N,
Zhao Y,
Yu J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Med Sci</span>
2018;15(4):368-375.
Epub 2018 Feb 12
doi: 10.7150/ijms.22631.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29511372" target="_blank">29511372</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5835707" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28766279">Spectrum of pachychoroid diseases.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Akkaya S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int Ophthalmol</span>
2018 Oct;38(5):2239-2246.
Epub 2017 Aug 1
doi: 10.1007/s10792-017-0666-4.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28766279" target="_blank">28766279</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27283183">Psammomatous Cavernous Malformation Presenting as Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: Case Illustration and Review of Literature.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sharma K,
Kalakoti P,
Shaughnessy JE,
De La Cruz N,
Dossani RH,
Zhu P,
Gonzalez-Toledo E,
Ledbetter C,
Pinskton JB,
Nanda A,
Riel-Romero RM,
Minagar A,
Notarianni C,
Sun H</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">World Neurosurg</span>
2016 Sep;93:120-6.
Epub 2016 Jun 7
doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.05.093.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27283183" target="_blank">27283183</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25943737">Choroidal Thickness and Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zhang Z,
Yu M,
Wang F,
Dai Y,
Wu Z</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Glaucoma</span>
2016 May;25(5):e446-54.
doi: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000000275.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25943737" target="_blank">25943737</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Abnormal%20choroid%20morphology%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (9)</a></div></div>
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