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<meta name="keywords" content="C4021219, finding, multifocal eeg abnormality, multifocal epileptiform discharges, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="An abnormality in cerebral electrical activity recorded along the scalp by electroencephalography (EEG) and being identified at multiple locations (foci)." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<!--
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UID=866864
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ConceptID=C4021219
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<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Multifocal epileptiform discharges</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>866864</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C4021219</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonym:</td>
|
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<td>Multifocal EEG abnormality</td></tr>
|
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
|
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<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0010841">HP:0010841</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln">An abnormality in cerebral electrical activity recorded along the scalp by electroencephalography (EEG) and being identified at multiple locations (foci). [from <a title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="http://www.human-phenotype-ontology.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">HPO</a>]</div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test, </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test, </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM, </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>, </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="TLline">Multifocal epileptiform discharges</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867410" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal nervous system electrophysiology">Abnormal nervous system electrophysiology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/868205" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of central nervous system electrophysiology">Abnormality of central nervous system electrophysiology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/56235" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for EEG abnormality">EEG abnormality</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1377364" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Interictal EEG abnormality">Interictal EEG abnormality</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/869073" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Interictal epileptiform activity">Interictal epileptiform activity</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/866845" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for EEG with focal epileptiform discharges">EEG with focal epileptiform discharges</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Multifocal epileptiform discharges</span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/869067" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Bilateral multifocal epileptiform discharges">Bilateral multifocal epileptiform discharges</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/869066" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Uni- and bilateral multifocal epileptiform discharges">Uni- and bilateral multifocal epileptiform discharges</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/869065" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Unilateral multifocal epileptiform discharges">Unilateral multifocal epileptiform discharges</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
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</div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_112">
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
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||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_61565"><div><strong>Spongy degeneration of central nervous system</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>61565</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C0206307</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Canavan disease is a leukodystrophy characterized by neurodevelopmental delays, macrocephaly, and tone abnormalities. The phenotypic spectrum ranges from the more severe typical Canavan disease (85%-90% of individuals) to the less severe atypical Canavan disease (10%-15%). Typical Canavan disease is characterized by neurodevelopmental impairment evident by ages three to five months, followed by neurodegeneration and developmental regression. The clinical course of atypical Canavan disease is more variable, with neurodevelopmental delay usually becoming evident in the first years of life and frequently followed by developmental regression later in childhood or adolescence. All individuals with Canavan disease have reduced life expectancy, with the majority surviving to age ten years and the minority living to adulthood.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/61565">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_78695"><div><strong>Sulfite oxidase deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>78695</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0268624</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">The spectrum of isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency ranges from classic early-onset (severe) disease to late-onset (mild) disease. Classic ISOD is characterized in the first few hours to days of life by intractable seizures, feeding difficulties, and rapidly progressive encephalopathy manifest as abnormal tone (especially opisthotonus, spastic quadriplegia, and pyramidal signs) followed by progressive microcephaly and profound intellectual disability. Lens subluxation or dislocation, another characteristic finding, may be evident after the newborn period. Children usually die during the first few months of life. Late-onset ISOD manifests between ages six and 18 months and is characterized by ectopia lentis (variably present), developmental delay/regression, movement disorder characterized by dystonia and choreoathetosis, ataxia, and (rarely) acute hemiplegia as a result of metabolic stroke. The clinical course may be progressive or episodic. In the episodic form encephalopathy, dystonia, choreoathetosis, and/or ataxia are intermittent.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/78695">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_323005"><div><strong>GM3 synthase deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>323005</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C1836824</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Early clinical features of GM3 synthase deficiency include infantile onset of severe irritability with feeding difficulties, early and intractable seizures, growth failure with acquired microcephaly, sensorineural hearing impairment, hypotonia, and poor visual function. Over time, affected individuals experience severe-to-profound developmental delay and intellectual disability, can develop dystonia with hyperkinetic movements, and may develop pigmentary skin changes of the hands and feet. Affected individuals often have frequent ear infections and pneumonia without evidence of immune dysfunction.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/323005">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_419308"><div><strong>ALG1-congenital disorder of glycosylation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>419308</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C2931005</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs) comprise a group of multisystem diseases with mostly severe psychomotor and mental retardation. Type I CDG comprises those disorders in which there are defects that affect biosynthesis of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides in the cytosol or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), as well as defects involving the transfer of oligosaccharides onto nascent glycoproteins. Type II CDG comprises all defects of further trimming and elongation of N-linked oligosaccharides in the ER and Golgi (Schwarz et al., 2004). CDG1K is a type I CDG characterized by predominant neurologic involvement. Survival ranges from the second day of life to adulthood. The liver is affected in a minority of patients and shows hepatomegaly, edema, ascites, cholestatic jaundice, portal hypertension, and Budd-Chiari syndrome (summary by Marques-da-Silva et al., 2017). For a general discussion of CDGs, see CDG1A (212065).</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/419308">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_482821"><div><strong>Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 13</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>482821</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C3281191</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">SCN8A-related epilepsy and/or neurodevelopmental disorders encompasses a spectrum of phenotypes. Epilepsy phenotypes include developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) associated with severe developmental delays and usually pharmacoresistant epilepsy with multiple seizure types; mild-to-moderate developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (mild/modDEE, or intermediate epilepsy) with partially treatable epilepsy; self-limited familial infantile epilepsy (SeLFIE, also known as benign familial infantile epilepsy or BFIE) with normal cognition and medically treatable seizures; neurodevelopmental delays with generalized epilepsy (NDDwGE); and neurodevelopmental disorder without epilepsy (NDDwoE) with mild-to-moderate intellectual disability (though it can be severe in ~10% of affected individuals). Hypotonia and movement disorders including dystonia, ataxia, and choreoathetosis are common in some phenotypes. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) has been reported in some affected individuals.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/482821">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_815608"><div><strong>Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 94</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>815608</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C3809278</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">CHD2-related neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by early-onset epileptic encephalopathy (i.e., refractory seizures and cognitive slowing or regression associated with frequent ongoing epileptiform activity). Seizure onset is typically between ages six months and four years. Seizure types typically include drop attacks, myoclonus, and rapid onset of multiple seizure types associated with generalized spike-wave on EEG, atonic-myoclonic-absence seizures, and clinical photosensitivity. Intellectual disability and/or autism spectrum disorders are common.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/815608">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_815686"><div><strong>Multiple congenital anomalies-hypotonia-seizures syndrome 3</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>815686</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C3809356</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Multiple congenital anomalies-hypotonia-seizures syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by neonatal hypotonia, lack of psychomotor development, seizures, dysmorphic features, and variable congenital anomalies involving the cardiac, urinary, and gastrointestinal systems. Most affected individuals die before 3 years of age (summary by Maydan et al., 2011). The disorder is caused by a defect in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) biosynthesis. For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of MCAHS, see MCAHS1 (614080). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of GPI biosynthesis defects, see GPIBD1 (610293).</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/815686">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_816737"><div><strong>Complex cortical dysplasia with other brain malformations 5</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>816737</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C3810407</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">An autosomal dominant condition caused by mutation(s) in the TUBB2A gene, encoding tubulin beta-2A chain. It is characterized by cortical dysplasia and is associated with impaired intellectual development, hypotonia, global developmental delay, cortical dysplasia, and dysmorphic corpus callosum.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/816737">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_934652"><div><strong>Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 47</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>934652</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C4310685</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy-47 (DEE47) is a neurologic disorder characterized by onset of intractable seizures in the first days or weeks of life. EEG shows background slowing and multifocal epileptic spikes, and may show hypsarrhythmia. Most patients have developmental regression after seizure onset and show persistent intellectual disability and neurologic impairment, although the severity is variable. Treatment with phenytoin, a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker, may be beneficial (summary by Guella et al., 2016). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of DEE, see 308350.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/934652">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_934741"><div><strong>Intellectual disability, autosomal dominant 42</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>934741</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C4310774</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">GNB1 encephalopathy (GNB1-E) is characterized by moderate-to-severe developmental delay / intellectual disability, structural brain abnormalities, and often infantile hypotonia and seizures. Other less common findings include dystonia, reduced vision, behavior issues, growth delay, gastrointestinal (GI) problems, genitourinary (GU) abnormalities in males, and cutaneous mastocytosis.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/934741">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1374697"><div><strong>Neurodevelopmental disorder with involuntary movements</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1374697</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C4479569</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">GNAO1-related disorder encompasses a broad phenotypic continuum that includes hyperkinetic movement disorders and/or epilepsy and is typically associated with developmental delay and intellectual disability. Viewed by age of onset, three clusters in this continuum can be observed: (1) infantile-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) with or without prominent movement disorder; (2) infantile- or early childhood-onset prominent movement disorder and neurodevelopmental disorder with or without childhood-onset epilepsy with varying seizure types; (3) later childhood- or adult-onset movement disorder with variable developmental delay and intellectual disability. Epilepsy can be either DEE (onset typically within the first year of life of drug-resistant epilepsy in which developmental delays are attributed to the underlying diagnosis as well as the impact of uncontrolled seizures) or varying seizure types (onset typically between ages three and ten years of focal or generalized tonic-clonic seizures that may be infrequent or well controlled with anti-seizure medications). Movement disorders are characterized by dystonia and choreoathetosis, most commonly a mixed pattern of persistent or paroxysmal dyskinesia that affects the whole body. Exacerbations of the hyperkinetic movement disorder, which can be spontaneous or triggered (e.g., by intercurrent illness, emotional stress, voluntary movements), can last minutes to weeks. Hyperkinetic crises (including status dystonicus) are characterized by temporarily increased and nearly continuous involuntary movements or dystonic posturing that can be life-threatening. Deaths in early childhood have been reported due to medically refractory epilepsy or hyperkinetic crises, but the phenotypic spectrum includes milder presentations, including in adults. As many adults with disabilities have not undergone advanced genetic testing, it is likely that adults with GNAO1-related disorder are underrecognized and underreported.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1374697">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1622363"><div><strong>Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 55</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1622363</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C4539843</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy-55 (DEE55) is an autosomal recessive neurologic disorder characterized by onset of refractory seizures in the first weeks or months of life. Affected individuals have an extremely poor outcome, with profoundly impaired intellectual development, absent speech, spastic quadriplegia, and dyskinetic movements. Most have cortical visual impairment and require a feeding tube. Brain imaging shows nonspecific abnormalities, including cerebral atrophy, thin corpus callosum, and abnormal signals in the white matter. Death in childhood may occur. Biochemically, the disorder is associated with impaired synthesis of GPI-anchored proteins (summary by Vetro et al., 2020). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of DEE, see 308350. For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of GPI biosynthesis defects, see GPIBD1 (610293).</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1622363">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1626137"><div><strong>Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 91</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1626137</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C4540199</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy-91 (DEE91) is characterized by delayed psychomotor development apparent in infancy and resulting in severely to profoundly impaired intellectual development with poor or absent speech. Most patients never achieve independent walking. Patients typically have onset of refractory multifocal seizures between the first weeks and years of life, and some may show developmental regression. Additional features, such as hypotonia and cortical visual impairment, are more variable (summary by Myers et al., 2017). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of DEE, see 308350.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1626137">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1633749"><div><strong>Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 59</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1633749</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C4693550</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy-59 (DEE59) is characterized by severe global developmental delay apparent in infancy with onset of various types of seizures in the first months of life (range 3 to 11 months). The seizures are usually refractory and are often associated with hypsarrhythmia on EEG, although brain imaging is usually normal. More severely affected individuals may be unable to speak or walk, have poor interaction, and require a feeding tube (summary by the EuroEPINOMICS-RES Consortium et al., 2014). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of DEE, see 308350.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1633749">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1632232"><div><strong>Adenosine kinase deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1632232</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C4706555</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Hypermethioninemia due to adenosine kinase deficiency is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism characterized by global developmental delay, early-onset seizures, mild dysmorphic features, and characteristic biochemical anomalies, including persistent hypermethioninemia with increased levels of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy); homocysteine is typically normal (summary by Bjursell et al., 2011).</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1632232">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1648308"><div><strong>Spinocerebellar ataxia 42, early-onset, severe, with neurodevelopmental deficits</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1648308</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C4748120</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1648308">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1673011"><div><strong>Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 76</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1673011</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C5193113</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy-76 (DEE76) is an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by early-onset, usually refractory, seizures, severely delayed global development, hypotonia, peripheral spasticity, and abnormalities on brain imaging, mainly cerebral atrophy and delayed myelination. Some patients may have additional features, such as scoliosis or microcephaly. The disorder may result in death in childhood (summary by Bell et al., 2019). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of DEE, see 308350.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1673011">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1684869"><div><strong>Epilepsy, idiopathic generalized, susceptibility to, 16</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1684869</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C5231421</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1684869">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1770258"><div><strong>Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 19</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1770258</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C5436514</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1770258">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1781649"><div><strong>Kohlschutter-Tonz syndrome-like</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1781649</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C5543202</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Den Hoed-de Boer-Voisin syndrome (DHDBV) is characterized by global developmental delay with moderately to severely impaired intellectual development, poor or absent speech, and delayed motor skills. Although the severity of the disorder varies, many patients are nonverbal and have hypotonia with inability to sit or walk. Early-onset epilepsy is common and may be refractory to treatment, leading to epileptic encephalopathy and further interruption of developmental progress. Most patients have feeding difficulties with poor overall growth and dysmorphic facial features, as well as significant dental anomalies resembling amelogenesis imperfecta. The phenotype is reminiscent of Kohlschutter-Tonz syndrome (KTZS; 226750). More variable features of DHDBV include visual defects, behavioral abnormalities, and nonspecific involvement of other organ systems (summary by den Hoed et al., 2021).</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1781649">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1779648"><div><strong>Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 6B</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1779648</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C5543353</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">SCN1A seizure disorders encompass a spectrum that ranges from simple febrile seizures and generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) at the mild end to Dravet syndrome and intractable childhood epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures (ICE-GTC) at the severe end. Phenotypes with intractable seizures including Dravet syndrome are often associated with cognitive decline. Less commonly observed phenotypes include myoclonic astatic epilepsy (MAE), Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, infantile spasms, epilepsy with focal seizures, and vaccine-related encephalopathy and seizures. The phenotype of SCN1A seizure disorders can vary even within the same family.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1779648">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1794167"><div><strong>Developmental delay, impaired speech, and behavioral abnormalities</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1794167</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C5561957</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Developmental delay, impaired speech, and behavioral abnormalities (DDISBA) is characterized by global developmental delay apparent from early childhood. Intellectual disability can range from mild to severe. Additional variable features may include dysmorphic facial features, seizures, hypotonia, motor abnormalities such as Tourette syndrome or dystonia, and hearing loss (summary by Cousin et al., 2021).</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1794167">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1794228"><div><strong>Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 99</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1794228</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C5562018</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy-99 (DEE99) is characterized by onset of seizures in early childhood associated with global developmental delay and severely impaired intellectual development. Other features may include hypotonia, quadriparesis, nystagmus, and apnea. Brain imaging may be normal or show nonspecific and variable abnormalities, including cerebral atrophy and polymicrogyria. The severity is variable; some patients die of refractory status epilepticus (summary by Vetro et al., 2021). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of DEE, see 308350.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1794228">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1798903"><div><strong>Hypotonia, infantile, with psychomotor retardation and characteristic facies 3</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1798903</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C5567480</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Infantile hypotonia with psychomotor retardation and characteristic facies-3 is a severe autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder with onset at birth or in early infancy. Most affected individuals show very poor, if any, normal psychomotor development, poor speech, and inability to walk independently (summary by Bhoj et al., 2016). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of infantile hypotonia with psychomotor retardation and characteristic facies, see IHPRF1 (615419).</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1798903">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1799031"><div><strong>Combined oxidative phosphorylation defect type 27</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1799031</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C5567608</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency-27 (COXPD27) is an autosomal recessive multisystem disorder characterized mainly by neurologic features, including delayed development, seizures, abnormal movements, and neurologic regression. Age at onset, ranging from infancy to late childhood, and severity are variable. Other features include hypotonia, myoclonus, brain imaging abnormalities, and evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. Liver dysfunction has also been reported (summary by Samanta et al., 2018). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency, see COXPD1 (609060).</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1799031">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1811329"><div><strong>Developmental delay, impaired speech, and behavioral abnormalities, with or without seizures</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1811329</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C5575272</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Developmental delay, impaired speech, and behavioral abnormalities, with or without seizures (DEDISB) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by variably impaired skill acquisition apparent from infancy or early childhood. Affected individuals have predominant language delay with mild fine and gross motor deficits, although they usually are ambulatory by around 3 years of age. Most patients have mildly to moderately impaired intellectual development and behavioral abnormalities, including aggression, hyperactivity, and autism spectrum disorder. About half of individuals develop various types of seizures that may be refractory in some. More variable features include dysmorphic facial features, mild ocular anomalies, and nonspecific findings on brain imaging (Thomas et al., 2021).</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1811329">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1848555"><div><strong>Developmental delay with or without epilepsy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1848555</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C5882702</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Developmental delay with or without epilepsy (DEVEP) is a clinically heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor delay, speech delay, and variably impaired intellectual development apparent from infancy or early childhood. Hypotonia and behavioral abnormalities are common. About half of affected individuals develop various types of seizures that are not as severe as observed in the allelic disorder DEE5. In general, the phenotype is similar to but milder than DEE5. Some individuals with DEVEP have ataxia or nystagmus associated with cerebellar atrophy on brain imaging, indicating phenotypic overlap with the allelic disorder SPG91 (Morsy et al., 2023). In a study of 31 individuals with SPTAN1 mutations, Morsy et al. (2023) delineated 3 distinct phenotypic subgroups: DEE5; a milder phenotype of developmental delay with or without seizures (DEVEP); and pure or complicated spastic paraplegia/ataxia (SPG91). Syrbe et al. (2017) similarly emphasized the remarkably broad phenotypic spectrum of neurologic disorders associated with heterozygous SPTAN1 mutations in their cohort study.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1848555">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1632232" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Adenosine kinase deficiency</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_419308" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">ALG1-congenital disorder of glycosylation</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1799031" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Combined oxidative phosphorylation defect type 27</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_816737" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Complex cortical dysplasia with other brain malformations 5</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1779648" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 6B</a></div><div class="jig-moreless" data-jigconfig="class: 'moveDown', moreText: 'See full list (27)', lessText: 'Show less', nodeBefore: 0"><span id="clinMore">
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1626137" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 91</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_815608" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 94</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1794228" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 99</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_482821" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 13</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_934652" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 47</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1622363" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 55</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1633749" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 59</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1673011" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 76</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1848555" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Developmental delay with or without epilepsy</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1794167" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Developmental delay, impaired speech, and behavioral abnormalities</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1811329" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Developmental delay, impaired speech, and behavioral abnormalities, with or without seizures</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1684869" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Epilepsy, idiopathic generalized, susceptibility to, 16</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_323005" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">GM3 synthase deficiency</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1798903" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypotonia, infantile, with psychomotor retardation and characteristic facies 3</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_934741" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Intellectual disability, autosomal dominant 42</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1781649" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Kohlschutter-Tonz syndrome-like</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1770258" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 19</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_815686" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Multiple congenital anomalies-hypotonia-seizures syndrome 3</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1374697" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Neurodevelopmental disorder with involuntary movements</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1648308" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Spinocerebellar ataxia 42, early-onset, severe, with neurodevelopmental deficits</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_61565" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Spongy degeneration of central nervous system</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_78695" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Sulfite oxidase deficiency</a></div></span></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
|
||
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32563898">Expert opinion: Proposed diagnostic and treatment algorithms for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in adult patients.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Montouris G,
|
||
Aboumatar S,
|
||
Burdette D,
|
||
Kothare S,
|
||
Kuzniecky R,
|
||
Rosenfeld W,
|
||
Chung S</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Epilepsy Behav</span>
|
||
2020 Sep;110:107146.
|
||
Epub 2020 Jun 18
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107146.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32563898" target="_blank">32563898</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22multifocal%20epileptiform%20discharges%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (1)</a></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
|
||
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
|
||
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
|
||
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36181424">Genomic analysis, immunomodulation and deep phenotyping of patients with nodding syndrome.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Soldatos A,
|
||
Nutman TB,
|
||
Johnson T,
|
||
Dowell SF,
|
||
Sejvar JJ,
|
||
Wilson MR,
|
||
DeRisi JL,
|
||
Inati SK,
|
||
Groden C,
|
||
Evans C,
|
||
O'Connell EM,
|
||
Toliva BO,
|
||
Aceng JR,
|
||
Aryek-Kwe J,
|
||
Toro C,
|
||
Stratakis CA,
|
||
Buckler AG,
|
||
Cantilena C,
|
||
Palmore TN,
|
||
Thurm A,
|
||
Baker EH,
|
||
Chang R,
|
||
Fauni H,
|
||
Adams D,
|
||
Macnamara EF,
|
||
Lau CC,
|
||
Malicdan MCV,
|
||
Pusey-Swerdzewski B,
|
||
Downing R,
|
||
Bunga S,
|
||
Thomas JD,
|
||
Gahl WA,
|
||
Nath A</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
|
||
2023 Mar 1;146(3):968-976.
|
||
doi: 10.1093/brain/awac357.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36181424" target="_blank">36181424</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10169415" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32604021">Long-term effects of vagus nerve stimulation in refractory pediatric epilepsy: A single-center experience.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yalnizoglu D,
|
||
Ardicli D,
|
||
Bilginer B,
|
||
Konuskan B,
|
||
Karli Oguz K,
|
||
Akalan N,
|
||
Turanli G,
|
||
Saygi S,
|
||
Topcu M</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Epilepsy Behav</span>
|
||
2020 Sep;110:107147.
|
||
Epub 2020 Jun 27
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107147.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32604021" target="_blank">32604021</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28410084">Clinical and Electroencephalographic Characteristics of Infantile-Onset Epilepsies Caused by Genetic Mutations.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hur YJ,
|
||
Koh S,
|
||
Millichap J,
|
||
Nangia S,
|
||
Jennings LJ,
|
||
Nordli DR Jr</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr</span>
|
||
2017 May;184:172-177.e1.
|
||
Epub 2017 Mar 2
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.01.050.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28410084" target="_blank">28410084</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25568300">The phenotypic spectrum of SCN8A encephalopathy.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Larsen J,
|
||
Carvill GL,
|
||
Gardella E,
|
||
Kluger G,
|
||
Schmiedel G,
|
||
Barisic N,
|
||
Depienne C,
|
||
Brilstra E,
|
||
Mang Y,
|
||
Nielsen JE,
|
||
Kirkpatrick M,
|
||
Goudie D,
|
||
Goldman R,
|
||
Jähn JA,
|
||
Jepsen B,
|
||
Gill D,
|
||
Döcker M,
|
||
Biskup S,
|
||
McMahon JM,
|
||
Koeleman B,
|
||
Harris M,
|
||
Braun K,
|
||
de Kovel CG,
|
||
Marini C,
|
||
Specchio N,
|
||
Djémié T,
|
||
Weckhuysen S,
|
||
Tommerup N,
|
||
Troncoso M,
|
||
Troncoso L,
|
||
Bevot A,
|
||
Wolff M,
|
||
Hjalgrim H,
|
||
Guerrini R,
|
||
Scheffer IE,
|
||
Mefford HC,
|
||
Møller RS;
|
||
EuroEPINOMICS RES Consortium CRP</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurology</span>
|
||
2015 Feb 3;84(5):480-9.
|
||
Epub 2015 Jan 7
|
||
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001211.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25568300" target="_blank">25568300</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4336074" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25385396">Hypsarrhythmia assessment exhibits poor interrater reliability: a threat to clinical trial validity.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hussain SA,
|
||
Kwong G,
|
||
Millichap JJ,
|
||
Mytinger JR,
|
||
Ryan N,
|
||
Matsumoto JH,
|
||
Wu JY,
|
||
Lerner JT,
|
||
Sankar R</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Epilepsia</span>
|
||
2015 Jan;56(1):77-81.
|
||
Epub 2014 Nov 10
|
||
doi: 10.1111/epi.12861.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25385396" target="_blank">25385396</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Multifocal%20epileptiform%20discharges%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (18)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32563898">Expert opinion: Proposed diagnostic and treatment algorithms for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in adult patients.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Montouris G,
|
||
Aboumatar S,
|
||
Burdette D,
|
||
Kothare S,
|
||
Kuzniecky R,
|
||
Rosenfeld W,
|
||
Chung S</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Epilepsy Behav</span>
|
||
2020 Sep;110:107146.
|
||
Epub 2020 Jun 18
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107146.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32563898" target="_blank">32563898</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25568300">The phenotypic spectrum of SCN8A encephalopathy.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Larsen J,
|
||
Carvill GL,
|
||
Gardella E,
|
||
Kluger G,
|
||
Schmiedel G,
|
||
Barisic N,
|
||
Depienne C,
|
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Brilstra E,
|
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Mang Y,
|
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Nielsen JE,
|
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Kirkpatrick M,
|
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Goudie D,
|
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Goldman R,
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Jähn JA,
|
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Jepsen B,
|
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Gill D,
|
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Döcker M,
|
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Biskup S,
|
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McMahon JM,
|
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Koeleman B,
|
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Harris M,
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Braun K,
|
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de Kovel CG,
|
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Marini C,
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Specchio N,
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Djémié T,
|
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Weckhuysen S,
|
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Tommerup N,
|
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Troncoso M,
|
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Troncoso L,
|
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Bevot A,
|
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Wolff M,
|
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Hjalgrim H,
|
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Guerrini R,
|
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Scheffer IE,
|
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Mefford HC,
|
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Møller RS;
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EuroEPINOMICS RES Consortium CRP</span><br />
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurology</span>
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2015 Feb 3;84(5):480-9.
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Epub 2015 Jan 7
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25104119">Neonatal presentation of incontinentia pigmenti with a family history extending over four generations--a case report.</a></div>
|
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ojha R,
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Villarreal D,
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Coughtrey H</span><br />
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2014 Jan 1;7(2):151-5.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25104119" target="_blank">25104119</a></div>
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25052858">The variable phenotypes of KCNQ-related epilepsy.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Allen NM,
|
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Mannion M,
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Conroy J,
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Lynch SA,
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Shahwan A,
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Lynch B,
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King MD</span><br />
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Epilepsia</span>
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2014 Sep;55(9):e99-105.
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doi: 10.1111/epi.12715.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25052858" target="_blank">25052858</a></div>
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/6798489">Nonketotic hyperglycinemia: electroencephalographic and evoked potential abnormalities.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Markand ON,
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Garg BP,
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Brandt IK</span><br />
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurology</span>
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1982 Feb;32(2):151-6.
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doi: 10.1212/wnl.32.2.151.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/6798489" target="_blank">6798489</a></div>
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<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Multifocal%20epileptiform%20discharges%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (26)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36181424">Genomic analysis, immunomodulation and deep phenotyping of patients with nodding syndrome.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Soldatos A,
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Nutman TB,
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Johnson T,
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Dowell SF,
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Sejvar JJ,
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Wilson MR,
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DeRisi JL,
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Inati SK,
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Groden C,
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Evans C,
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O'Connell EM,
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Toliva BO,
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Aceng JR,
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Aryek-Kwe J,
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Toro C,
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Stratakis CA,
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Buckler AG,
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Cantilena C,
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Palmore TN,
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Thurm A,
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Baker EH,
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Chang R,
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Fauni H,
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Adams D,
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Macnamara EF,
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Lau CC,
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Malicdan MCV,
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Pusey-Swerdzewski B,
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Downing R,
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Bunga S,
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Thomas JD,
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Gahl WA,
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Nath A</span><br />
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
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2023 Mar 1;146(3):968-976.
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doi: 10.1093/brain/awac357.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36181424" target="_blank">36181424</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10169415" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32917465">Clinical characteristics of KCNQ2 encephalopathy.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kim HJ,
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Yang D,
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Kim SH,
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Won D,
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Kim HD,
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Lee JS,
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Choi JR,
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Lee ST,
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Kang HC</span><br />
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain Dev</span>
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2021 Feb;43(2):244-250.
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Epub 2020 Sep 8
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doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2020.08.015.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32917465" target="_blank">32917465</a></div>
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||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32563898">Expert opinion: Proposed diagnostic and treatment algorithms for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in adult patients.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Montouris G,
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Aboumatar S,
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Burdette D,
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Kothare S,
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Kuzniecky R,
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Rosenfeld W,
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Chung S</span><br />
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Epilepsy Behav</span>
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2020 Sep;110:107146.
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Epub 2020 Jun 18
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doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107146.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32563898" target="_blank">32563898</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24840752">Panayiotopoulos syndrome: a case series from Turkey.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Değerliyurt A,
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Teber S,
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Bektaş O,
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Senkon G</span><br />
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Epilepsy Behav</span>
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2014 Jul;36:24-32.
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Epub 2014 May 20
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doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.04.018.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24840752" target="_blank">24840752</a></div>
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||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/7713063">Felbamate in the treatment of acquired epileptic aphasia.</a></div>
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||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Glauser TA,
|
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Olberding LS,
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Titanic MK,
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Piccirillo DM</span><br />
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Epilepsy Res</span>
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1995 Jan;20(1):85-9.
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doi: 10.1016/0920-1211(94)00073-6.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/7713063" target="_blank">7713063</a></div>
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<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Multifocal%20epileptiform%20discharges%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (11)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32917465">Clinical characteristics of KCNQ2 encephalopathy.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kim HJ,
|
||
Yang D,
|
||
Kim SH,
|
||
Won D,
|
||
Kim HD,
|
||
Lee JS,
|
||
Choi JR,
|
||
Lee ST,
|
||
Kang HC</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain Dev</span>
|
||
2021 Feb;43(2):244-250.
|
||
Epub 2020 Sep 8
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2020.08.015.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32917465" target="_blank">32917465</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25568300">The phenotypic spectrum of SCN8A encephalopathy.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Larsen J,
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Carvill GL,
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Gardella E,
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Kluger G,
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Schmiedel G,
|
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Barisic N,
|
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Depienne C,
|
||
Brilstra E,
|
||
Mang Y,
|
||
Nielsen JE,
|
||
Kirkpatrick M,
|
||
Goudie D,
|
||
Goldman R,
|
||
Jähn JA,
|
||
Jepsen B,
|
||
Gill D,
|
||
Döcker M,
|
||
Biskup S,
|
||
McMahon JM,
|
||
Koeleman B,
|
||
Harris M,
|
||
Braun K,
|
||
de Kovel CG,
|
||
Marini C,
|
||
Specchio N,
|
||
Djémié T,
|
||
Weckhuysen S,
|
||
Tommerup N,
|
||
Troncoso M,
|
||
Troncoso L,
|
||
Bevot A,
|
||
Wolff M,
|
||
Hjalgrim H,
|
||
Guerrini R,
|
||
Scheffer IE,
|
||
Mefford HC,
|
||
Møller RS;
|
||
EuroEPINOMICS RES Consortium CRP</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurology</span>
|
||
2015 Feb 3;84(5):480-9.
|
||
Epub 2015 Jan 7
|
||
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001211.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25568300" target="_blank">25568300</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4336074" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25104119">Neonatal presentation of incontinentia pigmenti with a family history extending over four generations--a case report.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ojha R,
|
||
Villarreal D,
|
||
Coughtrey H</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neonatal Perinatal Med</span>
|
||
2014 Jan 1;7(2):151-5.
|
||
doi: 10.3233/NPM-1475413.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25104119" target="_blank">25104119</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/17784536">Is hypsarrhythmia a form of non-convulsive status epilepticus in infants?</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lux AL</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Acta Neurol Scand Suppl</span>
|
||
2007;186:37-44.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/17784536" target="_blank">17784536</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/17362275">Is hypsarrhythmia a form of non-convulsive status epilepticus in infants?</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lux AL</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Acta Neurol Scand</span>
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2007 Apr;115(4 Suppl):37-44.
|
||
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00808.x.
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||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/17362275" target="_blank">17362275</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Multifocal%20epileptiform%20discharges%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (18)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36181424">Genomic analysis, immunomodulation and deep phenotyping of patients with nodding syndrome.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Soldatos A,
|
||
Nutman TB,
|
||
Johnson T,
|
||
Dowell SF,
|
||
Sejvar JJ,
|
||
Wilson MR,
|
||
DeRisi JL,
|
||
Inati SK,
|
||
Groden C,
|
||
Evans C,
|
||
O'Connell EM,
|
||
Toliva BO,
|
||
Aceng JR,
|
||
Aryek-Kwe J,
|
||
Toro C,
|
||
Stratakis CA,
|
||
Buckler AG,
|
||
Cantilena C,
|
||
Palmore TN,
|
||
Thurm A,
|
||
Baker EH,
|
||
Chang R,
|
||
Fauni H,
|
||
Adams D,
|
||
Macnamara EF,
|
||
Lau CC,
|
||
Malicdan MCV,
|
||
Pusey-Swerdzewski B,
|
||
Downing R,
|
||
Bunga S,
|
||
Thomas JD,
|
||
Gahl WA,
|
||
Nath A</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
|
||
2023 Mar 1;146(3):968-976.
|
||
doi: 10.1093/brain/awac357.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36181424" target="_blank">36181424</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10169415" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32604021">Long-term effects of vagus nerve stimulation in refractory pediatric epilepsy: A single-center experience.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yalnizoglu D,
|
||
Ardicli D,
|
||
Bilginer B,
|
||
Konuskan B,
|
||
Karli Oguz K,
|
||
Akalan N,
|
||
Turanli G,
|
||
Saygi S,
|
||
Topcu M</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Epilepsy Behav</span>
|
||
2020 Sep;110:107147.
|
||
Epub 2020 Jun 27
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107147.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32604021" target="_blank">32604021</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25052858">The variable phenotypes of KCNQ-related epilepsy.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Allen NM,
|
||
Mannion M,
|
||
Conroy J,
|
||
Lynch SA,
|
||
Shahwan A,
|
||
Lynch B,
|
||
King MD</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Epilepsia</span>
|
||
2014 Sep;55(9):e99-105.
|
||
Epub 2014 Jul 22
|
||
doi: 10.1111/epi.12715.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25052858" target="_blank">25052858</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/17784536">Is hypsarrhythmia a form of non-convulsive status epilepticus in infants?</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lux AL</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Acta Neurol Scand Suppl</span>
|
||
2007;186:37-44.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/17784536" target="_blank">17784536</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/6798489">Nonketotic hyperglycinemia: electroencephalographic and evoked potential abnormalities.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Markand ON,
|
||
Garg BP,
|
||
Brandt IK</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurology</span>
|
||
1982 Feb;32(2):151-6.
|
||
doi: 10.1212/wnl.32.2.151.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/6798489" target="_blank">6798489</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Multifocal%20epileptiform%20discharges%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (17)</a></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
|
||
<div id="messagearea_bottom">
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class=" bottom">
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="supplemental col three_col last">
|
||
<h2 class="offscreen_noflow">Supplemental Content</h2>
|
||
|
||
<div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- MedGen supplemental column starts here -->
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||
<div class="rightCol mgCol">
|
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_113">
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Table_of_contents">Table of contents</h1><a sid="113" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_resources">Clinical resources</h1><a sid="119" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=Multifocal%20epileptiform%20discharges" target="_blank">ClinicalTrials.gov</a></li></ul></div>
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</div>
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|
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_121">
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Practice_guidelines">Practice guidelines</h1><a sid="121" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
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