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<meta name="keywords" content="C0265908, atresia of the pulmonary artery, congenital abnormality, congenital atresia of pulmonary artery, imperforate pulmonary artery, pulmonary artery atresia, pulmonary atresia, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="A congenital anomaly with a narrowing or complete absence of the opening between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<title>Pulmonary artery atresia (Concept Id: C0265908)
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<!--
UID=82723
ConceptID=C0265908
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Pulmonary artery atresia</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>82723</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0265908</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>Atresia of the pulmonary artery; Congenital atresia of pulmonary artery; Imperforate pulmonary artery; Pulmonary atresia</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Congenital atresia of pulmonary artery (10930001); Imperforate pulmonary artery (10930001)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0004935">HP:0004935</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">A congenital anomaly with a narrowing or complete absence of the opening between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. [from <a title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="http://www.human-phenotype-ontology.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">HPO</a>]</div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="TLline">Pulmonary artery atresia</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/116727" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the cardiovascular system">Abnormality of the cardiovascular system</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/892473" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal cardiovascular system morphology">Abnormal cardiovascular system morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/927608" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal vascular morphology">Abnormal vascular morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1778737" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal blood vessel morphology">Abnormal blood vessel morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1375454" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal morphology of the great vessels">Abnormal morphology of the great vessels</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1379288" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal pulmonary artery morphology">Abnormal pulmonary artery morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Pulmonary artery atresia</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_112">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_65085"><div><strong>Velocardiofacial syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>65085</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0220704</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) can present with a wide range of features that are highly variable, even within families. The major clinical manifestations of 22q11.2DS include congenital heart disease, particularly conotruncal malformations (ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, interrupted aortic arch, and truncus arteriosus), palatal abnormalities (velopharyngeal incompetence, submucosal cleft palate, bifid uvula, and cleft palate), immune deficiency, characteristic facial features, and learning difficulties. Hearing loss can be sensorineural and/or conductive. Laryngotracheoesophageal, gastrointestinal, ophthalmologic, central nervous system, skeletal, and genitourinary anomalies also occur. Psychiatric illness and autoimmune disorders are more common in individuals with 22q11.2DS.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/65085">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_75567"><div><strong>CHARGE syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>75567</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0265354</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">CHD7 disorder encompasses the entire phenotypic spectrum of heterozygous CHD7 pathogenic variants that includes CHARGE syndrome as well as subsets of features that comprise the CHARGE syndrome phenotype. The mnemonic CHARGE syndrome, introduced in the premolecular era, stands for coloboma, heart defect, choanal atresia, retarded growth and development, genital hypoplasia, ear anomalies (including deafness). Following the identification of the genetic cause of CHD7 disorder, the phenotypic spectrum expanded to include cranial nerve anomalies, vestibular defects, cleft lip and/or palate, hypothyroidism, tracheoesophageal anomalies, brain anomalies, seizures, and renal anomalies. Life expectancy highly depends on the severity of manifestations; mortality can be high in the first few years when severe birth defects (particularly complex heart defects) are present and often complicated by airway and feeding issues. In childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, decreased life expectancy is likely related to a combination of residual heart defects, infections, aspiration or choking, respiratory issues including obstructive and central apnea, and possibly seizures. Despite these complications, the life expectancy for many individuals can be normal.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/75567">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_87491"><div><strong>Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>87491</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0344975</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A rare form of cyanotic congenital heart malformation characterized by severe cyanosis and tachypnea. It presents significant morphologic diversity: at the end of the spectrum are patients with a mildly hypoplastic and tripartite right ventricle (RV) and mild tricuspid valve (TV) hypoplasia, and at the other end are patients with severe RV and TV hypoplasia, often with RV-dependent coronary circulation.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/87491">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_87492"><div><strong>Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>87492</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0344976</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (PA-VSD) is a rare cyanotic congenital heart malformation characterized by underdevelopment of the right ventricular outflow tract and atresia of the pulmonary valve, ventricular septal defect (VSD) and pulmonary collateral vessels. Clinical features depend on the anatomic variability of the lesion and patients may be minimally symptomatic, severely cyanotic or may develop congestive heart failure. PA-VSD may represent a severe form of Tetralogy of Fallot (see this term).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/87492">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_318679"><div><strong>Matthew-Wood syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>318679</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1832661</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Syndromic microphthalmia-9 (MCOPS9), also referred to as pulmonary hypoplasia-diaphragmatic hernia-anophthalmia-cardiac defect, is characterized by bilateral clinical anophthalmia, pulmonary hypoplasia/aplasia, cardiac malformations, and diaphragmatic defects. The phenotype is variable, ranging from isolated clinical anophthalmia or microphthalmia to complex presentations involving the cardiac, pulmonary, diaphragmatic, and renal systems. At its most severe, infants are born without pulmonary structures and die soon after birth (Marcadier et al., 2015).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/318679">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_381193"><div><strong>Atrioventricular septal defect, susceptibility to, 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>381193</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1853508</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Any atrioventricular septal defect in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the CRELD1 gene.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/381193">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_414129"><div><strong>Microcephaly-facio-cardio-skeletal syndrome, Hadziselimovic type</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>414129</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2751878</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A rare syndrome with characteristics of pre-natal onset growth retardation (low birth weight and short stature), hypotonia, developmental delay and intellectual disability associated with microcephaly and craniofacial (low anterior hairline, hypotelorism, thick lips with carp-shaped mouth, high-arched palate, low-set ears), cardiac (conotruncal heart malformations such as tetralogy of Fallot) and skeletal (hypoplastic thumbs and first metacarpals) abnormalities.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/414129">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462407"><div><strong>Heterotaxy, visceral, 4, autosomal</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462407</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3151057</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Heterotaxy ('heter' meaning 'other' and 'taxy' meaning 'arrangement'), or situs ambiguus, is a developmental condition characterized by randomization of the placement of visceral organs, including the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and stomach. The organs are oriented randomly with respect to the left-right axis and with respect to one another (Srivastava, 1997). Heterotaxy is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder.&#13; For a discussion of the genetic heterogeneity of visceral heterotaxy, see HTX1 (306955).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462407">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462412"><div><strong>FADD-related immunodeficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462412</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3151062</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Immunodeficiency-90 with encephalopathy, functional hyposplenia, and hepatic dysfunction (IMD90) is a autosomal recessive complex immunologic disorder with systemic manifestations in addition to primary immunodeficiency. Affected individuals usually present in infancy or early childhood with recurrent fevers and bacterial or viral infections associated with central nervous system symptoms, including irritability, drowsiness, variable seizures, and white matter abnormalities on brain imaging. There is also liver involvement and functional hyposplenism, causing increased susceptibility to invasive pneumococcal infection, which may be fatal. Susceptibility to viral infections likely results from impaired interferon immunity, and bacterial infections likely result from splenic dysfunction. A subset of patients have congenital cardiac malformations. Most individuals demonstrate developmental delay and speech delay. Laboratory findings in affected individuals are similar to those seen in autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS; 601859), including high-circulating CD4-/CD8-/TCR-alpha-beta+ (double-negative) T-cell (DNT) counts, and elevated IL10 (124092) and FASL (TNFSF6; 134638) levels, but the clinical features are somewhat different from ALPS: massive lymphadenopathy and autoimmune features are not observed in IMD90 (summary by Bolze et al., 2010, Savic et al., 2015 and Kohn et al., 2020).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462412">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462571"><div><strong>Congenital heart defects, multiple types, 6</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462571</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3151221</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Multiple types of congenital heart defects are associated with mutation in the GDF1 gene, including tetralogy of fallot (TOF), transposition of the great arteries (TGA), double-outlet right ventricle (DORV), total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR), pulmonary stenosis or atresia, atrioventricular canal, ventricular septal defect (VSD), and hypoplastic left or right ventricle (Jin et al., 2017).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of multiple types of congenital heart defects, see 306955.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462571">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_465274"><div><strong>Right atrial isomerism</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>465274</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3178806</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Right atrial isomerism is characterized by bilateral triangular, morphologically right atrial, appendages, both joining the atrial chamber along a broad front with internal terminal crest.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/465274">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_477726"><div><strong>Atrial septal defect 7</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>477726</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3276096</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An extremely rare genetic congenital heart disease characterized by the presence of atrial septal defect, mostly of the ostium secundum type, associated with conduction anomalies like atrioventricular block, atrial fibrillation or right bundle branch block.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/477726">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_501198"><div><strong>Heterotaxy, visceral, 5, autosomal</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>501198</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3495537</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Heterotaxy ('heter' meaning 'other' and 'taxy' meaning 'arrangement'), or situs ambiguus, is a developmental condition characterized by randomization of the placement of visceral organs, including the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and stomach. The organs are oriented randomly with respect to the left-right axis and with respect to one another (Srivastava, 1997). Heterotaxy is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder.&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of visceral heterotaxy, see HTX1 (306955).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/501198">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_766163"><div><strong>Intellectual disability, autosomal dominant 16</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>766163</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3553249</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Coffin-Siris syndrome is a congenital malformation syndrome characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, coarse facial features, feeding difficulties, and hypoplastic or absent fifth fingernails and fifth distal phalanges. Other more variable features may also occur. Patients with SMARCA4 mutations may have less coarse craniofacial appearances and fewer behavioral abnormalities than Coffin-Siris patients with mutations in other genes (summary by Kosho et al., 2014).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Coffin-Siris syndrome, see CSS1 (135900).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/766163">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_907878"><div><strong>Autosomal dominant Robinow syndrome 3</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>907878</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4225164</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal dominant Robinow syndrome (ADRS) is characterized by skeletal findings (short stature, mesomelic limb shortening predominantly of the upper limbs, and brachydactyly), genital abnormalities (in males: micropenis / webbed penis, hypoplastic scrotum, cryptorchidism; in females: hypoplastic clitoris and labia majora), dysmorphic facial features (widely spaced and prominent eyes, frontal bossing, anteverted nares, midface retrusion), dental abnormalities (including malocclusion, crowding, hypodontia, late eruption of permanent teeth), bilobed tongue, and occasional prenatal macrocephaly that persists postnatally. Less common findings include renal anomalies, radial head dislocation, vertebral abnormalities such as hemivertebrae and scoliosis, nail dysplasia, cardiac defects, cleft lip/palate, and (rarely) cognitive delay. When present, cardiac defects are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. A variant of Robinow syndrome, associated with osteosclerosis and caused by a heterozygous pathogenic variant in DVL1, is characterized by normal stature, persistent macrocephaly, increased bone mineral density with skull osteosclerosis, and hearing loss, in addition to the typical features described above.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/907878">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_902629"><div><strong>Heterotaxy, visceral, 7, autosomal</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>902629</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4225217</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Visceral heterotaxy-7 (HTX7) is an autosomal recessive developmental disorder characterized by complex congenital heart malformations and/or situs inversus and caused by defects in the normal left-right asymmetric positioning of internal organs. The phenotype is variable (summary by Guimier et al., 2015).&#13; For a discussion of the genetic heterogeneity of visceral heterotaxy, see HTX1 (306955).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/902629">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_934635"><div><strong>Heterotaxy, visceral, 8, autosomal</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>934635</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4310668</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Visceral heterotaxy-8 (HTX8) is an autosomal recessive developmental disorder characterized by visceral situs inversus associated with complex congenital heart malformations caused by defects in the normal left-right asymmetric positioning of internal organs (summary by Vetrini et al., 2016).&#13; For a discussion of the genetic heterogeneity of visceral heterotaxy, see HTX1 (306955).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/934635">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1648330"><div><strong>Cardiac, facial, and digital anomalies with developmental delay</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1648330</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4748484</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">CAFDADD is a multisystemic developmental disorder with variable cardiac and digital anomalies and facial dysmorphism. Some patients may have seizures and ocular/aural abnormalities (Tokita et al., 2018).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1648330">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1675627"><div><strong>Intellectual developmental disorder with cardiac defects and dysmorphic facies</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1675627</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5193024</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">IDDCDF is an autosomal recessive syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by globally impaired development with intellectual disability and speech delay, congenital cardiac malformations, and dysmorphic facial features. Additional features, such as distal skeletal anomalies, may also be observed (Stephen et al., 2018).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1675627">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1714491"><div><strong>Congenital heart defects, multiple types, 7</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1714491</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5394062</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Multiple types of congenital heart defects-7 (CHTD7) is an autosomal dominant disorder with incomplete penetrance characterized mainly by tetralogy of Fallot but also including right-sided aortic arch, absent pulmonary valve, and other cardiac abnormalities (Jin et al., 2017, Reuter et al., 2019).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1714491">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1788942"><div><strong>Multiple congenital anomalies-neurodevelopmental syndrome, X-linked</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1788942</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5542341</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">X-linked multiple congenital anomalies-neurodevelopmental syndrome (MCAND) is an X-linked recessive congenital multisystemic disorder characterized by poor growth, global developmental delay with impaired intellectual development, and variable abnormalities of the cardiac, skeletal, and genitourinary systems. Most affected individuals also have hypotonia and dysmorphic craniofacial features. Brain imaging typically shows enlarged ventricles and thin corpus callosum; some have microcephaly, whereas others have hydrocephalus. The severity of the disorder is highly variable, ranging from death in early infancy to survival into the second or third decade. Pathogenetically, the disorder results from disrupted gene expression and signaling during embryogenesis, thus affecting multiple systems (summary by Tripolszki et al., 2021 and Beck et al., 2021). Beck et al. (2021) referred to the disorder as LINKED syndrome (LINKage-specific deubiquitylation deficiency-induced Embryonic Defects).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1788942">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1803695"><div><strong>Heterotaxy, visceral, 12, autosomal</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1803695</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5676898</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Visceral heterotaxy-12 (HTX12) is an embryonic developmental disorder characterized by defects in the asymmetric positioning of visceral organs across the left-right axis, known as laterality defects. The phenotype is highly variable, ranging from complete organ reversal (situs inversus totalis) to selective misarrangement of organs (situs ambiguus) such as the liver, spleen, and pancreas. The disorder is often associated with dextrocardia or variable complex congenital heart defects. Early death may occur in the most severe cases (summary by Szenker-Ravi et al., 2022).&#13; For a discussion of the genetic heterogeneity of visceral heterotaxy, see HTX1 (306955).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1803695">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1823949"><div><strong>Cardiac valvular defect, developmental</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1823949</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5774175</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Cardiac valvular dysplasia-1 (CVDP1) is characterized by congenital malformations of the pulmonic, tricuspid, and mitral valves. Structural cardiac defects, including atrial and ventricular septal defects, single left ventricle, and hypoplastic right ventricle have also been observed in affected individuals (Ta-Shma et al., 2017).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Cardiac Valvular Dysplasia&#13; CVDP2 (620067) is caused by mutation in the ADAMTS19 gene (607513) on chromosome 5q23.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1823949">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1824024"><div><strong>Neurodevelopmental disorder with growth retardation, dysmorphic facies, and corpus callosum abnormalities</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1824024</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5774251</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Neurodevelopmental disorder with growth retardation, dysmorphic facies, and corpus callosum abnormalities (NEDGFC) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by these cardinal features apparent from infancy. There is phenotypic variability both in disease manifestations and severity. More severely affected individuals are unable to walk independently, are nonverbal, and may have other anomalies, including congenital heart defects, feeding difficulties, or skeletal defects, whereas others show mildly delayed motor and speech acquisition with mild or borderline intellectual disability (summary by von Elsner et al., 2022).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1824024">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1841003"><div><strong>Congenital heart defects, multiple types, 9</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1841003</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5830367</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Multiple types of congenital heart defects-9 (CHTD9) is characterized by common arterial trunk (truncus arteriosus communis) in most patients, associated with other cardiac defects, including tetralogy of Fallot, interrupted aortic arch, right aortic arch, ventricular hypoplasia, and hypoplastic left heart, as well as other vascular and valvular anomalies (Ta-Shma et al., 2013; Guimier et al., 2023).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of multiple types of congenital heart defects, see CHTD1 (see 306955).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1841003">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1841145"><div><strong>Neurodevelopmental disorder with intracranial hemorrhage, seizures, and spasticity</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1841145</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5830509</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Neurodevelopmental disorder with intracranial hemorrhage, seizures, and spasticity (NEDIHSS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by prenatal or neonatal onset of intracranial hemorrhage, usually with ventriculomegaly and calcifications, resulting in parenchymal brain damage. Some affected individuals have symptoms incompatible with life and die in utero. Those that survive show profound global developmental delay with almost no motor or cognitive skills, hypotonia, spasticity, and seizures. Other features may include facial dysmorphism, retinal vascular abnormalities, and poor overall growth. The pathogenesis of the disease likely results from dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells in the brain (Lecca et al., 2023).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1841145">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1848930"><div><strong>Cornelia de Lange syndrome 6</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1848930</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5882712</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) encompasses a spectrum of findings from mild to severe. Severe (classic) CdLS is characterized by distinctive facial features, growth restriction (prenatal onset; &lt;5th centile throughout life), hypertrichosis, and upper-limb reduction defects that range from subtle phalangeal abnormalities to oligodactyly (missing digits). Craniofacial features include synophrys, highly arched and/or thick eyebrows, long eyelashes, short nasal bridge with anteverted nares, small widely spaced teeth, and microcephaly. Individuals with a milder phenotype have less severe growth, cognitive, and limb involvement, but often have facial features consistent with CdLS. Across the CdLS spectrum IQ ranges from below 30 to 102 (mean: 53). Many individuals demonstrate autistic and self-destructive tendencies. Other frequent findings include cardiac septal defects, gastrointestinal dysfunction, hearing loss, myopia, and cryptorchidism or hypoplastic genitalia.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1848930">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_477726" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Atrial septal defect 7</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_381193" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Atrioventricular septal defect, susceptibility to, 2</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_907878" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Autosomal dominant Robinow syndrome 3</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1823949" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cardiac valvular defect, developmental</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1648330" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cardiac, facial, and digital anomalies with developmental delay</a></div><div class="jig-moreless" data-jigconfig="class: 'moveDown', moreText: 'See full list (27)', lessText: 'Show less', nodeBefore: 0"><span id="clinMore">
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_75567" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">CHARGE syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_462571" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital heart defects, multiple types, 6</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1714491" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital heart defects, multiple types, 7</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1841003" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital heart defects, multiple types, 9</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1848930" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cornelia de Lange syndrome 6</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_462412" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">FADD-related immunodeficiency</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1803695" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Heterotaxy, visceral, 12, autosomal</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_462407" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Heterotaxy, visceral, 4, autosomal</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_501198" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Heterotaxy, visceral, 5, autosomal</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_902629" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Heterotaxy, visceral, 7, autosomal</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_934635" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Heterotaxy, visceral, 8, autosomal</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1675627" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Intellectual developmental disorder with cardiac defects and dysmorphic facies</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_766163" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Intellectual disability, autosomal dominant 16</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_318679" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Matthew-Wood syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_414129" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Microcephaly-facio-cardio-skeletal syndrome, Hadziselimovic type</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1788942" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Multiple congenital anomalies-neurodevelopmental syndrome, X-linked</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1824024" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Neurodevelopmental disorder with growth retardation, dysmorphic facies, and corpus callosum abnormalities</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1841145" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Neurodevelopmental disorder with intracranial hemorrhage, seizures, and spasticity</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_87491" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_87492" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_465274" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Right atrial isomerism</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_65085" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Velocardiofacial syndrome</a></div></span></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31818221">Patient-Specific 3-Dimensional-Bioprinted Model for In Vitro Analysis and Treatment Planning of Pulmonary Artery Atresia in Tetralogy of Fallot and Major Aortopulmonary Collateral Arteries.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tomov ML,
Cetnar A,
Do K,
Bauser-Heaton H,
Serpooshan V</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Am Heart Assoc</span>
2019 Dec 17;8(24):e014490.
Epub 2019 Dec 10
doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.014490.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31818221" target="_blank">31818221</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6951056" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22pulmonary%20artery%20atresia%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (1)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27866675">Hemodynamics of patient-specific aorta-pulmonary shunt configurations.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Piskin S,
Altin HF,
Yildiz O,
Bakir I,
Pekkan K</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Biomech</span>
2017 Jan 4;50:166-171.
Epub 2016 Nov 11
doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.11.014.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27866675" target="_blank">27866675</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27261076">Missed diagnosis of atresia of the right pulmonary artery in woman with left-sided pneumothorax.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Dagnegård HH,
Ryom P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</span>
2016 Dec;50(6):1210-1211.
Epub 2016 Jun 3
doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezw192.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27261076" target="_blank">27261076</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23108489">Pregnancy in congenital myasthenic syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Servais L,
Baudoin H,
Zehrouni K,
Richard P,
Sternberg D,
Fournier E,
Eymard B,
Stojkovic T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neurol</span>
2013 Mar;260(3):815-9.
Epub 2012 Oct 30
doi: 10.1007/s00415-012-6709-x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23108489" target="_blank">23108489</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20627639">Quantitative analysis of pulmonary artery and pulmonary collaterals in preoperative patients with pulmonary artery atresia using dual-source computed tomography.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yin L,
Lu B,
Han L,
Wu RZ,
Johnson L,
Xu ZY,
Jiang SL,
Dai RP</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Radiol</span>
2011 Sep;79(3):480-5.
Epub 2010 Jun 2
doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.04.032.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20627639" target="_blank">20627639</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/18703879">Nonneural congenital abnormalities concurring with myelomeningocele: report of 17 cases and review of current theories.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Baradaran N,
Ahmadi H,
Nejat F,
El Khashab M,
Mahdavi A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Neurosurg</span>
2008;44(5):353-9.
Epub 2008 Aug 15
doi: 10.1159/000149900.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/18703879" target="_blank">18703879</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Pulmonary%20artery%20atresia%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (10)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38160026">Isolated unilateral pulmonary artery atresia in an adult presenting with cor pulmonale.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Talwar S,
Gangoor N,
Maldar SB,
Pinto CJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Case Rep</span>
2023 Dec 30;16(12)
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2023-256663.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38160026" target="_blank">38160026</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10759026" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37386643">Hemoptysis: unilateral pulmonary artery atresia? a case report.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Maini A,
Cousins S,
Holliday T,
Memoli JW,
Vasu TS,
Khaitan PG</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Cardiothorac Surg</span>
2023 Jun 29;18(1):199.
doi: 10.1186/s13019-023-02255-9.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37386643" target="_blank">37386643</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10311879" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33883851">Right Pulmonary Artery Absence or Discontinuity in Ethiopian Toddler.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tadele H,
Gedlu E</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ethiop J Health Sci</span>
2020 Nov;30(6):1043-1046.
doi: 10.4314/ejhs.v30i6.24.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33883851" target="_blank">33883851</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8047251" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23108489">Pregnancy in congenital myasthenic syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Servais L,
Baudoin H,
Zehrouni K,
Richard P,
Sternberg D,
Fournier E,
Eymard B,
Stojkovic T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neurol</span>
2013 Mar;260(3):815-9.
Epub 2012 Oct 30
doi: 10.1007/s00415-012-6709-x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23108489" target="_blank">23108489</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20627639">Quantitative analysis of pulmonary artery and pulmonary collaterals in preoperative patients with pulmonary artery atresia using dual-source computed tomography.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yin L,
Lu B,
Han L,
Wu RZ,
Johnson L,
Xu ZY,
Jiang SL,
Dai RP</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Radiol</span>
2011 Sep;79(3):480-5.
Epub 2010 Jun 2
doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.04.032.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20627639" target="_blank">20627639</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Pulmonary%20artery%20atresia%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (14)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26194906">Thrombolytics for late superior caval vein thrombus in a patient with tricuspid atresia and single-lung Glenn anastomosis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bonnel AR,
Paruchuri V,
Franklin WJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cardiol Young</span>
2016 Jan;26(1):209-13.
Epub 2015 Jul 21
doi: 10.1017/S1047951115000670.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26194906" target="_blank">26194906</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/7771840">Successful heart transplantation with acquired pulmonary artery atresia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Shah AS,
Michler RE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ann Thorac Surg</span>
1995 Jun;59(6):1557-9.
doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(94)00908-p.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/7771840" target="_blank">7771840</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Pulmonary%20artery%20atresia%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (2)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37386643">Hemoptysis: unilateral pulmonary artery atresia? a case report.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Maini A,
Cousins S,
Holliday T,
Memoli JW,
Vasu TS,
Khaitan PG</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Cardiothorac Surg</span>
2023 Jun 29;18(1):199.
doi: 10.1186/s13019-023-02255-9.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37386643" target="_blank">37386643</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10311879" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27866675">Hemodynamics of patient-specific aorta-pulmonary shunt configurations.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Piskin S,
Altin HF,
Yildiz O,
Bakir I,
Pekkan K</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Biomech</span>
2017 Jan 4;50:166-171.
Epub 2016 Nov 11
doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.11.014.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27866675" target="_blank">27866675</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27261076">Missed diagnosis of atresia of the right pulmonary artery in woman with left-sided pneumothorax.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Dagnegård HH,
Ryom P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</span>
2016 Dec;50(6):1210-1211.
Epub 2016 Jun 3
doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezw192.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27261076" target="_blank">27261076</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24331934">Congenital anomalies of coronary arteries in complex congenital heart disease: diagnosis and analysis with dual-source CT.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yu FF,
Lu B,
Gao Y,
Hou ZH,
Schoepf UJ,
Spearman JV,
Cao HL,
Sun ML,
Jiang SL</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr</span>
2013 Nov-Dec;7(6):383-90.
Epub 2013 Nov 8
doi: 10.1016/j.jcct.2013.11.004.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24331934" target="_blank">24331934</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23108489">Pregnancy in congenital myasthenic syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Servais L,
Baudoin H,
Zehrouni K,
Richard P,
Sternberg D,
Fournier E,
Eymard B,
Stojkovic T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neurol</span>
2013 Mar;260(3):815-9.
Epub 2012 Oct 30
doi: 10.1007/s00415-012-6709-x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23108489" target="_blank">23108489</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Pulmonary%20artery%20atresia%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (9)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27866675">Hemodynamics of patient-specific aorta-pulmonary shunt configurations.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Piskin S,
Altin HF,
Yildiz O,
Bakir I,
Pekkan K</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Biomech</span>
2017 Jan 4;50:166-171.
Epub 2016 Nov 11
doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.11.014.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27866675" target="_blank">27866675</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25536425">Thoracoscopic plication for diaphragmatic eventration after surgery for congenital heart disease in children.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Fujishiro J,
Ishimaru T,
Sugiyama M,
Arai M,
Uotani C,
Yoshida M,
Miyakawa K,
Kakihara T,
Iwanaka T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A</span>
2015 Apr;25(4):348-51.
Epub 2014 Dec 23
doi: 10.1089/lap.2014.0260.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25536425" target="_blank">25536425</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/18703879">Nonneural congenital abnormalities concurring with myelomeningocele: report of 17 cases and review of current theories.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Baradaran N,
Ahmadi H,
Nejat F,
El Khashab M,
Mahdavi A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Neurosurg</span>
2008;44(5):353-9.
Epub 2008 Aug 15
doi: 10.1159/000149900.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/18703879" target="_blank">18703879</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/16575883">22q11.2 deletion mosaicism in patients with conotruncal heart defects.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Jianrong L,
Yinglong L,
Xiaodong L,
Cuntao Y,
Bin C,
Bo W</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol</span>
2006 Apr;76(4):262-5.
doi: 10.1002/bdra.20246.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/16575883" target="_blank">16575883</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/2397733">Associated coronary and cardiac anomalies in the tetralogy of Fallot. An angiographic study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Dabizzi RP,
Teodori G,
Barletta GA,
Caprioli G,
Baldrighi G,
Baldrighi V</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur Heart J</span>
1990 Aug;11(8):692-704.
doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a059784.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/2397733" target="_blank">2397733</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Pulmonary%20artery%20atresia%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (6)</a></div></div>
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