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<meta name="keywords" content="C0263401, cutis marmorata, disease or syndrome, marmorata, cutis, telangiectatica congenita, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="A reticular discoloration of the skin with cyanotic (reddish-blue appearing) areas surrounding pale central areas due to dilation of capillary blood vessels and stagnation of blood within the vessels. Cutis marmorata generally occurs on the legs, arms and trunk and is often more severe in cold weather." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<!--
UID=78093
ConceptID=C0263401
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Cutis marmorata</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>78093</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0263401</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>Cutis Marmorata; Marmorata, Cutis</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Cutis marmorata (26825009)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000965">HP:0000965</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">A reticular discoloration of the skin with cyanotic (reddish-blue appearing) areas surrounding pale central areas due to dilation of capillary blood vessels and stagnation of blood within the vessels. Cutis marmorata generally occurs on the legs, arms and trunk and is often more severe in cold weather. [from <a title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="http://www.human-phenotype-ontology.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">HPO</a>]</div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0263401[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=78093">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=78093" ref="ncbi_uid=78093">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline">Cutis marmorata</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/358379" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Skin, Histology">Skin, Histology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/21088" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Telangiectasia">Telangiectasia</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Cutis marmorata</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_112">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_75556"><div><strong>Coffin-Lowry syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>75556</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0265252</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The phenotypic spectrum associated with RPS6KA3 pathogenic variants is a continuum. Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS) classically manifests in males with developmental delay, intellectual disability, neurologic manifestations (hypotonia, stimulus-induced drop attacks, spastic paraparesis, and seizures), musculoskeletal manifestations (kyphoscoliosis and pectus deformity), and characteristic craniofacial and hand findings. Dental issues, sensorineural hearing loss, and obstructive sleep apnea also occur. The milder end of the continuum in males includes neurodevelopmental disabilities with or without less pronounced multisystem involvement. Heterozygous females often exhibit clinical manifestations that can be consistent with clinically defined CLS but are typically less severe than those seen in affected males. Developmental delay and intellectual disability comprise the core phenotypic findings, and quality of life and prognosis are variably affected by the presence and severity of neurologic and musculoskeletal involvement.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/75556">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_75658"><div><strong>Primary hyperoxaluria, type I</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>75658</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0268164</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is caused by deficiency of the liver peroxisomal enzyme alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT), which catalyzes the conversion of glyoxylate to glycine. When AGT activity is reduced or absent, glyoxylate is converted to oxalate, which cannot be metabolized and must be excreted by the kidneys. Insoluble calcium oxalate crystals form due to high urinary oxalate concentration. Urinary crystals aggregate, leading to nephrolithiasis (i.e., calcium oxalate kidney stones) in the renal pelvis / urinary tract; often the crystals deposit in kidney parenchyma (nephrocalcinosis). The age at presentation of PH1 ranges from infancy (age &lt;12 months) in 10% of individuals, childhood/adolescence (age 1-17 years) in 70%, and adulthood (age =18 years) in 20%. The natural history of untreated PH1 is (1) progressive decline in kidney function due to complications of nephrolithiasis (e.g., urinary obstruction, infection) and nephrocalcinosis, and (2) in persons with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), high plasma oxalate concentrations result in other organ and tissue damage from calcium oxalate deposition (i.e., "oxalosis"), most commonly in the bones, heart, and retina. In the absence of treatment, progression of oxalosis results in death from kidney failure and/or other organ involvement.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/75658">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_76449"><div><strong>Sneddon syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>76449</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0282492</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Sneddon syndrome is a noninflammatory arteriopathy characterized by onset of livedo reticularis in the second decade and onset of cerebrovascular disease in early adulthood (summary by Bras et al., 2014).&#13; Livedo reticularis occurs also with polyarteritis nodosa, systemic lupus erythematosus, and central thrombocythemia, any one of which may be accompanied by cerebrovascular accidents (Bruyn et al., 1987).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/76449">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_83381"><div><strong>Congenital livedo reticularis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>83381</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0345419</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Isolated and classic cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita (CMTC) are characterized by congenital skin changes including erythematous-to-violaceous, reticulated, net-like or marbled-appearing patches of skin that do not mostly or completely resolve with warming or any other acute intervention. Individuals with isolated CMTC have no other syndromic features, and skin lesions tend to fade or resolve. Those with classic CMTC may have accompanying hemihypoplasia with body asymmetry, skin atrophy or ulceration, other vascular malformations, and occasional ocular issues (early-onset glaucoma and/or peripheral retinal vascular attenuation) but do not have other malformations, dysmorphic features, or cognitive impairment. The most common location for the CMTC lesions is on the legs. An affected limb may also display weakness or be unusually susceptible to cold compared to an unaffected limb. In more than half of affected individuals, skin lesions will generally fade across a wide range in age (6 weeks to 26 years), most commonly in the first year of life, but may not resolve completely.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/83381">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_98483"><div><strong>Lenz-Majewski hyperostosis syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98483</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0432269</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Lenz-Majewski hyperostotic dwarfism is a rare condition characterized by intellectual disability, sclerosing bone dysplasia, distinct craniofacial and dental anomalies, loose skin, and distal limb anomalies, particularly brachydactyly and symphalangism. Patients have multiple radiographic abnormalities due to progressive generalized hyperostosis that affects the cranium, vertebrae, and diaphyses of tubular bones, leading to severe growth retardation (summary by Sousa et al., 2014).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98483">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_199606"><div><strong>Classic homocystinuria</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>199606</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0751202</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Homocystinuria caused by cystathionine ß-synthase (CBS) deficiency is characterized by involvement of the eye (ectopia lentis and/or severe myopia), skeletal system (excessive height, long limbs, scolioisis, and pectus excavatum), vascular system (thromboembolism), and CNS (developmental delay/intellectual disability). All four ? or only one ? of the systems can be involved; expressivity is variable for all of the clinical signs. It is not unusual for a previously asymptomatic individual to present in adult years with only a thromboembolic event that is often cerebrovascular. Two phenotypic variants are recognized, B6-responsive homocystinuria and B6-non-responsive homocystinuria. B6-responsive homocystinuria is usually milder than the non-responsive variant. Thromboembolism is the major cause of early death and morbidity. IQ in individuals with untreated homocystinuria ranges widely, from 10 to 138. In B6-responsive individuals the mean IQ is 79 versus 57 for those who are B6-non-responsive. Other features that may occur include: seizures, psychiatric problems, extrapyramidal signs (e.g., dystonia), hypopigmentation of the skin and hair, malar flush, livedo reticularis, and pancreatitis.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/199606">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_315658"><div><strong>Congenital muscular hypertrophy-cerebral syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>315658</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1802395</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) encompasses a spectrum of findings from mild to severe. Severe (classic) CdLS is characterized by distinctive facial features, growth restriction (prenatal onset; &lt;5th centile throughout life), hypertrichosis, and upper-limb reduction defects that range from subtle phalangeal abnormalities to oligodactyly (missing digits). Craniofacial features include synophrys, highly arched and/or thick eyebrows, long eyelashes, short nasal bridge with anteverted nares, small widely spaced teeth, and microcephaly. Individuals with a milder phenotype have less severe growth, cognitive, and limb involvement, but often have facial features consistent with CdLS. Across the CdLS spectrum IQ ranges from below 30 to 102 (mean: 53). Many individuals demonstrate autistic and self-destructive tendencies. Other frequent findings include cardiac septal defects, gastrointestinal dysfunction, hearing loss, myopia, and cryptorchidism or hypoplastic genitalia.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/315658">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_371897"><div><strong>MOMO syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>371897</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1834759</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A very rare genetic overgrowth/obesity syndrome with characteristics of macrocephaly, obesity, mental (intellectual) disability and ocular abnormalities. Other frequent clinical signs include macrosomia, downslanting palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, broad nasal root, high and broad forehead and delay in bone maturation, in association with normal thyroid function and karyotype.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/371897">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_336844"><div><strong>X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>336844</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1845050</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder shows more severe manifestations in hemizygous males compared to heterozygous females. Affected males have early onset of recurrent respiratory infections and failure to thrive resulting from inflammatory gastroenteritis or colitis. Patients also show reticular pigmentation abnormalities of the skin and may develop corneal scarring. Carrier females may be unaffected or have only pigmentary abnormalities along the lines of Blaschko (summary by Starokadomskyy et al., 2016).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/336844">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_339902"><div><strong>Cornelia de Lange syndrome 3</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>339902</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C1853099</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) encompasses a spectrum of findings from mild to severe. Severe (classic) CdLS is characterized by distinctive facial features, growth restriction (prenatal onset; &lt;5th centile throughout life), hypertrichosis, and upper-limb reduction defects that range from subtle phalangeal abnormalities to oligodactyly (missing digits). Craniofacial features include synophrys, highly arched and/or thick eyebrows, long eyelashes, short nasal bridge with anteverted nares, small widely spaced teeth, and microcephaly. Individuals with a milder phenotype have less severe growth, cognitive, and limb involvement, but often have facial features consistent with CdLS. Across the CdLS spectrum IQ ranges from below 30 to 102 (mean: 53). Many individuals demonstrate autistic and self-destructive tendencies. Other frequent findings include cardiac septal defects, gastrointestinal dysfunction, hearing loss, myopia, and cryptorchidism or hypoplastic genitalia.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/339902">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_347562"><div><strong>7q11.23 microduplication syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>347562</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1857844</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">7q11.23 duplication syndrome is characterized by delayed motor, speech, and social skills in early childhood; neurologic abnormalities (hypotonia, adventitious movements, and abnormal gait and station); speech sound disorders including motor speech disorders (childhood apraxia of speech and/or dysarthria) and phonologic disorders; behavior issues including anxiety disorders (especially social anxiety disorder [social phobia]), selective mutism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional disorders, physical aggression, and autism spectrum disorder; and intellectual disability in some individuals. Distinctive facial features are common. Cardiovascular disease includes dilatation of the ascending aorta. Approximately 30% of individuals have one or more congenital anomalies.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/347562">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_347234"><div><strong>Angiomatosis, diffuse Corticomeningeal, of Divry and van Bogaert</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>347234</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1859783</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/347234">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_355421"><div><strong>Megalencephaly-capillary malformation-polymicrogyria syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>355421</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1865285</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum (PROS) encompasses a range of clinical findings in which the core features are congenital or early-childhood onset of segmental/focal overgrowth with or without cellular dysplasia. Prior to the identification of PIK3CA as the causative gene, PROS was separated into distinct clinical syndromes based on the tissues and/or organs involved (e.g., MCAP [megalencephaly-capillary malformation] syndrome and CLOVES [congenital lipomatous asymmetric overgrowth of the trunk, lymphatic, capillary, venous, and combined-type vascular malformations, epidermal nevi, skeletal and spinal anomalies] syndrome). The predominant areas of overgrowth include the brain, limbs (including fingers and toes), trunk (including abdomen and chest), and face, all usually in an asymmetric distribution. Generalized brain overgrowth may be accompanied by secondary overgrowth of specific brain structures resulting in ventriculomegaly, a markedly thick corpus callosum, and cerebellar tonsillar ectopia with crowding of the posterior fossa. Vascular malformations may include capillary, venous, and less frequently, arterial or mixed (capillary-lymphatic-venous or arteriovenous) malformations. Lymphatic malformations may be in various locations (internal and/or external) and can cause various clinical issues, including swelling, pain, and occasionally localized bleeding secondary to trauma. Lipomatous overgrowth may occur ipsilateral or contralateral to a vascular malformation, if present. The degree of intellectual disability appears to be mostly related to the presence and severity of seizures, cortical dysplasia (e.g., polymicrogyria), and hydrocephalus. Many children have feeding difficulties that are often multifactorial in nature. Endocrine issues affect a small number of individuals and most commonly include hypoglycemia (largely hypoinsulinemic hypoketotic hypoglycemia), hypothyroidism, and growth hormone deficiency.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/355421">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_414158"><div><strong>Lethal polymalformative syndrome, Boissel type</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>414158</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2752001</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Growth retardation, developmental delay, and facial dysmorphism (GDFD) is an autosomal recessive multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by severe psychomotor retardation, poor overall growth, and dysmorphic facial features. Additional features may include cardiac malformations and deafness (summary by Daoud et al., 2016).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/414158">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462008"><div><strong>Warsaw breakage syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462008</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3150658</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Warsaw syndrome is characterized by the clinical triad of severe congenital microcephaly, growth restriction, and sensorineural hearing loss due to cochlear hypoplasia. Intellectual disability is typically in the mild-to-moderate range. Severe speech delay is common. Gross and fine motor milestones are usually attained at the usual time, although a few individuals have mild delays. Additional common features include skeletal anomalies and cardiovascular anomalies. Abnormal skin pigmentation and genitourinary malformations have also been reported. Some individuals have had increased chromosome breakage and radial forms on cytogenetic testing of lymphocytes treated with diepoxybutane and mitomycin C.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462008">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_481812"><div><strong>Adams-Oliver syndrome 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>481812</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3280182</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Adams-Oliver syndrome-2 (AOS2) is an autosomal recessive multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) and terminal transverse limb defects, in association with variable involvement of the brain, eyes, and cardiovascular systems (summary by Shaheen et al., 2011).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Adams-Oliver syndrome, see AOS1 (100300).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/481812">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_482831"><div><strong>Coffin-Siris syndrome 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>482831</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3281201</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Coffin-Siris syndrome (CSS) is classically characterized by aplasia or hypoplasia of the distal phalanx or nail of the fifth and additional digits, developmental or cognitive delay of varying degree, distinctive facial features, hypotonia, hirsutism/hypertrichosis, and sparse scalp hair. Congenital anomalies can include malformations of the cardiac, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and/or central nervous systems. Other findings commonly include feeding difficulties, slow growth, ophthalmologic abnormalities, and hearing impairment.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/482831">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_763817"><div><strong>Cornelia de Lange syndrome 5</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>763817</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3550903</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) encompasses a spectrum of findings from mild to severe. Severe (classic) CdLS is characterized by distinctive facial features, growth restriction (prenatal onset; &lt;5th centile throughout life), hypertrichosis, and upper-limb reduction defects that range from subtle phalangeal abnormalities to oligodactyly (missing digits). Craniofacial features include synophrys, highly arched and/or thick eyebrows, long eyelashes, short nasal bridge with anteverted nares, small widely spaced teeth, and microcephaly. Individuals with a milder phenotype have less severe growth, cognitive, and limb involvement, but often have facial features consistent with CdLS. Across the CdLS spectrum IQ ranges from below 30 to 102 (mean: 53). Many individuals demonstrate autistic and self-destructive tendencies. Other frequent findings include cardiac septal defects, gastrointestinal dysfunction, hearing loss, myopia, and cryptorchidism or hypoplastic genitalia.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/763817">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_766431"><div><strong>Cornelia de Lange syndrome 4</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>766431</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3553517</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) encompasses a spectrum of findings from mild to severe. Severe (classic) CdLS is characterized by distinctive facial features, growth restriction (prenatal onset; &lt;5th centile throughout life), hypertrichosis, and upper-limb reduction defects that range from subtle phalangeal abnormalities to oligodactyly (missing digits). Craniofacial features include synophrys, highly arched and/or thick eyebrows, long eyelashes, short nasal bridge with anteverted nares, small widely spaced teeth, and microcephaly. Individuals with a milder phenotype have less severe growth, cognitive, and limb involvement, but often have facial features consistent with CdLS. Across the CdLS spectrum IQ ranges from below 30 to 102 (mean: 53). Many individuals demonstrate autistic and self-destructive tendencies. Other frequent findings include cardiac septal defects, gastrointestinal dysfunction, hearing loss, myopia, and cryptorchidism or hypoplastic genitalia.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/766431">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_766574"><div><strong>Malan overgrowth syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>766574</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3553660</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">NFIX-related Malan syndrome (MALNS) is characterized by prenatal and postnatal overgrowth, macrocephaly, advanced bone age and/or skeletal anomalies (scoliosis, pes planus), slender body habitus, developmental delay / intellectual disability (typically in the moderate-to-severe range), behavioral problems (including a specific anxious profile and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]), and ocular findings (most commonly strabismus, refractive errors, and blue sclerae). Affected individuals typically have distinctive facial features, including a long and triangular face, high anterior hair line with prominent forehead, depressed nasal bridge, deep-set eyes, downslanted palpebral fissures, short nose with anteverted nares and upturned tip, long philtrum, small mouth that is often held open, thin vermilion of the upper lip, an everted lower lip, and a prominent chin. Other findings may include autonomic signs (episodic ataxia with dizziness and nausea and/or postural fainting), seizures or EEG abnormalities, hypotonia, dental anomalies, long bone fractures, and (rarely) congenital heart defects. Four individuals with aortic root dilatation have been reported, with one adult individual experiencing progressive aortic dilation and dissection at age 38 years. Additionally, one individual with rib osteosarcoma and another with Wilms tumor have been reported (an overall prevalence of malignancy of about 2%). Therefore, MALNS appears to be in the same low risk group as Sotos syndrome and Weaver syndrome with respect to a low likelihood of developing cancer.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/766574">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_813897"><div><strong>Partial lipodystrophy, congenital cataracts, and neurodegeneration syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>813897</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3807567</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Lipodystrophies are rare disorders characterized by loss of body fat from various regions and predisposition to metabolic complications of insulin resistance and lipid abnormalities. FPLD7 is an autosomal dominant disorder with a highly variable phenotype. Additional features, including early-onset cataracts and later onset of spasticity of the lower limbs, have been noted in some patients (summary by Garg et al., 2015).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD), see 151660.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/813897">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_815422"><div><strong>Adams-Oliver syndrome 4</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>815422</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3809092</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Adams-Oliver syndrome (AOS) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by aplasia cutis congenita and terminal transverse limb defects. Additional abnormalities may be present in other organs, e.g., heart, brain, and/or eyes (summary by Shaheen et al., 2013).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Adams-Oliver syndrome, see AOS1 (100300).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/815422">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_816733"><div><strong>Moyamoya disease with early-onset achalasia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>816733</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3810403</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Moyamoya disease-6 (MYMY6) is a progressive vasculopathy characterized by occlusion of the terminal portion of the internal carotid arteries and its branches, and the formation of compensatory neovascularization and the moyamoya, or 'puff of smoke,' appearance of these vessels on angiogram. Affected individuals may present with ischemic strokes, intracerebral hemorrhage, or transient ischemic attacks. Patients with MYMY6 usually present early in life with achalasia. Hypertension and Raynaud phenomenon may be associated features (summary by Wallace et al., 2016; Herve et al., 2014).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of moyamoya disease, see MYMY1 (252350).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/816733">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_854497"><div><strong>Vasculitis due to ADA2 deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>854497</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3887654</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Adenosine deaminase 2 deficiency (DADA2) is a complex systemic autoinflammatory disorder in which vasculopathy/vasculitis, dysregulated immune function, and/or hematologic abnormalities may predominate. Inflammatory features include intermittent fevers, rash (often livedo racemosa/reticularis), and musculoskeletal involvement (myalgia/arthralgia, arthritis, myositis). Vasculitis, which usually begins before age ten years, may manifest as early-onset ischemic (lacunar) and/or hemorrhagic strokes, or as cutaneous or systemic polyarteritis nodosa. Hypertension and hepatosplenomegaly are often found. More severe involvement may lead to progressive central neurologic deficits (dysarthria, ataxia, cranial nerve palsies, cognitive impairment) or to ischemic injury to the kidney, intestine, and/or digits. Dysregulation of immune function can lead to immunodeficiency or autoimmunity of varying severity; lymphadenopathy may be present and some affected individuals have had lymphoproliferative disease. Hematologic disorders may begin early in life or in late adulthood, and can include lymphopenia, neutropenia, pure red cell aplasia, thrombocytopenia, or pancytopenia. Of note, both interfamilial and intrafamilial phenotypic variability (e.g., in age of onset, frequency and severity of manifestations) can be observed; also, individuals with biallelic ADA2 pathogenic variants may remain asymptomatic until adulthood or may never develop clinical manifestations of DADA2.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/854497">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_863159"><div><strong>STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>863159</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4014722</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy is an autoinflammatory vasculopathy causing severe skin lesions, particularly affecting the face, ears, nose, and digits, and resulting in ulceration, eschar formation, necrosis, and, in some cases, amputation. Many patients have interstitial lung disease. Tissue biopsy and laboratory findings show a hyperinflammatory state, with evidence of increased beta-interferon (IFNB1; 147640) signaling (summary by Liu et al., 2014).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/863159">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_863175"><div><strong>Megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>863175</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4014738</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">MPPH (megalencephaly-postaxial polydactyly-polymicrogyria-hydrocephalus) syndrome is a developmental brain disorder characterized by megalencephaly (brain overgrowth) with the cortical malformation bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria (BPP). At birth the occipital frontal circumference (OFC) ranges from normal to 6 standard deviations (SD) above the mean for age, sex, and gestational age; in older individuals the range is from 3 to 10 SD above the mean. A variable degree of ventriculomegaly is seen in almost all children with MPPH syndrome; nearly 50% of individuals have frank hydrocephalus. Neurologic problems associated with BPP include oromotor dysfunction (100%), epilepsy (50%), and mild-to-severe intellectual disability (100%). Postaxial hexadactyly occurs in 50% of individuals with MPPH syndrome.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/863175">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_908556"><div><strong>Adams-Oliver syndrome 6</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>908556</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4225271</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Adams-Oliver syndrome is a rare developmental disorder defined by the combination of aplasia cutis congenita of the scalp vertex and terminal transverse limb defects (e.g., amputations, syndactyly, brachydactyly, or oligodactyly). In addition, vascular anomalies such as cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita, pulmonary hypertension, portal hypertension, and retinal hypervascularization are recurrent findings. Congenital heart defects have been estimated to be present in 20% of AOS patients; reported malformations include ventricular septal defects, anomalies of the great arteries and their valves, and tetralogy of Fallot (summary by Stittrich et al., 2014).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Adams-Oliver syndrome, see AOS1 (100300).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/908556">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_899675"><div><strong>Trichothiodystrophy 5, nonphotosensitive</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>899675</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4225420</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Trichothiodystrophy-5 (TTD5) is an X-linked disorder characterized by sparse and brittle hair, facial dysmorphism, global developmental delays, growth deficiency, hypogonadism, and structural brain abnormalities (summary by Mendelsohn et al., 2020).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of trichothiodystrophy, see TTD1 (601675).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/899675">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1392440"><div><strong>Brain malformations with or without urinary tract defects</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1392440</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4478940</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">For the purposes of this chapter, NFIA-related disorder is defined as heterozygous inactivation or disruption of only NFIA without involvement of adjacent or surrounding genes. NFIA-related disorder comprises central nervous system abnormalities (most commonly abnormalities of the corpus callosum) with or without urinary tract defects, such as unilateral or bilateral vesicoureteral reflux and hydronephrosis. Additional features include macrocephaly, seizures, developmental delay and/or cognitive impairment, nonspecific dysmorphic features, ventriculomegaly, and hypotonia, which can exacerbate motor delay and feeding issues in infancy. Rarer features may include strabismus, cutis marmorata, or craniosynostosis of the metopic, lambdoid, or sagittal suture.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1392440">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1618340"><div><strong>Congenital heart defects and skeletal malformations syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1618340</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4539857</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital heart defects and skeletal malformations syndrome (CHDSKM) is characterized by atrial and ventricular septal defects, with aortic root dilation in adulthood. Skeletal defects are variable and include pectus excavatum, scoliosis, and finger contractures, and some patients exhibit joint laxity. Failure to thrive is observed during infancy and early childhood (Wang et al., 2017).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1618340">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1635567"><div><strong>Adams-Oliver syndrome 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1635567</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551482</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Adams-Oliver syndrome is a rare condition that is present at birth. The primary features are an abnormality in skin development (called aplasia cutis congenita) and malformations of the limbs. A variety of other features can occur in people with Adams-Oliver syndrome.\n\nMost people with Adams-Oliver syndrome have aplasia cutis congenita, a condition characterized by localized areas of missing skin typically occurring on the top of the head (the skull vertex). In some cases, the bone under the skin is also underdeveloped. Individuals with this condition commonly have scarring and an absence of hair growth in the affected area.\n\nAbnormalities of the hands and feet are also common in people with Adams-Oliver syndrome. These most often involve the fingers and toes and can include abnormal nails, fingers or toes that are fused together (syndactyly), and abnormally short or missing fingers or toes (brachydactyly or oligodactyly). In some cases, other bones in the hands, feet, or lower limbs are malformed or missing.\n\nSome affected infants have a condition called cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita. This disorder of the blood vessels causes a reddish or purplish net-like pattern on the skin. In addition, people with Adams-Oliver syndrome can develop high blood pressure in the blood vessels between the heart and the lungs (pulmonary hypertension), which can be life-threatening. Other blood vessel problems and heart defects can occur in affected individuals.\n\nIn some cases, people with Adams-Oliver syndrome have neurological problems, such as developmental delay, learning disabilities, or abnormalities in the structure of the brain.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1635567">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1645760"><div><strong>Cornelia de Lange syndrome 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1645760</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551851</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) encompasses a spectrum of findings from mild to severe. Severe (classic) CdLS is characterized by distinctive facial features, growth restriction (prenatal onset; &lt;5th centile throughout life), hypertrichosis, and upper-limb reduction defects that range from subtle phalangeal abnormalities to oligodactyly (missing digits). Craniofacial features include synophrys, highly arched and/or thick eyebrows, long eyelashes, short nasal bridge with anteverted nares, small widely spaced teeth, and microcephaly. Individuals with a milder phenotype have less severe growth, cognitive, and limb involvement, but often have facial features consistent with CdLS. Across the CdLS spectrum IQ ranges from below 30 to 102 (mean: 53). Many individuals demonstrate autistic and self-destructive tendencies. Other frequent findings include cardiac septal defects, gastrointestinal dysfunction, hearing loss, myopia, and cryptorchidism or hypoplastic genitalia.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1645760">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1808193"><div><strong>Intellectual disability and myopathy syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1808193</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5676904</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Intellectual disability and myopathy syndrome (IDMYS) is an autosomal recessive developmental disorder characterized by global developmental delay with mildly impaired intellectual development, hypotonia, muscle weakness and fatigue, and white matter abnormalities on brain imaging. Variable additional features may include sensorineural hearing loss, dysmorphic facies, and progressive heart disease (summary by Smeland et al., 2019).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1808193">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1810348"><div><strong>Tessadori-van Haaften neurodevelopmental syndrome 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1810348</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5676922</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Tessadori-Bicknell-van Haaften neurodevelopmental syndrome-1 (TEBIVANED1) is characterized by poor overall growth with short stature, microcephaly, hypotonia, profound global developmental delay often with poor or absent speech, and characteristic dysmorphic facial features, including hypertelorism and abnormal nose. Other variable neurologic and systemic features may also occur (Tessadori et al., 2017).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Tessadori-van Haaften Neurodevelopmental Syndrome&#13; See also TEBIVANED2 (619759), caused by mutation in the H4C11 gene (602826); TEBIVANED3 (619950), caused by mutation in the H4C5 gene (602830); and TEBIVANED4 (619951), caused by mutation in the H4C9 gene (602833).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1810348">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1824003"><div><strong>Diamond-Blackfan anemia 21</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1824003</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5774230</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Diamond-Blackfan anemia-21 (DBA21) is an autosomal recessive bone marrow failure syndrome that includes selective erythroid hypoplasia, anemia with transient thrombocytopenia, short stature, facial dysmorphism, limb abnormalities, cardiac defects, and intellectual disability (O'Donohue et al., 2022).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, see DBA1 (105650).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1824003">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1847194"><div><strong>Neurodevelopmental disorder with impaired language, behavioral abnormalities, and dysmorphic facies</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1847194</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5882686</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Neurodevelopmental disorder with impaired language, behavioral abnormalities, and dysmorphic facies (NEDLBF) is characterized by global developmental delay, speech delay, variably impaired intellectual development, behavioral abnormalities, and dysmorphic facial features. The phenotype and severity of the disorder is heterogeneous, ranging from borderline to severe. Brain imaging is usually normal. More variable additional features include early feeding difficulties, failure to thrive, short stature, mild visual impairment, hypotonia, seizures (particularly febrile), and distal skeletal defects of the hands and feet (Jia et al., 2022).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1847194">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1854704"><div><strong>Aplasia cutis-enamel dysplasia syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1854704</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5935608</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Aplasia cutis-enamel dysplasia syndrome (ACED) is characterized by localized scalp aplasia, dental enamel anomalies, and a relatively mild neurodevelopmental disorder. A skull defect underlying the scalp aplasia has been reported in some patients (Cospain et al., 2022).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1854704">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_347562" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">7q11.23 microduplication syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1635567" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Adams-Oliver syndrome 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_481812" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Adams-Oliver syndrome 2</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_815422" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Adams-Oliver syndrome 4</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_908556" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Adams-Oliver syndrome 6</a></div><div class="jig-moreless" data-jigconfig="class: 'moveDown', moreText: 'See full list (37)', lessText: 'Show less', nodeBefore: 0"><span id="clinMore">
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_347234" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Angiomatosis, diffuse Corticomeningeal, of Divry and van Bogaert</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1854704" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Aplasia cutis-enamel dysplasia syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1392440" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Brain malformations with or without urinary tract defects</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_199606" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Classic homocystinuria</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_75556" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Coffin-Lowry syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_482831" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Coffin-Siris syndrome 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1618340" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital heart defects and skeletal malformations syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_83381" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital livedo reticularis</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_315658" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital muscular hypertrophy-cerebral syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1645760" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cornelia de Lange syndrome 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_339902" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cornelia de Lange syndrome 3</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_766431" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cornelia de Lange syndrome 4</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_763817" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cornelia de Lange syndrome 5</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1824003" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Diamond-Blackfan anemia 21</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1808193" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Intellectual disability and myopathy syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_98483" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Lenz-Majewski hyperostosis syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_414158" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Lethal polymalformative syndrome, Boissel type</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_766574" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Malan overgrowth syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_355421" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Megalencephaly-capillary malformation-polymicrogyria syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_863175" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome 2</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_371897" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">MOMO syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_816733" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Moyamoya disease with early-onset achalasia</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1847194" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Neurodevelopmental disorder with impaired language, behavioral abnormalities, and dysmorphic facies</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_813897" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Partial lipodystrophy, congenital cataracts, and neurodegeneration syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_75658" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Primary hyperoxaluria, type I</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_76449" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Sneddon syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_863159" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1810348" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Tessadori-van Haaften neurodevelopmental syndrome 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_899675" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Trichothiodystrophy 5, nonphotosensitive</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_854497" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Vasculitis due to ADA2 deficiency</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_462008" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Warsaw breakage syndrome</a></div>
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</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36964050">Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita in a newborn: A differential diagnosis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Chandel A,
Vidhate T,
Chauhan V</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Neonatol</span>
2023 Sep;64(5):607-608.
Epub 2023 Mar 15
doi: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2023.01.003.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36964050" target="_blank">36964050</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27456075">Vascular Stains: Proposal for a Clinical Classification to Improve Diagnosis and Management.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Rozas-Muñoz E,
Frieden IJ,
Roé E,
Puig L,
Baselga E</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Dermatol</span>
2016 Nov;33(6):570-584.
Epub 2016 Jul 25
doi: 10.1111/pde.12939.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27456075" target="_blank">27456075</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/10766477">Treatment of cutis marmorata (cutis).</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zwart BP</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Aviat Space Environ Med</span>
2000 Apr;71(4):457.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/10766477" target="_blank">10766477</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22cutis%20marmorata%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (10)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37949664">Molecular characterization of 13 patients with PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum using a targeted deep sequencing approach.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">de Kock L,
Cuillerier A,
Gillespie M,
Couse M,
Hartley T,
Mears W,
Bernier FP,
Chudley AE,
Frosk P,
Nikkel SM,
Innes AM,
Lauzon J,
Thomas M,
Guerin A,
Armour CM,
Weksberg R,
Scott JN,
Watkins D,
Harvey S,
Cytrynbaum C;
Care4Rare Canada Consortium,
Kernohan KD,
Boycott KM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Med Genet A</span>
2024 Mar;194(3):e63466.
Epub 2023 Nov 10
doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63466.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37949664" target="_blank">37949664</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33415748">Clinical and neuroimaging findings in 33 patients with MCAP syndrome: A survey to evaluate relevant endpoints for future clinical trials.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Garde A,
Guibaud L,
Goldenberg A,
Petit F,
Dard R,
Roume J,
Mazereeuw-Hautier J,
Chassaing N,
Lacombe D,
Morice-Picard F,
Toutain A,
Arpin S,
Boccara O,
Touraine R,
Blanchet P,
Coubes C,
Willems M,
Pinson L,
Van Kien PK,
Chiaverini C,
Giuliano F,
Alessandri JL,
Mathieu-Dramard M,
Morin G,
Bursztejn AC,
Mignot C,
Doummar D,
Di Rocco F,
Cornaton J,
Nicolas C,
Gautier E,
Luu M,
Bardou M,
Sorlin A,
Philippe C,
Edery P,
Rossi M,
Carmignac V,
Thauvin-Robinet C,
Vabres P,
Faivre L</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Genet</span>
2021 May;99(5):650-661.
Epub 2021 Jan 20
doi: 10.1111/cge.13918.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33415748" target="_blank">33415748</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29330270">Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita and major lower limb asymmetry.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Amaral J,
Peixoto S,
Mimoso G,
Pereira D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Case Rep</span>
2018 Jan 12;2018
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2017-222269.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29330270" target="_blank">29330270</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5780593" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/10730777">Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita: report of 18 cases.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gerritsen MJ,
Steijlen PM,
Brunner HG,
Rieu P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Br J Dermatol</span>
2000 Feb;142(2):366-9.
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03311.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/10730777" target="_blank">10730777</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/4220056">Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Way BH,
Herrmann J,
Gilbert EF,
Johnson SA,
Opitz JM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Cutan Pathol</span>
1974;1(1):10-25.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1974.tb00188.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/4220056" target="_blank">4220056</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cutis%20marmorata%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (55)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37949664">Molecular characterization of 13 patients with PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum using a targeted deep sequencing approach.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">de Kock L,
Cuillerier A,
Gillespie M,
Couse M,
Hartley T,
Mears W,
Bernier FP,
Chudley AE,
Frosk P,
Nikkel SM,
Innes AM,
Lauzon J,
Thomas M,
Guerin A,
Armour CM,
Weksberg R,
Scott JN,
Watkins D,
Harvey S,
Cytrynbaum C;
Care4Rare Canada Consortium,
Kernohan KD,
Boycott KM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Med Genet A</span>
2024 Mar;194(3):e63466.
Epub 2023 Nov 10
doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63466.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37949664" target="_blank">37949664</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37212738">Segmental vasoconstricted patches with a border of telangiectasia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zarowin D,
Heymann WR,
Yan AC,
Treat J,
Sheppard SE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Dermatol</span>
2023 May-Jun;40(3):565-567.
doi: 10.1111/pde.15227.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37212738" target="_blank">37212738</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10204146" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36964050">Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita in a newborn: A differential diagnosis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Chandel A,
Vidhate T,
Chauhan V</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Neonatol</span>
2023 Sep;64(5):607-608.
Epub 2023 Mar 15
doi: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2023.01.003.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36964050" target="_blank">36964050</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31201746">Mottled, Blanching Skin Changes After Aggressive Diving.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lau AM,
Johnston MJ,
Rivard SSC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Spec Oper Med</span>
2019 Summer;19(2):14-17.
doi: 10.55460/K7M6-ANOA.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31201746" target="_blank">31201746</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24136908">Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenital.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Resende CI,
Araujo C,
Vieira AP,
Brito C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Case Rep</span>
2013 Oct 17;2013
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2013-200056.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24136908" target="_blank">24136908</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3822058" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cutis%20marmorata%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (148)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33415748">Clinical and neuroimaging findings in 33 patients with MCAP syndrome: A survey to evaluate relevant endpoints for future clinical trials.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Garde A,
Guibaud L,
Goldenberg A,
Petit F,
Dard R,
Roume J,
Mazereeuw-Hautier J,
Chassaing N,
Lacombe D,
Morice-Picard F,
Toutain A,
Arpin S,
Boccara O,
Touraine R,
Blanchet P,
Coubes C,
Willems M,
Pinson L,
Van Kien PK,
Chiaverini C,
Giuliano F,
Alessandri JL,
Mathieu-Dramard M,
Morin G,
Bursztejn AC,
Mignot C,
Doummar D,
Di Rocco F,
Cornaton J,
Nicolas C,
Gautier E,
Luu M,
Bardou M,
Sorlin A,
Philippe C,
Edery P,
Rossi M,
Carmignac V,
Thauvin-Robinet C,
Vabres P,
Faivre L</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Genet</span>
2021 May;99(5):650-661.
Epub 2021 Jan 20
doi: 10.1111/cge.13918.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33415748" target="_blank">33415748</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32162671">Itchy Erythematous Plaques after Scuba Diving: A Quiz.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Schwob E,
Marmion N,
Dereure O,
Du-Thanh A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Acta Derm Venereol</span>
2020 May 11;100(10):adv00130.
doi: 10.2340/00015555-3451.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32162671" target="_blank">32162671</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9137351" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31201746">Mottled, Blanching Skin Changes After Aggressive Diving.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lau AM,
Johnston MJ,
Rivard SSC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Spec Oper Med</span>
2019 Summer;19(2):14-17.
doi: 10.55460/K7M6-ANOA.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31201746" target="_blank">31201746</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25017457">Current workup and therapy of infantile hemangiomas.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Blei F,
Guarini A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Dermatol</span>
2014 Jul-Aug;32(4):459-70.
doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.02.001.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25017457" target="_blank">25017457</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24687485">Cutaneous decompression sickness.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tasios K,
Sidiras GG,
Kalentzos V,
Pyrpasopoulou A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Diving Hyperb Med</span>
2014 Mar;44(1):45-7.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24687485" target="_blank">24687485</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cutis%20marmorata%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (28)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36572450">Prenatal diagnosis and delivery of megalencephaly-capillary malformation syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Porwal M,
Anderson D,
Razzak AN,
Fitzgerald G</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Case Rep</span>
2022 Dec 26;15(12)
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2022-249587.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36572450" target="_blank">36572450</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9806087" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31801575">Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita: a literature review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bui TNPT,
Corap A,
Bygum A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orphanet J Rare Dis</span>
2019 Dec 4;14(1):283.
doi: 10.1186/s13023-019-1229-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31801575" target="_blank">31801575</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6894123" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29330270">Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita and major lower limb asymmetry.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Amaral J,
Peixoto S,
Mimoso G,
Pereira D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Case Rep</span>
2018 Jan 12;2018
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2017-222269.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29330270" target="_blank">29330270</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5780593" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25017458">Complications of infantile hemangiomas.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gontijo B</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Dermatol</span>
2014 Jul-Aug;32(4):471-6.
Epub 2014 Feb 28
doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.02.002.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25017458" target="_blank">25017458</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/4220056">Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Way BH,
Herrmann J,
Gilbert EF,
Johnson SA,
Opitz JM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Cutan Pathol</span>
1974;1(1):10-25.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1974.tb00188.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/4220056" target="_blank">4220056</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cutis%20marmorata%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (50)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31801575">Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita: a literature review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bui TNPT,
Corap A,
Bygum A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orphanet J Rare Dis</span>
2019 Dec 4;14(1):283.
doi: 10.1186/s13023-019-1229-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31801575" target="_blank">31801575</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6894123" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27216985">Megalencephaly-capillary malformation polymicrogyria: A review and complex pediatric case report.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Loughan AR,
Harrell M,
Perna R,
Allen A,
Suddarth B</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Appl Neuropsychol Child</span>
2017 Oct-Dec;6(4):369-377.
Epub 2016 May 23
doi: 10.1080/21622965.2016.1182432.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27216985" target="_blank">27216985</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21167498">Medial fronto-facial capillary malformations.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sillard L,
Léauté-Labreze C,
Mazereeuw-Hautier J,
Viseux V,
Barbarot S,
Vabres P,
Bessis D,
Martin L,
Lorette G,
Berthier F,
Lacour JP</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr</span>
2011 May;158(5):836-41.
Epub 2010 Dec 16
doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.11.001.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21167498" target="_blank">21167498</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/16586236">Adams-Oliver syndrome associated with cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita and congenital cataract: a case report.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Fayol L,
Garcia P,
Denis D,
Philip N,
Simeoni U</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Perinatol</span>
2006 Apr;23(3):197-200.
Epub 2006 Mar 29
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-934099.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/16586236" target="_blank">16586236</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/10730777">Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita: report of 18 cases.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gerritsen MJ,
Steijlen PM,
Brunner HG,
Rieu P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Br J Dermatol</span>
2000 Feb;142(2):366-9.
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03311.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/10730777" target="_blank">10730777</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cutis%20marmorata%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (39)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_104">
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Breen ID,
Stepanek J,
Marks L,
Yale K,
Mesinkovska N,
Swanson D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Aerosp Med Hum Perform</span>
2024 Sep 1;95(9):695-702.
doi: 10.3357/AMHP.6454.2024.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39169485" target="_blank">39169485</a></div>
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