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<meta name="keywords" content="C3554657, cobblestone lissencephaly without muscular or eye involvement, cobblestone lissencephaly without muscular or ocular involvement, disease or syndrome, lamb1, lis5, lissencephaly 5, lissencephaly type 2 without muscular or eye involvement, lissencephaly type 2 without muscular or ocular involvement, lissencephaly type 5, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Lissencephaly-5 (LIS5) is an autosomal recessive brain malformation characterized by cobblestone changes in the cortex, more severe in the posterior region, and subcortical band heterotopia. Affected individuals have hydrocephalus, seizures, and severely delayed psychomotor development (Radmanesh et al., 2013).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of lissencephaly, see LIS1 (607432)." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<title>Cobblestone lissencephaly without muscular or ocular involvement (Concept Id: C3554657)
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<!--
UID=767571
ConceptID=C3554657
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Cobblestone lissencephaly without muscular or ocular involvement<span class="h1sub">(LIS5)</span></div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>767571</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3554657</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonym:</td>
<td>Lissencephaly 5</td></tr>
<tr><td>Modes of inheritance:</td>
<td>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="moi_141025"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive inheritance</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>141025</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0441748</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Intellectual Product</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Source: Orphanet</div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele).</div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#moi_141025" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Autosomal recessive inheritance</a><span> (Orphanet)</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-loc">Gene (location):<img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div class="display-none" id="target-gene-loc">
Gene(s) directly associated with<br />
this condition or phenotype.</div></td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="LAMB1 - ID: 3912 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/3912" class="medgenPMinfo">LAMB1</a> (7q31.1)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0014077" target="_blank">MONDO:0014077</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/615191" target="_blank">615191</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Orphanet:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Orphanet: The portal for rare diseases and orphan drugs" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&amp;Expert=352682">ORPHA352682</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="rprt-body jig-ncbiinpagenav" data-jigconfig="smoothScroll: false, gotoTopLink: true, gotoTopLinkText: '', gotoTopLinkAttrs: {'title': 'Go to the top of the page'},allHeadingLevels: ['h1'], topOfPageTOC: true, tocId: 'my-toc'"><div id="rprt-tabs-1" class="rprt-tab"><div id="tb-termsProp-1"><div class="leftCol mgCol"><div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Lissencephaly-5 (LIS5) is an autosomal recessive brain malformation characterized by cobblestone changes in the cortex, more severe in the posterior region, and subcortical band heterotopia. Affected individuals have hydrocephalus, seizures, and severely delayed psychomotor development (Radmanesh et al., 2013).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of lissencephaly, see LIS1 (607432). [from <a title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man" href="http://www.omim.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">OMIM</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_102">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_features">Clinical features</h1><a sid="102" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat"><strong>From HPO</strong><br />
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_235586"><div><strong>Hearing impairment</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>235586</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1384666</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A decreased magnitude of the sensory perception of sound.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/235586">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hearing%20impairment%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20235586%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_4935"><div><strong>Occipital encephalocele</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>4935</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0014067</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of encephalocele (that is, a a protrusion of part of the cranial contents including brain tissue through a congenital opening in the cranium, typically covered with skin or mucous membrane) in the occipital region of the skull. Occipital encephalocele presents as a midline swelling over the occipital bone. It is usually covered with normal full-thickness scalp.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/4935">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Occipital%20encephalocele%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%204935%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_9335"><div><strong>Hydrocephalus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>9335</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0020255</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hydrocephalus is an active distension of the ventricular system of the brain resulting from inadequate passage of CSF from its point of production within the cerebral ventricles to its point of absorption into the systemic circulation.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/9335">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hydrocephalus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%209335%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_20693"><div><strong>Seizure</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>20693</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0036572</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/20693">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Seizure%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2020693%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_20882"><div><strong>Spastic paraplegia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>20882</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0037772</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Spasticity and weakness of the leg and hip muscles.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/20882">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Spastic%20paraplegia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2020882%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_452349"><div><strong>Gray matter heterotopia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>452349</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0266491</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Heterotopia or neuronal heterotopia are macroscopic clusters of misplaced neurons (gray matter), most often situated along the ventricular walls or within the subcortical white matter.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/452349">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Gray%20matter%20heterotopia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20452349%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_78722"><div><strong>Leukoencephalopathy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>78722</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0270612</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">This term describes abnormality of the white matter of the cerebrum resulting from damage to the myelin sheaths of nerve cells.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/78722">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Leukoencephalopathy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2078722%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_138005"><div><strong>Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>138005</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0344482</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Underdevelopment of the corpus callosum.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/138005">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypoplasia%20of%20the%20corpus%20callosum%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20138005%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_96562"><div><strong>Cobblestone lissencephaly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>96562</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0431376</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A form of lissencephaly characterized by an uneven cortical surface with a so called 'cobblestone' appearace. There are no distinguishable cortical layers.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/96562">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cobblestone%20lissencephaly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2096562%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_107838"><div><strong>Global developmental delay</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>107838</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0557874</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/107838">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Global%20developmental%20delay%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20107838%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_181756"><div><strong>Abnormal cerebral white matter morphology</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>181756</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0948163</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Pathologic Function</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An abnormality of the cerebral white matter.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/181756">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Abnormal%20cerebral%20white%20matter%20morphology%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20181756%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_332436"><div><strong>Severe global developmental delay</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>332436</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1837397</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A severe delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/332436">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Severe%20global%20developmental%20delay%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20332436%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_333548"><div><strong>Cerebellar vermis hypoplasia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>333548</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1840379</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Underdevelopment of the vermis of cerebellum.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/333548">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cerebellar%20vermis%20hypoplasia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20333548%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_334226"><div><strong>Hypoplasia of the brainstem</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>334226</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1842688</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Underdevelopment of the brainstem.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/334226">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypoplasia%20of%20the%20brainstem%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20334226%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_336288"><div><strong>Subcortical band heterotopia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>336288</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1848201</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Subcortical band heterotopia is a condition in which nerve cells (neurons) do not move (migrate) to their proper locations in the fetal brain during early development. (Heterotopia means "out of place.") Normally, the neurons that make up the outer surface of the brain (cerebral cortex) are distributed in a well-organized and multi-layered way. In people with subcortical band heterotopia, some neurons that should be part of the cerebral cortex do not reach it. These neurons stop their migration process in areas of the brain where they are not supposed to be and form band-like clusters of tissue. Since these bands are located beneath the cerebral cortex, they are said to be subcortical. In most cases, the bands are symmetric, which means they occur in the same places on the right and left sides of the brain.\n\nThe abnormal brain development causes neurological problems in people with subcortical band heterotopia. The signs and symptoms of the condition depend on the size of the bands and the lack of development of the cerebral cortex. The signs and symptoms can vary from severe intellectual disability and seizures that begin early in life and affect both sides of the brain (generalized seizures) to normal intelligence with seizures occurring later in life and affecting only one side of the brain (focal seizures). Some affected individuals also have weak muscle tone (hypotonia), loss of fine motor skills such as using utensils, or behavioral problems. Subcortical band heterotopia is typically found when brain imaging is done following the onset of seizures, usually in adolescence or early adulthood.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/336288">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Subcortical%20band%20heterotopia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20336288%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_381392"><div><strong>Motor delay</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>381392</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1854301</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of Developmental delay characterized by a delay in acquiring motor skills.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/381392">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Motor%20delay%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20381392%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_811461"><div><strong>Intellectual disability</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>811461</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3714756</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/811461">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Intellectual%20disability%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20811461%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_867764"><div><strong>Cerebellar hemisphere hypoplasia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>867764</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4022154</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/867764">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cerebellar%20hemisphere%20hypoplasia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20867764%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_906044"><div><strong>Porencephalic cyst</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>906044</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4082172</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A cavity within the cerebral hemisphere, filled with cerebrospinal fluid, that communicates directly with the ventricular system.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/906044">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Porencephalic%20cyst%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20906044%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_10133"><div><strong>Hypotonia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>10133</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0026827</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/10133">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypotonia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2010133%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_745757"><div><strong>Macrocephaly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>745757</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2243051</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Occipitofrontal (head) circumference greater than 97th centile compared to appropriate, age matched, sex-matched normal standards. Alternatively, a apparently increased size of the cranium.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/745757">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Macrocephaly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20745757%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_18180"><div><strong>Optic atrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>18180</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0029124</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Atrophy of the optic nerve. Optic atrophy results from the death of the retinal ganglion cell axons that comprise the optic nerve and manifesting as a pale optic nerve on fundoscopy.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/18180">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Optic%20atrophy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2018180%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_39462"><div><strong>Cataract</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>39462</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0086543</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A cataract is an opacity or clouding that develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its capsule.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/39462">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cataract%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2039462%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div><div class="TreeLite" data-jigconfig="closed: 1"><div class="concept-def"><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().openAll(); return false;">Show all</a><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().closeAll(); return false;">Hide all</a></div><ul><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the eye</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_39462" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cataract</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_18180" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Optic atrophy</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_10133" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypotonia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_745757" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Macrocephaly</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the nervous system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_181756" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Abnormal cerebral white matter morphology</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_867764" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cerebellar hemisphere hypoplasia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_333548" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cerebellar vermis hypoplasia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_96562" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cobblestone lissencephaly</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_107838" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Global developmental delay</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_452349" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Gray matter heterotopia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_9335" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hydrocephalus</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_334226" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypoplasia of the brainstem</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_138005" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_811461" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Intellectual disability</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_78722" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Leukoencephalopathy</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_381392" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Motor delay</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_4935" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Occipital encephalocele</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_906044" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Porencephalic cyst</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_20693" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Seizure</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_332436" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Severe global developmental delay</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_20882" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Spastic paraplegia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_336288" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Subcortical band heterotopia</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Ear malformation</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_235586" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hearing impairment</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li><li><a href="#tabORDO">Orphanet</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1955869[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical&amp;redirect=true" ref="ncbi_uid=364975">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/364975" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=364975&amp;link_uid=364975" title="View MedGen record for 'Malformation of cortical development'">Malformation of cortical development</a></span><ul><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0266463[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=78604">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=78604" ref="ncbi_uid=78604">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/78604" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=78604&amp;link_uid=78604" title="View MedGen record for 'Lissencephaly'">Lissencephaly</a></span><ul><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/361827" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=361827&amp;link_uid=361827" title="View MedGen record for 'Agyria'">Agyria</a></span></li><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C3554657[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=767571">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=767571" target="_blank" href="/omim/150240">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=767571" ref="ncbi_uid=767571">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline">Cobblestone lissencephaly without muscular or ocular involvement</span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C4749301[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=1657090">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK5189/" ref="ncbi_uid=1657090">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=1657090" ref="ncbi_uid=1657090">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1657090" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=1657090&amp;link_uid=1657090" title="View MedGen record for 'Lissencephaly due to LIS1 mutation'">Lissencephaly due to LIS1 mutation</a></span><ul><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0265219[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=78538">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=78538" target="_blank" href="/omim/247200">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK5189/" ref="ncbi_uid=78538">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=78538" ref="ncbi_uid=78538">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/78538" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=78538&amp;link_uid=78538" title="View MedGen record for 'Miller Dieker syndrome'">Miller Dieker syndrome</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1848201[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=336288">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=336288" target="_blank" href="/omim/300067">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=336288" ref="ncbi_uid=336288">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/336288" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=336288&amp;link_uid=336288" title="View MedGen record for 'Subcortical band heterotopia'">Subcortical band heterotopia</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C4305153[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=930822">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=930822" target="_blank" href="/omim/602529">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK350554/" ref="ncbi_uid=930822">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=930822" ref="ncbi_uid=930822">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/930822" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=930822&amp;link_uid=930822" title="View MedGen record for 'Lissencephaly due to TUBA1A mutation'">Lissencephaly due to TUBA1A mutation</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C4551968[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=1644310">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=1644310" target="_blank" href="/omim/300067">O</a></span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/NBK1185/" ref="ncbi_uid=1644310">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=1644310" ref="ncbi_uid=1644310">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1644310" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=1644310&amp;link_uid=1644310" title="View MedGen record for 'Lissencephaly type 1 due to doublecortin gene mutation'">Lissencephaly type 1 due to doublecortin gene mutation</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0796089[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=163213">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=163213" target="_blank" href="/omim/257320">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=163213" ref="ncbi_uid=163213">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/163213" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=163213&amp;link_uid=163213" title="View MedGen record for 'Norman-Roberts syndrome'">Norman-Roberts syndrome</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1846171[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=375832">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=375832" target="_blank" href="/omim/300215">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=375832" ref="ncbi_uid=375832">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/375832" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=375832&amp;link_uid=375832" title="View MedGen record for 'X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia'">X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/871309" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of prenatal development or birth">Abnormality of prenatal development or birth</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1254" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Fetal anomaly">Fetal anomaly</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/474891" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Congenital Systemic Disorder">Congenital Systemic Disorder</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/105425" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the nervous system">Abnormality of the nervous system</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/324748" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of neuronal migration">Abnormality of neuronal migration</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/96562" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Cobblestone lissencephaly">Cobblestone lissencephaly</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Cobblestone lissencephaly without muscular or ocular involvement</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div id="tabORDO">Follow <a target="_blank" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Classif.php?lng=EN&amp;data_id=156&amp;PatId=22099&amp;search=Disease_Classif_Simple&amp;new=1" class="ital bold">this link</a> to review classifications for <span class="ital">Cobblestone lissencephaly without muscular or ocular involvement</span> in Orphanet.</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36576348">Dry eye disease: identification and therapeutic strategies for primary care clinicians and clinical specialists.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sheppard J,
Shen Lee B,
Periman LM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ann Med</span>
2023 Dec;55(1):241-252.
doi: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2157477.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36576348" target="_blank">36576348</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9809411" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31797796">Sebaceous carcinoma: evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Owen JL,
Kibbi N,
Worley B,
Kelm RC,
Wang JV,
Barker CA,
Behshad R,
Bichakjian CK,
Bolotin D,
Bordeaux JS,
Bradshaw SH,
Cartee TV,
Chandra S,
Cho NL,
Choi JN,
Council ML,
Demirci H,
Eisen DB,
Esmaeli B,
Golda N,
Huang CC,
Ibrahim SF,
Jiang SB,
Kim J,
Kuzel TM,
Lai SY,
Lawrence N,
Lee EH,
Leitenberger JJ,
Maher IA,
Mann MW,
Minkis K,
Mittal BB,
Nehal KS,
Neuhaus IM,
Ozog DM,
Petersen B,
Rotemberg V,
Samant S,
Samie FH,
Servaes S,
Shields CL,
Shin TM,
Sobanko JF,
Somani AK,
Stebbins WG,
Thomas JR,
Thomas VD,
Tse DT,
Waldman AH,
Wong MK,
Xu YG,
Yu SS,
Zeitouni NC,
Ramsay T,
Reynolds KA,
Poon E,
Alam M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet Oncol</span>
2019 Dec;20(12):e699-e714.
doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30673-4.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31797796" target="_blank">31797796</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30827250">Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA): Pathogenesis, Clinical Aspects and Treatment Approaches.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ciofalo A,
Gulotta G,
Iannella G,
Pasquariello B,
Manno A,
Angeletti D,
Pace A,
Greco A,
Altissimi G,
de Vincentiis M,
Magliulo G</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Curr Rheumatol Rev</span>
2019;15(4):259-268.
doi: 10.2174/1573397115666190227194014.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30827250" target="_blank">30827250</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(cobblestone%20lissencephaly%20without%20muscular%20or%20ocular%20involvement)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (926)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37995744">Central Nervous System Lymphoma.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Shah T,
Venur VA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Semin Neurol</span>
2023 Dec;43(6):825-832.
Epub 2023 Nov 23
doi: 10.1055/s-0043-1776783.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37995744" target="_blank">37995744</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35791104">Mucopolysaccharidosis: A broad review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Nagpal R,
Goyal RB,
Priyadarshini K,
Kashyap S,
Sharma M,
Sinha R,
Sharma N</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Indian J Ophthalmol</span>
2022 Jul;70(7):2249-2261.
doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_425_22.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35791104" target="_blank">35791104</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9426054" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33746210">Ocular coloboma-a comprehensive review for the clinician.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lingam G,
Sen AC,
Lingam V,
Bhende M,
Padhi TR,
Xinyi S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eye (Lond)</span>
2021 Aug;35(8):2086-2109.
Epub 2021 Mar 21
doi: 10.1038/s41433-021-01501-5.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33746210" target="_blank">33746210</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8302742" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32292850">Eye involvement in ANCA positive vasculitis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Macarie SS,
Kadar A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Rom J Ophthalmol</span>
2020 Jan-Mar;64(1):3-7.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32292850" target="_blank">32292850</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7141924" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27885741">Zika and pregnancy: A comprehensive review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hajra A,
Bandyopadhyay D,
Heise LR,
Bhadra R,
Ball S,
Hajra SK</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Reprod Immunol</span>
2017 Feb;77(2)
Epub 2016 Nov 25
doi: 10.1111/aji.12607.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27885741" target="_blank">27885741</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cobblestone%20lissencephaly%20without%20muscular%20or%20ocular%20involvement%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (7501)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37043635">Gaze-Evoked Vision Changes.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Oke I,
Ness SD,
Peeler CE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Binocul Vis Ocul Motil</span>
2023 Jul 3;73(3):75-76.
Epub 2023 Apr 12
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37043635" target="_blank">37043635</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30955519">Sarcoidosis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Llanos O,
Hamzeh N</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Med Clin North Am</span>
2019 May;103(3):527-534.
Epub 2019 Feb 21
doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2018.12.011.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30955519" target="_blank">30955519</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29507782">Eyes and stroke: the visual aspects of cerebrovascular disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pula JH,
Yuen CA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Stroke Vasc Neurol</span>
2017 Dec;2(4):210-220.
Epub 2017 Jul 6
doi: 10.1136/svn-2017-000079.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29507782" target="_blank">29507782</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5829892" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25449931">Ocular myasthenia gravis: a review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Nair AG,
Patil-Chhablani P,
Venkatramani DV,
Gandhi RA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Indian J Ophthalmol</span>
2014 Oct;62(10):985-91.
doi: 10.4103/0301-4738.145987.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25449931" target="_blank">25449931</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4278125" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/12744609">Ocular melanoma.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Char DH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Surg Clin North Am</span>
2003 Apr;83(2):253-74, vii.
doi: 10.1016/S0039-6109(02)00098-1.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/12744609" target="_blank">12744609</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cobblestone%20lissencephaly%20without%20muscular%20or%20ocular%20involvement%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (8663)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39807894">Extracutaneous sporotrichosis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ramírez-Soto MC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Microbiol Rev</span>
2025 Mar 13;38(1):e0014024.
Epub 2025 Jan 14
doi: 10.1128/cmr.00140-24.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39807894" target="_blank">39807894</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11905371" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36269562">Topical corticosteroids for dry eye.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Liu SH,
Saldanha IJ,
Abraham AG,
Rittiphairoj T,
Hauswirth S,
Gregory D,
Ifantides C,
Li T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
2022 Oct 21;10(10):CD015070.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015070.pub2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36269562" target="_blank">36269562</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9586197" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31847055">Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids for dry eye disease.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Downie LE,
Ng SM,
Lindsley KB,
Akpek EK</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
2019 Dec 18;12(12):CD011016.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011016.pub2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31847055" target="_blank">31847055</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6917524" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25919144">Interventions for rosacea.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">van Zuuren EJ,
Fedorowicz Z,
Carter B,
van der Linden MM,
Charland L</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
2015 Apr 28;2015(4):CD003262.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003262.pub5.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25919144" target="_blank">25919144</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6481562" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23948159">Update on the classification and treatment of localized scleroderma.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bielsa Marsol I</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Actas Dermosifiliogr</span>
2013 Oct;104(8):654-66.
Epub 2013 Aug 13
doi: 10.1016/j.adengl.2012.10.012.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23948159" target="_blank">23948159</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cobblestone%20lissencephaly%20without%20muscular%20or%20ocular%20involvement%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (5054)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33476225">Bilateral ocular involvement in congenital toxoplasmosis: A case report and literature review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Deniz M,
Tapısız A,
Tezer H,
Demirdag TB</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Trop Doct</span>
2021 Oct;51(4):652-654.
Epub 2021 Jan 21
doi: 10.1177/0049475520986387.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33476225" target="_blank">33476225</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32348523">Behçet: the syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bettiol A,
Prisco D,
Emmi G</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Rheumatology (Oxford)</span>
2020 May 1;59(Suppl 3):iii101-iii107.
doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez626.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32348523" target="_blank">32348523</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28753216">Strabismus After Ocular Surgery.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sobol EK,
Rosenberg JB</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</span>
2017 Sep 1;54(5):272-281.
Epub 2017 Jul 31
doi: 10.3928/01913913-20170703-01.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28753216" target="_blank">28753216</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26242743">Clinical review: intensive care unit acquired weakness.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hermans G,
Van den Berghe G</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Crit Care</span>
2015 Aug 5;19(1):274.
doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-0993-7.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26242743" target="_blank">26242743</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4526175" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/889519">Conjunctival transplantation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Thoft RA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Arch Ophthalmol</span>
1977 Aug;95(8):1425-7.
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1977.04450080135017.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/889519" target="_blank">889519</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cobblestone%20lissencephaly%20without%20muscular%20or%20ocular%20involvement%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (4310)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39807894">Extracutaneous sporotrichosis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ramírez-Soto MC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Microbiol Rev</span>
2025 Mar 13;38(1):e0014024.
Epub 2025 Jan 14
doi: 10.1128/cmr.00140-24.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39807894" target="_blank">39807894</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11905371" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37991288">Prognostic factors of open-globe injuries: A review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tan SI,
Hoskin AK,
Khatri A,
Dave VP,
Bhalerao S,
Romero J,
Agrawal R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Indian J Ophthalmol</span>
2023 Dec 1;71(12):3587-3594.
Epub 2023 Nov 20
doi: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_1496_23.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37991288" target="_blank">37991288</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10788744" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37812722">Predicting the attention of others.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ziman K,
Kimmel SC,
Farrell KT,
Graziano MSA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</span>
2023 Oct 17;120(42):e2307584120.
Epub 2023 Oct 9
doi: 10.1073/pnas.2307584120.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37812722" target="_blank">37812722</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10589679" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37271114">Efficacy of different oral H(1) antihistamine treatments on allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hong D,
Weng J,
Ye M,
Liu Y</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Braz J Otorhinolaryngol</span>
2023 Jul-Aug;89(4):101272.
Epub 2023 Apr 7
doi: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2023.03.009.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37271114" target="_blank">37271114</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10250918" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25852265">Gastrointestinal Behçet's disease: a review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Skef W,
Hamilton MJ,
Arayssi T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">World J Gastroenterol</span>
2015 Apr 7;21(13):3801-12.
doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i13.3801.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25852265" target="_blank">25852265</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4385527" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cobblestone%20lissencephaly%20without%20muscular%20or%20ocular%20involvement%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (5015)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37658939">Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: A Systematic Review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bruschi G,
Ghiglioni DG,
Cozzi L,
Osnaghi S,
Viola F,
Marchisio P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Rev Allergy Immunol</span>
2023 Aug;65(2):277-329.
Epub 2023 Sep 2
doi: 10.1007/s12016-023-08970-4.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37658939" target="_blank">37658939</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10567967" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36396020">Ocular involvement in Mycoplasma induced rash and mucositis: A systematic review of the literature.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Haseeb A,
Elhusseiny AM,
ElSheikh RH,
Tahboub MA,
Kwan JT,
Saeed HN</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ocul Surf</span>
2023 Apr;28:1-10.
Epub 2022 Nov 14
doi: 10.1016/j.jtos.2022.11.007.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36396020" target="_blank">36396020</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34802085">Natural and iatrogenic ocular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Dammacco R,
Guerriero S,
Alessio G,
Dammacco F</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int Ophthalmol</span>
2022 Feb;42(2):689-711.
Epub 2021 Nov 21
doi: 10.1007/s10792-021-02058-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34802085" target="_blank">34802085</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8882568" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33320867">Congenital Zika syndrome: A systematic review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Freitas DA,
Souza-Santos R,
Carvalho LMA,
Barros WB,
Neves LM,
Brasil P,
Wakimoto MD</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">PLoS One</span>
2020;15(12):e0242367.
Epub 2020 Dec 15
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242367.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33320867" target="_blank">33320867</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7737899" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25592340">Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced rash and mucositis as a syndrome distinct from Stevens-Johnson syndrome and erythema multiforme: a systematic review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Canavan TN,
Mathes EF,
Frieden I,
Shinkai K</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Am Acad Dermatol</span>
2015 Feb;72(2):239-45.
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.06.026.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25592340" target="_blank">25592340</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cobblestone%20lissencephaly%20without%20muscular%20or%20ocular%20involvement%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (333)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul id="my-toc"></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Genetic_Testing_Registry">Genetic Testing Registry</h1><a sid="106" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C3554657%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (20)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C3554657%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F9" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of select exons (1)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C3554657%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (23)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C3554657%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F19" target="_blank">Targeted variant analysis (8)</a></li>
<li class="portletSeeAll portletSeeAllPad"><total><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C3554657%5bDISCUI%5d" target="_blank">See all (26)</a></total></li>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_resources">Clinical resources</h1><a sid="119" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=615191" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Expert=352682" target="_blank">Orphanet</a></li><li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=Cobblestone%20lissencephaly%20without%20muscular%20or%20ocular%20involvement" target="_blank">ClinicalTrials.gov</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Practice_guidelines">Practice guidelines</h1><a sid="121" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul class="a_poppers"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(cobblestone%20lissencephaly%20without%20muscular%20or%20ocular%20involvement)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">PubMed</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Molecular_resources">Molecular resources</h1><a sid="115" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="http://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=150240" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=3912[geneid]" target="_blank">View LAMB1 variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="/nuccore/300116191" target="_blank">RefSeqGene</a></li><li><a href="https://catalog.coriell.org/Search?q=615191" target="_blank">Coriell Institute for Medical Research</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/lissencephaly_5" target="_blank">MalaCards</a></li><li><a href="https://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v:project=medlineplus&amp;query=Cobblestone%20lissencephaly%20without%20muscular%20or%20ocular%20involvement" target="_blank">MedlinePlus</a></li><li><a href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/17526/disease" target="_blank">NCATS Office of Rare Diseases Research (GARD)</a></li></ul></div>
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